无线传感器网络的 RPL 路由协议研究

路由协议执行网络拓扑描述、路由选择和数据包转发的功能,影响整个网络的性能和存活时间.现有的路由协议需要发送大量数据包维护网络拓扑,以及大量的存储空间来存储路由条目.由于硬件的限制,无线传感器节点无论是能量,还是其处理能力、存储能力都受到极大的制约.因此,IETF RoLL 工作组提出了一种针对低功耗有损网络的 IPv6路由协议,即 RPL 路由协议.文中对 RPL 路由协议的拓扑构建过程、数据包路由过程和 Trickle 定时器的算法等进行了分析,通过使用 COOJA 仿真工具对其进行仿真,验证了 RPL 路由协议在低功耗有损网络中具有较高的性能     

无线传感器网络的RPL路由协议研究

路由协议执行网络拓扑描述、路由选择和数据包转发的功能,影响整个网络的性能和存活时间。现有的路由协议需要发送大量数据包维护网络拓扑,以及大量的存储空间来存储路由条目。由于硬件的限制,无线传感器节点无论是能量,还是其处理能力、存储能力都受到极大的制约。因此,IETFRoLL工作组提出了一种针对低功耗有损网络的IPV6路由协议,即RPL路由协议。文中对RPL路由协议的拓扑构建过程、数据包路由过程和Trickle定时器的算法等进行了分析,通过使用COOJA仿真工具对其进行仿真,验证了RPL路由协议在低功耗有损网络中具有较高的性能。     

基于粒子群优化算法的RPL负载均衡研究

针对现有IPv6路由协议在建立网络拓扑过程中未考虑负载均衡,易导致低功耗有损网络出现部分节点能量过早耗尽、链路发生堵塞等问题,提出了一种基于父节点拥塞程度及其能量损耗的粒子群优化RPL路由协议(PSO-RPL)。通过将各子节点周围所有节点中Rank值最低的节点作为父节点集,并根据父节点集中所有节点的负载因子和剩余能量构造适应度函数的基础上,PSO-RPL借助粒子群优化算法获得了各子节点的最优父节点,从而实现了所有父节点的负载均衡。仿真结果表明提出的PSO-RPL协议实现了网络负载的有效均衡,延长了整个网络的生命周期,降低了整个网络的能量消耗。     

基于期望寿命的能量均衡RPL研究

目前基于能量均衡的低功耗有损网络路由协议RPL (Routing Protocol for Low power and lossy networks)在网络拓扑构建的过程中由于未考虑备选父节点上一跳节点的期望寿命,从而导致所构建的网络不能较好地实现能量均衡的问题。对此提出一种基于期望寿命的能量均衡RPL(Expected Life Time-based Energy Balance RPL, ELT-EB-RPL)。构造一种复合路由判据,包括传输跳数、期望传输次数和节点期望寿命,同时,节点在选择最优父节点时需综合考虑其备选父节点及备选父节点上一跳节点的期望寿命。在不增加额外控制开销的前提下,提出一种"节点间期望寿命信息通告"策略,以便节点作出正确的路由选择。通过仿真实验对该方案的性能进行了对比分析。结果表明,在不同发包速率下该方案能够有效实现能量均衡和延长网络寿命。     

一种负载均衡的RPL多路径数据传输机制

低功耗有损网络路由协议(RPL)由于负载不均衡导致节点能耗失衡。为此,提出一种RPL多路径数据传输机制。在网络拓扑构建过程中依据数据传输代价选出每个节点的最优多父节点集。结合无线链路质量、节点剩余能量、节点缓存占用率以及中继节点的子节点数量等度量,设计一种数据流量分配度量标准,基于该度量标准提出能够最大化均衡网络负载的流量分配策略,以获得最优数据传输方案。仿真结果表明,相对RPL、ELT-RPL机制,该机制能够最大化地实现负载与节点能耗均衡,延长网络生存时间并提高路由可靠性。     

基于簇父集协作通信的低功耗有损网络路由算法优化

针对当前低功耗有损网络（LLN）中基于簇父集协作通信的路由算法（CRPL）没有考虑节点剩余能量,存在不能有效地均衡节点能耗和最大化延长网络寿命的问题,提出一种高效的基于簇父集协作通信的低功耗有损网络路由（RPL）算法（HE-CRPL）。所提算法采取了三个优化思路：一是同时考虑节点间无线链路质量和节点剩余能量进行簇父节点的选择;二是在簇父节点优先级判定和最优簇父集的选择过程中把节点间的无线链路质量和簇父节点的期望寿命（ELT）相结合;三是在网络拓扑初始化的过程中通过利用目的地通告对象（DAO）消息携带簇父节点优先级列表告知最优簇父集中簇父节点的优先级顺序。仿真结果表明,与CRPL算法相比,HE-CRPL算法在延长网络生存时间、提高数据包投递成功率和减少数据包重传次数等方面的性能得到了提升,其中网络生存时间提高了18.7%,数据包重传次数降低了15.9%。     

