Influence of correlation scale errors on aquifer hydraulic conductivity inversion precision

In order to investigate the influence of correlation scale error on the inversion precision of the hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer, the successive linear estimator (SLE) was used to invert the hydraulic conductivity field of a heterogeneous aquifer based on synthetic experiments. By increasing the numbers of observation wells and pumping tests, we analyzed the difference between the estimated and true values of hydraulic conductivity with different correlation scale errors. The relationships between the observation well number and the error in inversion results, and between the pumping test number and the error in inversion results were investigated. The results show that, if the amount of observed head data is insufficient, there will be errors in inversion results with changing correlation scale. Due to the existence of correlation scale error, the improvement of inversion precision gradually slows down with the increase of the amount of observed head data, which indicates that too much observed head data causes data redundancy. Therefore, for the synthetic experiments described in this paper, the observation well number should be less than 41, the pumping test number should be less than 17, and a more suitable method should be selected according to the precision requirements of specific situations in practical engineering.     

基于含水层渗透系数研究的云-Markov 模型的建立与应用

通过建立云-Markov模型对含水层渗透系数进行预测。利用云模型中的多条件多规则不确定推理技术,根据样品的粒径分布对渗透系数进行预测,并对其进行误差分析;在此基础上利用权Markov原理对预测误差的随机性进行模拟,进而根据此模拟值对云模型的预测结果进行校正,将校正后的预测值作为云-Markov模型最终的计算结果输出,即完成对一个沉积样品渗透系数的预测。将该模型应用于华北平原典型地区冲洪积扇含水层参数研究,计算结果表明:与渗透系数的实测值相比,云模型的误差相对数介于0.62~1.34间,通过权Markov误差校正后,云-Markov模型的误差相对数为0.74~1.27。与传统经验公式相比,云和云-Markov模型的计算精度均满足地下水资源评价的要求,其中云-Markov模型具有更高的计算精度和广泛的使用范围,但其同时也具有较高的计算成本。     

Effects of leachate infiltration and desiccation cracks on hydraulic conductivity of compacted clay

Both cracks in clay liner and the complex composition of landfill leachate might have effects on the hydraulic conductivity of a compacted clay liner. In this study, the hydraulic conductivities of natural clay and bentonite-modified clay with and without desiccation cracks were measured, respectively, using three types of liquids as permeating liquid: 2 500 mg/L acetic acid solution, 0.5 mol/L Ca Cl2 solution, and tap water. When tap water was adopted as the permeating liquid, desiccation cracks resulted in increases in the average value of hydraulic conductivity: a 25-fold increase for the natural clay and a 5.7-fold increase for the bentonite-modified clay. It was also found out that the strong selfhealing capability of bentonite helped to reduce the adverse impact of cracks on hydraulic performance. In contrast to tap water, simulated leachates(acetic acid and Ca Cl2solutions) show no adverse effect on the hydraulic conductivities of natural and bentonite-modified clays. It is concluded that desiccation cracks and bentonite have more significant effects on hydraulic performance than simulated leachates.     

开敞式高比转速轴流泵模型装置的试验研究

提出了高比转速轴流泵模型设计的一些新的处理方法，介绍了开敞式轴流泵结构型式的特点、流道的设计及其模型装置的试验研究。结果表明：该模型装置过流量大，装置效率高，高效范围广，可以在很广的低扬程范围内推广应用。     

Estimation of key parameters in model for solute transport in rivers and streams

The exchange mechanisms associated with transient storage zones of a natural heterogeneous environment are often modified by unsteady water flux in the transient storage zone. This phenomenon can play an important role in the mass exchange between the free flowing water zone and the transient storage zones and may be the cause of the plateau region of the tail of observed concentration curves in natural streams. Deterministic interpretation methods are often used to generate the shape of the solute concentration curves in natural streams based on representations of transient storage exchange. Although many models are available to predict the parameters for the deterministic interpretation method, none can be used with confidence unless previously calibrated in the particular river reach under consideration. Therefore, the availability of reliable means for the provision of these parameters is usually the primary difficulty in the prediction of the rate of movement, dilution, and mixing of solute in rivers and streams. Measured tracer-response curves produced from the injection of a known quantity of soluble tracer provide one means for obtaining the requisite parameters. In this work, we advance an alternative approach based on the use of hydraulic and geometric information that are easily obtained in natural streams. Empirical equations used to predict the parameters are also analyzed to evaluate their behavior in representing solute mixing in natural streams with transient storage zones. Finally, the present proposals are validated against field meausrements of the solute concentration curves of chloride along a 1.2~km reach of the Shingobee River, Minnesota, U.S.A.     

轴流泵叶片水力矩实验测定及分析

对轴流泵叶片水力矩实验方法进行介绍．通过特定的实验装置．测定计算出水泵的水力矩特性并对水力矩特性曲线进行理论分析。将水力矩特性曲线与实验中发生的现象进行分析比较，解释曲线中马鞍形区域机组存在振动．绕流不正常，产生汽泡．脱流现象的原因及机理。     

抽水蓄能电站侧式进出水口体型及水力特性研究进展

侧式进出水口是抽水蓄能电站广泛采用的水流过渡结构形式,是连接库区与输水管道的咽喉。该部位双向过渡水流结构较为复杂,对工程的运行效率及安全有重要影响,而合理的进出口体型是保证水流合理过渡和工程安全的关键。研究侧式进出水口体型及水力特性的方法主要有物理模型试验、数值模拟及原型观测。文章对进出水口前漩涡、进出口段水流过渡和水头损失等方面研究成果加以总结。分析了漩涡形成机理、诱涡因素及抑制漩涡形成的工程与非工程措施;明确了均衡过渡水流的工程要求及满足水流均衡过渡的结构体型设计准则;列举了部分工程进出水口体型参数、过渡水流特征数及进出流水头损失系数。     

贮灰场排洪竖井排洪能力及流态 数值模拟计算

本文采用VOF方法来跟踪自由水面对大型贮灰场排洪竖井进行了数值模拟计算,利用物理模型试验数据验证了计算成果。计算研究了排洪竖井的排洪能力及主要工况流态。研究成果表明排洪能力数值模拟值和试验实测值十分吻合,数值模拟流态逼真。由此证明：数值模拟计算可以取代物理模型试验。