百万千瓦级压水堆严重事故下局部隔间氢气风险分析

核安全法规要求控制严重事故下核电厂安全壳内的氢气浓度。除安全壳整体外,局部隔间的氢气浓度同样是关注的重点。本文采用一体化严重事故分析程序对百万千瓦级压水堆核电厂安全壳局部隔间进行建模,分析了不同事故下的氢气风险。结果表明,严重事故下部分隔间短时间内可能存在燃烧风险。本文对降低燃烧风险的方法进行分析计算和筛选,得出的结论可以为安全壳隔间的设计优化提供参考依据。     

基于Gasflow程序的非能动安全压水堆氢气行为计算和分析

本文利用Gasflow程序对非能动压水堆发生假想的严重事故后,安全壳内的氢气流动、分布和积聚行为进行了计算和分析,对安全壳内各房间的氢气风险进行了评价并给出了降低氢气燃烧风险的建议。计算结果表明,在发生大破口事故中,安全壳内氢气浓度较高的区域为破损蒸汽发生器隔间,内置换料水箱隔间和上部隔间,需要设置消氢系统来降低隔间内的氢气浓度。     

M310核电厂严重事故下稳压器隔间氢气风险分析

基于GASFLOW程序,选取对M310核电厂稳压器隔间内氢气风险极为不利的两种事故工况,对安全壳内氢气风险进行了分析计算。模拟结果显示:在所研究的工况条件下,卸压箱隔间、波动管隔间、稳压器隔间及穹顶区域内,只有波动管双端断裂事故在早期氢气集中释放阶段,出现了稳压器隔间内FA准则数大于1的情况,其他隔间及其他工况下所有隔间内的FA准则数和DDT准则数均不会超过1。即,所研究隔间内均可以排除燃爆转变风险。破口隔间内部氢气浓度分布主要受源项氢气浓度以及混合气体夹带作用的影响,不同位置的氢气浓度变化存在显著差别。安全壳大空间的氢气浓度呈层状结构,随着时间推移,层状结构向下推移,安全壳大空间氢气浓度分布呈均匀化趋势发展。     

严重事故下安全壳内氢气行为与风险分析

福岛事故后的核电厂安全审评过程中,国家核安全局对于严重事故下的氢气安全问题提出了更高的要求,从满足当前高标准的氢气安全要求的角度出发,有必要对安全壳内氢气行为开展更为细致深入的研究,开展氢气的三维分析,为集总参数程序的分析结果提供有益补充。本文采用一体化严重事故分析程序和流体力学程序对国产先进压水堆核电厂进行系统建模,选取大破口触发的严重事故序列,对严重事故工况下的氢气行为及氢气控制系统性能进行分析评价。首先采用一体化严重事故分析程序计算氢气产生源项、氢气产生速率和安全壳内氢气浓度分布等,评价安全壳隔间内的氢气风险。并采用计算流体力学程序,进一步对安全壳内重要隔间的氢气分布进行三维分析,研究安全壳内氢气和水蒸汽的行为,获得重要隔间内的流场、温度场、压力场、氢气分布及浓度变化等计算结果。CFD程序在计算气体分布方面要比集总参数程序更加精确和详细,通过更精细地模拟安全壳内的氢气行为,可以为集总参数程序的计算结果提供补充,为氢气控制系统的设计优化和严重事故氢气风险管理等提供有力的支持。     

先进压水堆核电站氢气风险分析

核电厂在严重事故期间会产生大量氢气并释放到安全壳内,威胁安全壳的完整性。应用氢气风险分析程序GASFLOW对先进压水堆核电站在大破口失水事故叠加应急堆芯冷却系统失效导致的严重事故期间的氢气行为及风险进行分析。结果表明,当气体释放源位于蒸汽发生器隔间时,氢气流动的主要路径为"蒸汽发生器隔间—穹顶空间—操作平台以下隔间";破口隔间的氢气体积浓度分布与源项氢气体积浓度及射流形态有关,非破口区域的氢气体积浓度呈层状分布,在扩散作用下,层状分布向下推移;蒸汽发生器隔间存在着火焰加速(FA)的可能性,但基本可排除燃爆转变(DDT)的可能性,穹顶区域基本可排除FA和DDT的可能性。     

