基于精细燃耗历史及精细燃耗链的球床高温气冷堆燃耗不确定性分析

球床高温气冷堆的燃料管理具有燃料球多次通过堆芯的特点,使得燃料元件经历的燃耗历史十分复杂。球床高温气冷堆堆芯物理设计程序VSOP可以提供燃料元件的精细燃耗历史,但仅包含少量燃耗链和核素种类。而清华大学自主开发的燃耗计算程序NUIT可实现精细燃耗计算,且包含完整燃耗链和核素信息,但不具备精细燃耗历史跟踪功能。本文基于NUIT,结合VSOP提供的球床高温气冷堆精细燃耗历史,开发了球床高温气冷堆堆芯的精细燃耗计算功能,搭建了带有精细燃耗历史模拟和精细燃耗链核素的燃耗分析流程,并实现燃耗不确定性分析功能。在此基础上研究了裂变产额不确定性对球床高温气冷堆燃耗计算不确定性的贡献,并与VSOP的计算结果进行对比。计算分析结果显示,基于NUIT的精细燃耗计算结果和VSOP的燃耗计算结果得到了相互验证,且可以得到更多的核素浓度信息,该计算结果是开展球床高温气冷堆衰变热不确定性研究的基础。     

先进压水堆铁水反射层组件零功率堆芯硼中毒实验研究

介绍了先进压水堆铁水反射层组件零功率堆芯硼中毒实验的概况．以及全硼水反射层堆芯和3种铁硼水体积比反射层堆芯的实验，给出了实验结果，并对实验结果作了简要分析。通过实验发现，对于具有硼慢化剂的铁硼水反射层堆芯，堆芯具有正的反应性效应。     

少群截面随燃耗与硼浓度变化特性的计算分析

本文以一个中小型核电站堆芯为例,分析计算了中子扩散少群截面参数随燃料的燃耗、堆芯的临界硼浓度的变化特性,以及这种特性对堆芯剩余反应性、临界硼浓度、功率分布和同位素产量计算的影响。     

高温气冷堆控制棒硼燃耗特性分析

控制棒价值及其燃耗规律是核反应堆物理设计关注的要点之一。球床式高温气冷堆控制棒位于侧反射层石墨孔道中,吸收体为圆环形的B₄C,其燃耗特性具有特殊性。采用MCNP耦合燃耗计算模块的方法,对控制棒吸收体进行精细划分,分析了各子区域硼的详细燃耗特性及控制棒价值的变化规律。计算结果表明,由于强烈的空间自屏效应,虽然吸收体外层硼燃耗很多,但吸收体内层硼燃耗很少,因此,反应堆运行寿期末控制棒价值减少很小。     

AP1000乏燃料贮存格架临界安全分析

基于SCALE6程序包对西屋公司采用燃耗信任制技术的AP1000核电厂乏燃料贮存格架(SFSRs)临界安全分析过程进行了复现,在此基础上结合AP1000核电厂堆芯反应性控制特性,分析了轴向燃耗分布对系统反应性的影响。结果表明,高燃耗下采用机械补偿(MSHIM)轴向燃耗分布计算得到的系统反应性更保守,同时临界安全分析中需考虑吸收体在组件燃耗过程中对反应性的影响,且不应信任可溶硼。     

球床高温气冷堆吸收体价值计算的验证

VSOP程序广泛用于球床高温气冷堆的工程设计。对于被布置在堆芯侧反射层孔道中、用于反应性控制的吸收体,由于物理计算方法的限制,VSOP程序不具备计算其价值的功能,必须借助其他确定论程序进行外部耦合计算,涉及到几何的近似处理、截面的归并和转换,可能引入额外的误差。为此,本文采用蒙特卡罗程序建立了精细的堆芯模型,真实描述了堆芯活性区的球床结构、侧反射层的孔道结构、吸收体的形状和位置,在同样的堆芯状态下,比较了确定论耦合程序和MCNP程序计算得到的吸收体价值。结果表明：确定论耦合程序的计算结果是准确的,从设计角度上是偏保守的。     

PWR堆芯中弥散型可燃毒物的燃耗特性研究

在压水反应堆(PWR)堆芯核设计中,通常采用可燃毒物来补偿反应性和展平功率分布。对于长寿期堆芯设计,可燃毒物的消耗和燃料燃耗的匹配研究更为重要。利用基于蒙特卡罗方法开发的堆芯燃耗计算程序(MOI)对天然元素、人工核素、可溶硼等多种弥散型可燃毒物进行燃耗特性分析。结果表明锕系可燃核素231Pa、240Pu等弥散型可燃毒物可用于长寿期PWR的设计。     

冷却衰变时间对球床模块式高温气冷堆在线燃耗测量的影响分析

球床模块式高温气冷堆(HTR-PM)需要对球形燃料元件进行在线燃耗测量,以决定其是否退出燃料循坏.在燃料元件卸出堆芯到达测量位之前,要经过一段时间的冷却与衰变;这段时间对于燃耗测量过程有较大影响.利用同位素燃耗与衰变分析软件KORIGEN和粒子输运模拟计算软件MCNP相结合的方式,分析了燃料元件冷却衰变时间对燃耗测量过程的影响.结果表明,只要采取适当的γ谱分析方法,冷却衰变时间大于50 h,就可以满足HTR-PM对燃耗测量系统的要求.     