硬件平台上的HEED实现及其性能分析

为研究无线传感器网络中的分簇算法性能,在基于TinyOS操作系统的硬件平台上实现混合能量高效分布式分簇(HEED)算法。针对分簇后形成的树状网络拓扑给出相应路由协议和MAC协议。实验结果表明,当网络节点分布均匀时,HEED算法能形成较好的网络拓扑,当网络节点分布不均匀时,性能明显下降,给出的路由协议和MAC协议能保证节点达到较低的能量占空比,从而延长网络生存周期。     

基于能量的无线传感器网络拓扑发现算法改进

对于自组织的无线传感器网络而言,网络拓扑控制对网络性能影响很大。良好的拓扑结构能够提高路由协议和MAC协议的效率,为数据融合、时间同步和目标定位等很多方面提供基础,有利于延长整个网络的生存时间。本文提出了一种基于能量因素的无线传感器网络拓扑发现算法,该算法是以TopDisc算法为基础,在此基础上考虑根据节点的剩余能量控制等待转发时间,在响应拓扑发现请求时把节点自身的剩余能量考虑在内,与距离加权后影响邻节点的发送时延,即对算法的时延机制进行改进。     

基于低功耗有损网络路由协议的多路由度量评估算法

针对缺乏科学合理的低功耗有损网络路由协议多路由度量评估方法,无法选择合适的下一跳,影响网络性能等问题,本文提出一种基于组合赋权法和逼近理想解排序法的多路由度量评估算法.该算法通过构建邻居节点各路由度量的初始判断矩阵,设计基于线性加权的复合目标函数,设计兼顾主客观因素的组合赋权算法确定复合目标函数中各路由度量的权重,并采...     

基于剩余级别负载均衡的RPL路由协议

低功耗有损网络LLNs(Low-Power and Lossy Networks)中,RPL路由协议可以减少能耗和延长网络生命周期,但是负载的不均衡严重影响了RPL路由协议的性能.据此,提出了一种优化的RPL路由协议—WLB-RPL.该协议以节点剩余能量以及节点平均邻居距离为权重计算剩余级别,并通过动态调整通信半径完成路由构建,以均衡能量.仿真结果表明,改进后的路由协议可以对之前的负载均衡进行更好的优化,达到了理想的效果.     

B-RPL:低存储开销的RPL路由协议

针对低功耗易失网络(Low-power and Lossy Networks,LLNs)中存储式RPL路由的大存储开销问题,提出了一种基于存储式RPL的改进型路由协议B-RPL.该协议充分利用了LLNs网络无线通信的广播特性,将RPL中的路由表简化为目的节点集合,并利用布隆过滤器(Bloom Filter)管理该目的节点集合,极大地减少了节点的存储开销.此外,B-RPL还包含了一些针对网络拓扑动态变化的自适应机制.实验及分析表明:与存储式RPL相比,B-RPL节约了97.8％的存储开销,而通信开销仅增加2.4％.     

Optimized mobility management for RPL/6LoWPAN based IoT network architecture using the firefly algorithm

RPL (Routing Protocol for low-power and Lossy Networks) is a new attractive model that secures the networks from different routing risks. The dynamic environment and limited resources motivated the research towards identifying a stable, reliable, energy efficient, and scalable routing design. IPv6 over low-power Wireless Personal Area Network (6LoWPAN) is a standard RPL IPv6 routing protocol that provides Low power and Lossy Networks (LLNs) interoperability. In this research work, an energy efficient and optimization-based mobility management framework in RPL routing protocol was proposed (mRPL-based firefly optimization algorithm) to achieve a reliable and stable protocol. From the results, it can be inferred that the proposed system (mRPL+firefly optimizer) showed better performance with regard to the Packet_Delivery_Ratio (PDR), number of hops, End_To_End delay and power consumption when compared to existing systems: RPL, mRPL, mRPL+PSO, and mRPL+ACO. The experimental outcome showed that the proposed system improved the PDR on an average of 2.31% in comparison with existing systems.     

