山农紫糯小麦粉理化性质分析及其馒头产品的开发

糯小麦粉由于直链淀粉含量很低而被赋予其独特的理化性质。本实验对山农新培育出的紫糯小麦品种制粉的理化和营养性质进行了测定,并与普通小麦粉配粉制作馒头,通过质构仪检测试验和感观评价相结合的方法对馒头品质进行了研究,从而确定了山东农业大学新培育紫糯小麦品种开发馒头产品的最佳工艺。试验结果表明:山农紫糯小麦粉的脂肪、蛋白质、灰分和蛋白质中清蛋白、醇溶蛋白、谷蛋白含量比普通面粉高,而淀粉和球蛋白含量比普通面低;其糊透明度、谷值黏度、最终黏度、糊化温度较低,但崩解值、峰值黏度、回生值高。添加15%的紫糯小麦粉可显著的改善馒头的表皮色泽,并且对馒头的弹性、黏着性、黏聚性和回复性影响最大,此时馒头的总评分达到最大值。     

强筋小麦磨制面包粉工艺研究

为了研究中国育成并大面积推广强筋小麦品种的面包粉制粉工艺,以中国第一批确定的强筋面包小麦品种陕优225为主要原料,以国产4皮3芯中型加工设备进行工艺研究,同时也进行了以陕优225小麦为主原料的配麦试验。结果表明,面粉蛋白质品质,即蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量均以皮磨高于芯磨,皮磨由1B到4B逐渐升高,芯磨则由1M到3M逐渐降低;面团流变学品质除吸水率外,形成时间、稳定时间、拉伸性均与蛋白质品质规律基本一致,所不同的是面团流变学品质以3B为最高;面包烘焙品质面包体积和面包总评分其规律性与面团流变学品质相一致,皮磨以3B皮最好,以1B最差,芯磨以1M最好,3M最差。配麦试验结果显示,以陕优225与另一形成时间长的强力面包小麦以85:15配麦,取2B、3B、4B、1M、2M、3M前路粉,依次配置筛目目数为100、120、130、100、120目和130目,面粉品质明显改善,面包烘焙评分提高5.0～8.8分。     

小麦粉品质与馒头加工质量的相关性研究

从面粉厂生产线上抽取不同品质的小麦粉，按一定的比例混合配成48种小麦粉，分析其主要品质参数及加工成的馒头质量，研究小麦粉品质特性与馒头品质的关系。实验结果表明：小麦粉品质显著影响着制成品馒头的质量，蛋白质含量、面筋含量、面筋指数、沉降值以及稳定时间、弱化度、评价值等流变学特性指标与馒头比容二次相关系数分别为0．5185、0．4426、0．5801、0．4408、0．5658、0．7254、0．7480，与总分一次相关系数分别为0．5771、0．4866、0．4947、0．4938、0．5530、0．6392、0．7448，影响小麦粉馒头加工适宜性的主要因了为蛋白质、面筋含量、而筋指数及沉降值，通过实验得出适合于制作馒头的小麦粉主要品质指标为：蛋白质含量11．5％～13．5％、湿而筋含量27．0％～32．5％、面筋指数65％～94％、沉降值47-63ml、降落值310-450s。     