固态钍基熔盐堆堆芯物理参数计算

针对中国科学院设计的2 MW固态钍基熔盐堆(TMSR-SF)堆芯,采用蒙特卡罗程序MCNP精确描述堆芯TRISO包覆燃料颗粒、燃料球排布,建立了包含燃料元件、熔盐冷却剂、石墨反射层、中心石墨通道、控制棒及反射层通道的三维全堆芯模型,计算了TMSR-SF初始有效增殖因数、中子能谱、功率分布、控制系统价值、停堆裕量、反应性系数、中子动力学参数等堆芯物理参数,为TMSR-SF的物理优化及热工安全分析提供必要的参数。     

球床式高温气冷堆MOX燃料循环优化

与压水堆相比,球床式高温气冷堆能在堆芯结构不做明显改变的情况下采用全堆芯装载混合氧化物（MOX）燃料元件。基于250 MW球床模块式高温气冷堆堆芯结构,设计了4种球床式高温气冷堆下MOX燃料循环方式,包括铀钚混合的燃料球和独立的钚球与铀球混合装载的等效方式,采用高温气冷堆设计程序VSOP进行分析,比较了初装堆的有效增殖因数、燃料元件在堆芯内滞留时间、卸料燃耗、温度系数等主要物理特性。结果表明：采用纯铀和纯钚两种分离燃料球且铀燃料球循环时间更长的方案,平均卸料燃耗较高,总体性能较其他循环方式优越。     

Static design of a liquid-salt-cooled pebble bed reactor (LSPBR)

A renewed interest has been raised for liquid-salt-cooled nuclear reactors. The excellent heat transfer properties of liquid-salt coolants provide several benefits, like lower fuel temperatures, higher average coolant temperature, increased core power density and better decay heat removal, and thus higher achievable core power. In order to benefit from the on-line refueling capability of a pebble bed reactor, the liquid salt pebble bed reactor (LSPBR) is proposed. This is a high temperature pebble bed reactor with a fuel design similar to existing HTRs, but using a liquid-salt as coolant. In this paper, the selection criteria for the liquid-salt coolant are described. Based on its neutronic properties, LiF–BeF₂ (flibe) was selected for the LSPBR. Two designs of the LSPBR were considered: a cylindrical core and an annular core with a graphite inner reflector. Coupled neutronic thermal-hydraulic calculations were performed to obtain the steady state power distribution and the corresponding fuel temperature distribution. Calculations were performed to investigate the decay heat removal capability in a protected loss-of-forced cooling accident. The maximum allowable power that can be produced with the LSPBR is hereby determined.     

石墨粉尘通过高温气冷堆堆芯球床结构的运动行为研究

高温气冷堆在运行过程中产生带有放射性的石墨粉尘,对反应堆的运行安全和环境安全造成一定影响。本文选取二维球床流场,采用离散相模型分析了堆芯球床结构对石墨粉尘颗粒的扩散和沉积的影响。计算结果表明:球床结构能有效阻碍石墨粉尘颗粒的扩散;沉积在球床结构上的石墨粉尘颗粒数目随堆芯内氦气流速的增加而增大,而由于受到颗粒惯性及热泳力的作用其增长趋势逐渐放缓;石墨粉尘颗粒在球床结构上的沉积效率随粒径的逐渐增加呈现"几乎不变-快速增长-缓速增长"的态势。     

Reactivity control schemes for fast spectrum space nuclear reactors

Several reactivity control schemes are considered for future space nuclear reactor power systems. Each of these control schemes uses a combination of boron carbide absorbers and/or beryllium oxide reflectors to achieve sufficient reactivity swing to keep the reactor subcritical during launch and to provide sufficient excess reactivity to operate the reactor over its expected 7-15 year lifetime. The size and shape of the control system directly impacts the size and mass of the space reactor's reflector and shadow shield, leading to a tradeoff between reactivity swing and total system mass. This paper presents a trade study of drum, shutter, slat, and petal control schemes based on reactivity swing and mass effects for a representative fast-spectrum, gas-cooled reactor. For each control scheme, the dimensions and composition of the core are constant, and the reflector is sized to provide $5 of cold-clean excess reactivity with each configuration in its most reactive state. Reactivity insertion behavior is analyzed for each control scheme, along with the submersion behavior following a launch abort. The advantages and disadvantages of each configuration are discussed, along with optimization techniques and novel geometric approaches for each scheme.     