A framework for the IPv6 based implementation of a reactive routing protocol in ns-3: Case study using LOADng

The lightweight on-demand ad hoc distance-vector - next generation (LOADng) is a reactive routing protocol proposed for low-power and lossy networks (LLNs). ITU-T G.9903 standard for power line communication specifies LOADng as its default routing protocol. LOADng establishes bidirectional routes and has routing mechanisms for unicast, multicast and broadcast packets. This paper discusses a general framework for the IPv6 based implementation of a reactive routing protocol in ns-3. The framework is then used to implement LOADng routing protocol in ns-3 as per the latest Internet-draft recommendation. Our implementation of LOADng module in ns-3 is useful to study the potentials and pitfalls of the protocol, to investigate the impact of the various protocol parameters, to derive some non-trivial insights into the protocol behavior, and to compare its performance with other routing protocols proposed for LLNs. Our implementation is flexible enough to be modified and augmented with new features. To reduce the control overhead, the Smart-RREQ concept is incorporated as an extension to the basic framework. Another important feature added to this basic module is the multipath capability. Performance improvements with these new features are verified. The module is also tested for its performance with different route metrics. The framework is useful for implementation of other reactive routing protocols in ns-3.     

基于普通节点负载均衡的RPL路由协议

传统的RPL路由协议并未涉及到节点负载均衡的问题,容易造成网络局部负载过重导致部分节点死亡。阐述了RPL路由协议的拓扑构建、路由过程及一些现有的目标函数,定义了邻居距离和剩余能量级别两个参考指标,通过划分能量级别和改变通信半径两重负载均衡方法,提出了一种基于普通节点负载均衡的RPL路由协议——OLB-RPL。通过实验仿真验证结果证明改进后的协议可以实现网络中普通节点的负载均衡,并且在减少节点能量消耗的同时延长了整个网络的生存时间。     

IRPL: An energy efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor networks

This study aims to overcome the disadvantages of the original RPL (IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low power and Lossy networks) routing protocol (RPL including problems with energy consumption and energy load balance). We developed a relatively balanced RPL – the improved protocol (IRPL). This protocol is based on an efficient clustering algorithm and an effective topology control model of the loop domain communication route. The clustering algorithm can be used to calculate the optimal number of cluster heads by assumption of the network model. Combined with the clustering probability model and the node competition mechanism, the cluster head node in the wireless sensor network was used to complete the clustering process. In the topology control model, the wireless sensor network was divided into concentric rings with equal areas. Nodes determined the best network route, depending on different levels of ring domain and the optimal forwarding communication area defined in this study. Simulation results indicate that the IRPL routing protocol can reduce overall network energy consumption, balance network energy consumption, and prolong network lifetime.     

6LoWPAN多网关设计与实现

6LoWPAN是基于IEEE802.15.4标准的低功耗有损无线传感器网络承载IPv6协议的适配层技术。在6LoWPAN网络中,传感节点通过网关与Internet进行数据交互,导致靠近网关的节点与其他节点相比,能耗和负载严重不均衡。当前的6LoWPAN传感器网络协议不支持多网关路由功能。提出了一种基于rank值最小的多网关选择算法,在不增加额外信令的条件下,对现有6LoWPAN协议增加了多网关的支持,设计完成了6LoWPAN多网关系统方案,并在实际平台下实现。结果分析表明,该设计方案能够获得预期功能和性能,实现6LoWPAN节点能够自由选择网关,与Internet无缝互联互接。     

RPL in a nutshell: A survey

IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) is a routing protocol specifically designed for Low power and Lossy Networks (LLN) compliant with the 6LoWPAN protocol. It currently shows up as an RFC proposed by the IETF ROLL working group. However, RPL has gained a lot of maturity and is attracting increasing interest in the research community. The absence of surveys about RPL motivates us to write this paper, with the objective to provide a quick introduction to RPL. In addition, we present the most relevant research efforts made around RPL routing protocol that pertain to its performance evaluation, implementation, experimentation, deployment and improvement. We also present an experimental performance evaluation of RPL for different network settings to understand the impact of the protocol attributes on the network behavior, namely in terms of convergence time, energy, packet loss and packet delay. Finally, we point out open research challenges on the RPL design. We believe that this survey will pave the way for interested researchers to understand its behavior and contributes for further relevant research works.     

Dynamic and comprehensive trust model for IoT and its integration into RPL

Ensuring security in IoT routing protocols is more challenging due to the fact that devices are mobile, resource constrained, and heterogeneous. The routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks (RPL) as the de facto routing protocol for IoT provides a little protection against routing attacks. On the other hand, the standard RPL because of the use of a single metric in routing has limitations that ultimately results in loss of network performance. To overcome the limitations of the use of a single metric and to prevent the consequences of routing attacks, we used the concept of trust and propose dynamic and comprehensive trust model for IoT (DCTM-IoT) and integrate it into RPL (DCTM-RPL). We provide a comprehensive hierarchical model for trusting of things in IoT, which has a multi-dimensional vision of trust. We put the combination of metrics and necessary activities to deal with attacks under the umbrella of trust level calculation. The performance of DCTM-RPL is compared with the standard RPL protocol in mobile environment and under routing major attacks. DCTM-RPL demonstrates its superior performance over the standard RPL protocol in the detection and isolation attacks. The DCTM-RPL, in addition to resistance mitigating routing attacks, improves network performance.