秦山二期核电厂严重事故下安全壳内氢气浓度分布及风险初步分析

采用模块化严重事故计算工具,对秦山二期核电厂大破口失水事故(LB-LOCA)、小破口失水事故(LB-LOCA)和全厂断电(SBO)诱发的严重事故序列以及安全壳内的氢气浓度分布进行了计算分析.在此基础之上,参考美国联邦法规10CFR关于氢气控制和风险分析的标准,对安全壳的氢气燃烧风险进行了初步研究.分析结果表明:大破口严重事故导致的安全壳内的平均氢气浓度接近10%,具有一定的整体性氢气燃烧风险,小破口失水和全厂断电严重事故可能不会导致此类风险,但仍然存在局部氢气燃烧的可能.     

基于CFD的氢气扩散火焰燃烧分析

日本福岛核事故后,氢气风险对于安全壳完整性的挑战成为反应堆安全设计的热点问题.当前的氢气风险分析普遍采用一体化分析程序,对于局部区域氢气扩散火焰的分析存在缺陷和不足.本文依托CFD程序,建立了安全壳内局部隔间的CFD氢气扩散火焰燃烧的分析方法,研究了扩散火焰的燃烧特性,获得了严重事故下的安全壳温度载荷.研究结果表明,安...     

基于氢气风险分析的ADS手动卸压策略研究

先进非能动压水堆设计采用自动卸压系统(ADS)对一回路进行卸压,严重事故下主控室可手动开启ADS,缓解高压熔堆风险。然而ADS的设计特点可能导致氢气在局部隔间积聚,带来局部氢气风险。本文基于氢气负面效应考虑,对利用ADS进行一回路卸压的策略进行研究,为严重事故管理提供技术支持。选取全厂断电始发的典型高压熔堆严重事故序列,利用一体化事故分析程序,评估手动开启第1~4级ADS、手动开启第1~3级ADS、手动开启第4级ADS 3种方案的卸压效果,并分析一回路卸压对安全壳局部隔间的氢气负面影响。研究结果表明,3种卸压方案均能有效降低一回路压力。但在氢气点火器不可用时,开启第1~3级ADS以及开启第1~4级ADS卸压会引起内置换料水箱隔间氢气浓度迅速增加,可能导致局部氢气燃爆。因此,基于氢气风险考虑,建议在实施严重事故管理导则一回路卸压策略时优先考虑采用第4级ADS进行一回路卸压。     

严重事故下核电站安全壳内氢气分布及控制分析

使用安全壳分析程序CONTAIN计算分析了百万千瓦级压水堆核电站严重事故下安全壳内的氢气浓度分布.分别对一回路冷段大破口失水(LB-LOCA)叠加应急堆芯冷却系统(ECCS)失效(不包括非能动的安注箱)事故和全厂断电(SBO)叠加汽轮机驱动的应急给水泵失效事故两个严重事故序列进行了计算.计算结果表明,不同严重事故下,安全壳各隔间对氢气控制系统的要求不同.氢气控制系统的设计必须满足不同事故下的法规要求,提高电站的安全性.     