小麦粉组分特点和馒头品质关系

馒头是我国传统食品,该文探讨小麦粉蛋白质、淀粉、脂质、酶及各种添加剂等组分对最终馒头品质特征影响;阐述馒头用粉对各种组分含量要求。     

糯小麦粉添加量对配粉流变学特性及馒头品质的影响

将糯小麦粉与普通小麦粉进行梯度配粉,研究不同糯小麦粉添加量对配粉糊化黏度、粉质特性和面团流变学特性的影响;采用质构和感官评价相结合的方法评价其对馒头品质的影响,确定合适的糯小麦配粉比。结果表明：随着糯小麦粉添加量的增加,配粉的糊化温度、峰值黏度、衰减度和回生值等快速黏度分析参数均呈现下降趋势,尤其是回生值降低显著。配粉的吸水量随糯小麦粉添加量的增加逐渐增大,面团的形成时间和稳定时间缩短,粉质指数降低;但当添加量增加至25.0%时,粉质特性各指标均产生显著性改变。不同配粉面团随着醒发时间的延长,面团拉伸曲线面积、拉伸阻力和拉伸比等指标均呈现一定的增大趋势,但延伸度却随醒发时间延长而降低。糯小麦粉配粉比例对馒头的质构和感官特性具有较大影响,适宜的糯小麦粉配粉比为20.0%～30.0%,25.0%配粉比使馒头具有较好的质构,感官总评分达到最大值。     

Effects of Waxy Wheat Flour and Water on Frozen Dough and Bread Properties

ABSTRACT:  The quality of bread made from frozen dough is diminished by changes that occur during freezing. New cultivars of waxy wheat flour (WWF), containing less than 2% amylose, offer unique properties for the production of baked products. In this study, dough properties and bread quality were investigated at various levels of WWF (0% to 45% flour weight) and water (55% to 65%). Dough stickiness increased with higher levels of WWF and water. During frozen storage, dough with greater WWF and lower water had less change in stickiness. Maximum resistance to extension (MRE) decreased with higher WWF and water. Dough with greater WWF and less water had less change in extensibility after frozen storage. Dough with greater WWF and water was more extensible. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies showed that frozen dough with higher WWF content had lower transverse relaxation ( T ₂) time of 9 to 11ms. After frozen storage, dough with higher WWF still showed lower T ₂. Dough with 15% WWF had higher yeast activity. Bread made from 15% and 30% WWF had higher volume in bread made from unfrozen and frozen dough. Bread firmness decreased with higher amounts of WWF and water. This research demonstrated that specific combinations of WWF and water produced a better quality of frozen dough and bread.     

脱脂对小麦馒头品质的影响

脂类在小麦粉中含量极低,但对食品品质有很大的影响.选取6个不同品种的小麦,用氯仿脱脂,并分别制作馒头.通过馒头的TPA测定、馒头老化以及馒头表观形态和内部结构的变化来分析脂类对馒头品质的影响.结果表明:脂类对馒头品质的影响因小麦品种的不同而有所差异.脱脂后,弱筋小麦粉的馒头制品与对照相比,馒头体积增大,比容增加,硬度、...     

Characteristics of Bread Prepared from Wheat Flours Blended with Various Kinds of Newly Developed Rice Flours

ABSTRACT:  Characteristics of the bread prepared from wheat flour blended with the flour of various kinds of newly developed rice cultivars were investigated. Qualities of the bread made from wheat flour blended with rice flour have been reported to be inferior to those from 100% wheat flour bread. To improve its qualities, we searched for the new-characteristic rice flours among the various kinds of newly developed rice cultivars to blend with the wheat flour for the bread preparation. The most suitable new characteristic rices are combination of purple waxy rice, high-amylose rice, and sugary rice. Specific volume of the bread from the combination of wheat and these 3 kinds of rice flours showed higher specific volume (3.93) compared with the traditional wheat/rice bread (3.58). We adopted the novel method, continuous progressive compression test, to measure the physical properties of the dough and the bread in addition to the sensory evaluation. As a result of the selection of the most suitable rice cultivars and blending ratio with the wheat flour, we could develop the novel wheat/rice bread, of which loaf volume, physical properties, and tastes are acceptable and resistant to firming on even 4 d after the bread preparation.
To increase the ratio of rice to wheat, we tried to add a part of rice as cooked rice grains. The specific volume and qualities of the bread were maintained well although the rice content of total flour increased from 30% to 40%.     