基于CITATION-ORIGEN2球床堆平衡态计算程序的实现

基于确定论中子扩散软件CITATION和点燃耗软件ORIGEN2,编写了球床堆分析程序COBBLE,以实现指定燃料球加载策略下的球床堆平衡态燃耗计算。COBBLE程序采用谱区能谱修正方法,通过迭代求解得到球床堆堆芯平衡态参数。本文选取简化的球床模块高温气冷堆(PBMR)堆芯进行建模,计算其功率分布及燃耗分布,并使用基于蒙特卡罗方法的球床堆燃耗计算程序PBRE进行了验证与分析。结果表明,COBBLE程序适用于球床堆的平衡态燃耗计算。     

High Efficiency,Prototype Annular Electromagnetic Flow Coupler with Ceramic Insulator

Neutronic modeling for the modular high temperature pebble bed reactor during reactivity accident was investigated for safety analysis purposes. Three existing dynamic models, i.e. the point reactor, adiabatic and improved quasistatic models were compared with each other, and their accuracy was discussed, A one-dimensional numerical experiment was performed for simulating the severest reactivity accident involving withdrawal of all absorber rods in the reflector region. The results showed that the adiabatic model gave the highest estimation of the power excursion since it over-estimated the input reactivity worth. Although the point reactor model required the minimum computation time, it under-estimated the input reactivity worth and gave less accuracy in predicting the power excursion. The improved quasistatic model gave the highest accuracy and its computation time was comparable to the adiabatic model.     

底反射层氧化对模块式高温气冷堆进气事故的影响分析

进气事故是模块式高温气冷堆(HTR-PM)事故分析中重点考虑的一种事故类型。核级石墨在高温气冷堆中被广泛用作反射层材料、结构材料和慢化材料等。在进气事故中,燃料元件基体石墨发生氧化反应增加了燃料颗粒裸露和放射性释放的风险,底反射层发生氧化反应降低了石墨材料的机械性能,可能破坏堆芯底部结构的完整性。本文利用高温气冷堆专用系统分析程序TINTE,分别选取两种不同氧化速率的石墨材料作为底反射层材料,以热气导管双端断裂的进气事故为例,分析不同材料对进气事故的影响。在保证底反射层完整性的前提下,底反射层采用高氧化速率的材料时,能明显降低燃料颗粒裸露和放射性释放的风险。     

Optimization of a radially cooled pebble bed reactor

By altering the coolant flow direction in a pebble bed reactor from axial to radial, the pressure drop can be reduced tremendously. In this case the coolant flows from the outer reflector through the pebble bed and finally to flow paths in the inner reflector. As a consequence, the fuel temperatures are elevated due to the reduced heat transfer of the coolant. However, the power profile and pebble size in a radially cooled pebble bed reactor can be optimized to achieve lower fuel temperatures than current axially cooled designs, while the low pressure drop can be maintained.The radial power profile in the core can be altered by adopting multi-pass fuel management using several radial fuel zones in the core. The optimal power profile yielding a flat temperature profile is derived analytically and is approximated by radial fuel zoning. In this case, the pebbles pass through the outer region of the core first and each consecutive pass is located in a fuel zone closer to the inner reflector. Thereby, the resulting radial distribution of the fissile material in the core is influenced and the temperature profile is close to optimal.The fuel temperature in the pebbles can be further reduced by reducing the standard pebble diameter from 6 cm to a value as low as 1 cm. An analytical investigation is used to demonstrate the effects on the fuel temperature and pressure drop for both radial and axial cooling.Finally, two-dimensional numerical calculations were performed, using codes for neutronics, thermal-hydraulics and fuel depletion analysis, in order to validate the results for the optimized design that were obtained from the analytical investigations. It was found that for a radially cooled design with an optimized power profile and reduced pebble diameter (below 3.5 cm) both a reduction in the pressure drop ( bar), which increases the reactor efficiency with several percent, and a reduction in the maximum fuel temperature (C) can be achieved compared to present axially cooled designs.     

Increasing the power of the high temperature reactor module

To alleviate the economic problems of the modular pebble bed high temperature reactor, its design was modified in such a way that the power output was increased from 200 to 350 MWth. The core geometry was changed from cylindrical to annular, and the pressure vessel diameter was increased to 6.7 m. Control rods are placed in both the outer reflector and the graphite central column. In a safety analysis, loss of heat sink, loss of coolant and water ingress accident were examined. Reactor shutdown and decay heat removal take place passively, and the maximum fuel temperature stays theoreticallybelow 1600 °C, implying full retention of the fission products in the fuel elements. The central column has a diminishing effect on the positive reactivity effect of water ingress. A cost analysis shows that the specific investment costs of a four-module plant would decrease by 26% and the electricity generating costs would reduce by 19%.