严重事故下氢气风险及氢气控制系统的初步分析

采用一体化严重事故分析工具,对600MWe压水堆核电厂严重事故下氢气风险及拟定的氢气控制系统进行分析。结果表明：相对于小破口失水始发事故和全厂断电始发事故工况,大破口失水始发严重事故堆芯快速熔化,在考虑100%锆 水反应产氢量的条件下,大破口失水始发事故氢气风险较大,有可能发生氢气快速燃烧;在氢气控制系统作用下,发生大破口失水始发严重事故时,安全壳内平均氢气浓度和隔间内氢气浓度低于10%,未达到氢气快速燃烧和爆炸的条件,满足美国联邦法规10CFR中关于氢气控制和风险分析的准则,认为该氢气控制系统是可行、有效的。     

Hydrogen and steam distribution following a small-break LOCA in large dry containment

The hydrogen deflagration is one of the major risk contributors to threaten the integrity of the containment in a nuclear power plant, and hydrogen control in the case of severe accidents is required by nuclear regulations. Based on the large dry containment model developed with the integral severe-accident analysis tool, a small-break loss-of-coolant-accident （LOCA） without HPI, LPI, AFW and containment sprays, leading to the core degradation and large hydrogen generation, is calculated. Hydrogen and steam distribution in containment compartments is investigated. The analysis results show that significant hydrogen deflagration risk exits in the reactor coolant pump （RCP） compartment and the cavity during the early period, if no actions are taken to mitigate the effects of hydrogen accumulation.     

AP1000核电厂氢气点火器功能分析

采用集总参数分析程序对AP1000核电厂安全壳内氢气点火系统功能进行了分析和验证。在定义的包络事故工况下,氢气最大瞬时释放速率达300kg/min。计算表明：在无点火措施情况下,AP1000安全壳局部隔间的氢气浓度较高,隔间内的气体处于可燃状态,且接近爆燃向爆炸转变（DDT）状态;在实施点火措施情况下,氢气浓度得到有效控制,氢气点火系统能消除严重事故下氢气所引起的风险。     

氢气催化复合器对核电厂严重事故的缓解效果

在严重事故条件下,安全壳内的氢气燃烧或爆炸威胁安全壳完整性,必须采取措施减小或消除安全壳的氢气风险。针对600MWe级核电厂的大型干式安全壳,以小破口失水诱发的严重事故序列为基准事故,计算分析了氢气催化复合器（PAR）消除安全壳内氢气的效果,及复合效应对安全壳压力温度的影响。研究表明：氢气催化复合器能够持续稳定地消除安全壳内氢气,但对于极其快速的氢气释放,它的消氢能力受到一定限制。     

A study on evaluating a passive autocatalytic recombiner PAR-system in the PWR large-dry containment

A systematic step-by-step framework for analyzing hydrogen behavior and implementing passive autocatalytic recombiners (PARs) to mitigate hydrogen deflagration or detonation risk in severe accidents (SAs) is presented. The procedure can be subdivided into five main steps: (1) modeling the containment based on the plant design characteristics, (2) selecting the typical severe accident sequences, (3) calculating the hydrogen generation including in- and ex-vessel period, (4) modeling the gas distribution in containment atmosphere and estimating the hydrogen combustion modes and (5) evaluating the efficiency of the PAR-system to mitigate the hydrogen risk with and without catalytic recombiners, according to the safety criterion. For the Chinese 600MWe pressurized water reactor (PWR) with a large-dry containment, large break loss-of-coolant accident (LB-LOCA) is screened out as the reference severe accident sequence, considering the nature of hydrogen generation and the probabilistic safety assessment (PSA) result on accident sequences. The results show that a certain number of recombiners could remove effectively hydrogen and oxygen, to protect the containment integrity against hydrogen deflagration or detonation.     

先进压水堆核电厂氢气控制策略分析研究

新建核电厂的设计必须做到“实际消除”早期与大量放射性释放的可能性,氢气燃爆导致的安全壳失效是必须要“实际消除”的严重事故工况之一。因此对各种消氢措施的特点进行分析研究,建立联合消氢策略评价方法,可为先进压水堆核电厂氢气控制策略选择设计评价提供支持手段。根据严重事故管理中对氢气控制策略的考虑,研究安全壳内局部位置的可燃性是相关设计评价的关键问题。根据可燃性准则、火焰加速准则、燃爆转变准则,本文使用三维CFD程序对典型严重事故工况下安全壳蒸汽发生器隔间内的可燃性及氢气风险进行模拟分析。研究结果表明,虽然喷放源项中有大量水蒸气,蒸汽发生器隔间中仍有较大区域处于可燃限值以内,合理布置的点火器能在设计中点燃并消除氢气。本研究建立的分析方法能用于对核电厂氢气控制策略选择设计的评价。     