小麦品质与馒头品质关系的研究

选用我国主产麦区７１个小麦品种和３８个澳大利亚小麦品种,初步研究了小麦品种特性与北方馒头品的关系。结果表明：面粉蛋白质、沉降值、和面时间、形成时间、稳定时间与馒头体积和比容呈极显著正相关,与头外观呈极负相关,适宜制作馒头的小麦面粉蛋白质含量中等偏高,面筋强度中等;     

发酵麸皮混合物对面包品质的影响

为改善麸皮面包的品质,增加麸皮的利用率,本实验应用甜酒曲联合酵母发酵麸皮、黄豆和花生的混合物,得到发酵麸皮混合物。以面粉+发酵麸皮混合物总量为100 g(面粉90 g、发酵麸皮混合物10 g)计,制备发酵麸皮混合物面包(简称发酵麸皮面包),以普通面包、麸皮面包及添加黄豆、花生混合物的非麸皮添加物面包为对照,对这几种面包的品质、风味物质及抗氧化活性进行分析。结果表明:黄豆、花生的添加能够起到提升面包风味的作用;发酵麸皮混合物的添加可以改善麸皮面包的品质,其感官评分、弹性、硬度和色差L、b值极显著优于麸皮面包(P0.01),而与普通面包比较没有显著差异(P0.05);与3种对照面包样品比较,发酵麸皮面包的醇类、酯类和醛类等风味成分种类较多,且分布均匀,而且还检测出其特有的风味物质,分别为吡嗪类、呋喃类、乙基酯类;发酵麸皮面包的多酚、黄酮含量以及抗氧化活性指标也均最高。综上,发酵麸皮混合物能够改善麸皮面包的品质,并提高面包的抗氧化活性。     

小麦麸皮的品质改良及含麸皮面包焙烤品质的研究

本研究采用微波辐照联合复合酶法对小麦麸皮进行改良,将改良后的小麦麸皮添加至高筋粉中得到不同小麦麸皮含量的含麸皮面粉并制作含麸皮面包。结果表明:改良后小麦麸皮中脂肪酶残余酶活和脂肪氧化酶残余酶活降低至0和10.34%、粗纤维含量降低至3.21%、还原糖含量上升至3.79 g/100 g。与改良前的全麦面包相比,改良后的全麦面包组织结构得以改善、全麦面包储藏7d后吸热焓值降低了14.70%、全麦面包中酮基、羰基、醛基含量增多。改良后的全麦面包比容增加了26.40%、硬度降低了32.90%、弹性增大了6.90%。随着改良麸皮添加量的增加,含麸皮面包组织结构变得粗糙多孔,含麸皮面包吸热焓值逐渐降低,酮基、羰基、醛基含量增多,含麸皮面包芯亮度逐渐变暗、比容逐渐降低、硬度逐渐增加、弹性逐渐减小、感官品质降低。与未稳定化麸皮含量16%的全麦面包相比,稳定化全麦面包的稳定性、贮藏性和质构得到明显提高。     

小麦粉受热对面团流变学特性及馒头品质的影响

小麦粉在加工过程中受到热的影响,其品质及面制品品质发生变化。该研究主要研究小麦粉受热后面团流变学特性及馒头品质变化。采用干热处理方式,在60~90 ℃条件下分别对小麦粉处理10~50 s,测定面团糊化、粉质和拉伸特性及馒头色泽、质构等。结果表明：与原粉相比,受热后小麦粉的峰值黏度降低7.01%、最低黏度降低9.44%、最终黏度降低5.58%、衰减值增加10.25%、回生值增加8.38%、面团拉伸曲线面积降低19.74%、延展性降低12.77%,随着时间的延长,拉伸阻力呈先升高后降低趋势。处理温度和时间对小麦粉的形成时间无显著性影响,随着处理温度的升高,稳定时间降低10.74%、弱化度增加9.90%。受热后馒头的宽高比和比容分别增加17.81%和22.22%、色泽变差、硬度降低62.25%、粘性降低75.64%、咀嚼性降低63.46%。综上所述小麦粉适度受热可以改善馒头的品质。     