Analysis of hydrogen risk mitigation with passive autocatalytic recombiner system in CPR1000 NPP during a hypothetical station blackout

Hydrogen safety has attracted extensive concern in severe accident analysis especially after the Fukushima accident. In this study, a similar station blackout as happened in Fukushima accident is simulated for CPR1000 nuclear power plant (NPP) model, with the computational fluid dynamic code GASFLOW. The hydrogen risk is analyzed with the assessment of efficiency of passive autocatalytic recombiner (PAR) system. The numerical results show that the CPR1000 containment may be damaged by global flame acceleration (FA) and local detonation caused by hydrogen combustion if no hydrogen mitigation system (HMS) is applied. A new condensation model is developed and validated in this study for the consideration of natural circulation flow pattern and presence of non-condensable gases. The new condensation model is more conservative in hydrogen risk evaluation than the current model in some compartments, giving earlier starting time of deflagration to detonation transition (DDT). The results also indicate that the PAR system installed in CPR1000 could prevent the occurrence of the FA and DDT. Therefore, HMS such as PAR system is suggested to be applied in NPPs to avoid the radioactive leak caused by containment failure.     

Analysis on hydrogen risk mitigation in severe accidents for Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor

Hydrogen source term and hydrogen mitigation under severe accidents is evaluated for most nuclear power plants (NPPs) after Fukushima Daiichi accident. Two units of Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR) are under operating in China, and hydrogen risk control should be evaluated in detail for the existing design. The distinguish feature of PHWR, compared with PWR, is the horizontal reactor core surrounded by moderator in calandria vessel (CV), which may influence the hydrogen source term. Based on integral system analysis code of PHWR, the plant model including primary heat transfer system (PHTS), calandria, end shield system, reactor cavity and containment has been developed. Two severe accident sequences have been selected to study hydrogen generation characteristic and the effectiveness of hydrogen mitigation with igniters. The one is Station Blackout (SBO) which represents high-pressure core melt accident, and the other is Large Break Loss of Coolant Accident (LLOCA) at reactor outlet header (ROH) which represents low-pressure core melt accident. Results show that under severe accident sequences, core oxidation of zirconium–steam reaction will produce hydrogen with deterioration of core cooling and the water in CV and reactor cavity can inhibits hydrogen generation for a relatively long time. However, as the water dries out, creep failure happens on CV. As a result, molten core falls into cavity and molten core concrete interaction (MCCI) occurs, releasing a large mass of hydrogen. When hydrogen igniters fail, volume fraction of hydrogen in the containment is more than 15% while equivalent amount of hydrogen generate from a 100% fuel clad-coolant reaction. As a result, hydrogen risk lies in the deflagration–detonation transition area. When igniters start at the beginning of large hydrogen generation, hydrogen mixtures ignite at low concentration in the compartments and the combustion mode locates at the edge of flammable area. However, the power supply to igniters should be ensured.     

GOTHIC局部氢气风险三维分析研究

Integrated severe accident code is used to analyze the hydrogen risk in current safety assessment. After Fukushima accident, higher requirements are placed on hydrogen risk analysis. In order to supplement the lumped parameter analysis, three dimension hydrogen risk analysis method using GOTHIC is studied. Local three dimension hydrogen risk model is constructed by GOTHIC. Based on model validation, typical severe accident cases are chosen to analyze the hydrogen distribution. The results show that, hydrogen and other gas are mixed well in the upper compartment of the containment, and hydrogen stratification phenomenon is not obvious. For DVI rupture accident in PXS-B, the lower area of the break is flooded, and the hydrogen concentration for the upper area of the break is large, however, the hydrogen risk is little.