糯米粉添加量对复配粉的理化性质及馒头品质的影响

糯米粉由于直链淀粉含量很低而被赋予其独特的理化性质。将糯米粉与小麦粉进行复配,研究不同添加量对复配粉粉质特性、糊化黏度和面团流变学的影响,同时采用质构和感官评价的方法对馒头的品质进行评价,优化得到最佳复配比例。结果表明:随着糯米粉比例的增加,复配粉的峰值黏度、最低黏度、最终黏度和衰减值显著提高,糊化温度降低,面团的稳定性降低,粉质指数减小,同时改善了馒头的质地口感。当糯米粉添加量为10%~15%时使馒头的综合品质最佳,且对馒头的质构和感官特性有较大改善。     

脱脂大豆粉对小麦粉及馒头品质影响研究

将脱脂大豆粉添加到小麦粉中,研究其对小麦粉理化特性和馒头制作品质的影响。研究结果表明,在小麦粉中添加低于2%的脱脂大豆粉时,可以明显地改善小麦粉的品质,具体体现在可以增加面粉的白度,增加面团的吸水量、稳定时间以及拉伸曲线面积和拉伸比数,还可以改善馒头的品质;当在小麦粉中添加高于2%的脱脂大豆粉时,其对面粉的品质具有不好的影响,具体体现在降低小麦粉的白度以及面团的筋力,对馒头的品质也具有不良的影响,表现为馒头体积变小,颜色发暗。     

Physicochemical Properties of Wheat Flour Dough Modified by Microbial Transglutaminase

ABSTRACT: In this study, microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) was employed to modify viscoelasticity of wheat flour dough. Three flours, namely In-, Mid-, and Out-flour derived from different parts of wheat kernel, were used. When adding 16 ppm MTGase, the maximum resistance to extension (R_max) of In-(58%), Mid-(56%), and Out-flour(52%) doughs, prepared at specific water levels indicated in parentheses, is increased by 51%, 35%, and 77%, respectively. The extensibility (E) of these 3 doughs is reduced by 16%, 11%, and 6%; the stickiness is also lowered by 12%, 5%, and 22%, respectively. SDS-PAGE analysis indicates that crosslinks occur within wheat gluten of MTGase-treated dough.     

中型面粉厂小麦面包粉生产探讨

随着生活水平的日益提高，人们对面包粉的需求不断上升。为适应这一趋势，介绍了国内外小麦面色粉的质量要求；探讨了面包粉的生产工艺，包括面包粉小麦的选择、清理和制粉工艺以及面包粉提取后的处理。     

外源脂肪酶对国产小麦面包粉品质的影响

通过流变学试验、面包烘焙试验和面包芯质构测试,探讨了脂肪酶对国产麦面包粉品质的影响。试验表明,与对照组相比较,在添加脂肪酶后,面团的流变学性质、面包品质都得到明显改善。由烘焙试验及质构测试结果可知,脂肪酶对面包制品的内部组织结构,面包芯柔软度等指标都有较好的改良作用。本试验条件下,添加脂肪酶30×10-6为最适添加量。     

Bread Quality of Wheat Flour by Near-Infrared Spectrophotometry: Feasibility of Modeling

Commercial bakeries need a means to measure the dough-handling and bread-making functionalitv of wheat flour during processing. The feasibility of using near-infrared (NIR) reflectance spectrophotometry for such measurement was examined. Flour from hard red spring and hard red winter wheat were tested for: water absorption, dough mixing time, dough mixing tolerance, loaf height, internal grain appearance, and overall bake score. The ability of NIR to measure protein level, and/ or starch damage, as well as positive relationships between the two and water absorption, probably made it successful for modeling water absorption. Models for the remaining five indices were less accurate due to the complexity of interactions between protein, starch, and lipids, and inadequate instrument sensitivity.