Prediction of blast-induced ground vibration using artificial neural networks

Blasting is still being considered to be one the most important applicable alternatives for conventional tunneling. Ground vibration generated due to blasting is an undesirable phenomenon which is harmful for the nearby habitants and dwellings and should be prevented. In this paper, an attempt has been made to predict blast-induced ground vibration using artificial neural network (ANN) in the Siahbisheh project, Iran. To construct the model maximum charge per delay, distance from blasting face to the monitoring point, stemming and hole depth are taken as input parameters, whereas, peak particle velocity (PPV) is considered as an output parameter. A database consisting of 182 datasets was collected at different strategic and vulnerable locations in and around the project. From the prepared database, 162 datasets were used for the training and testing of the network, whereas 20 randomly selected datasets were used for the validation of the ANN model. A four layer feed-forward back-propagation neural network with topology 4-10-5-1 was found to be optimum. To compare performance of the ANN model with empirical predictors as well as regression analysis, the same database was applied. Superiority of the proposed ANN model over empirical predictors and statistical model was examined by calculating coefficient of determination for predicted and measured PPV. Sensitivity analysis was also performed to get the influence of each parameter on PPV. It was found that distance from blasting face is the most effective and stemming is the least effective parameter on the PPV.     

Comparison of dominant frequency attenuation of blasting vibration for different charge structures

Dominant frequency attenuation is a significant concern for frequency-based criteria of blasting vibration control. It is necessary to develop a concise and practical prediction equation describing dominant frequency attenuation. In this paper, a prediction equation of dominant frequency that accounts for primary parameters influencing the dominant frequency was proposed based on theoretical and dimensional analyses. Three blasting experiments were carried out in the Chiwan parking lot for collecting blasting vibration data used to conduct regression analysis of the proposed prediction equation. The fitting equations were further adopted to compare the reliability of three different types of dominant frequencies in the proposed equation and to explore the effects of different charge structures on the dominant frequency attenuation. The apparent frequency proved to be more reliable to express the attenuation law of the dominant frequency. The reliability and superiority of the proposed equation employing the apparent frequency were verified by comparison with the other five prediction equations. The smaller blasthole diameter or decoupling ratio leads to the higher initial value and corresponding faster attenuation of the dominant frequency. The blasthole diameter has a greater influence on the dominant frequency attenuation than the decoupling ratio does. Among the charge structures applied in the experiments, the charge structure with decoupling ratio of 1.5 and blasthole diameter of 48 mm results in the greatest initial value and corresponding fastest attenuation of the dominant frequency.     

Modified scaled distance regression analysis approach for prediction of blast-induced ground vibration in multi-hole blasting

The blast-induced ground vibration prediction using scaled distance regression analysis is one of the most popular methods employed by engineers for many decades. It uses the maximum charge per delay and distance of monitoring as the major factors for predicting the peak particle velocity (PPV). It is established that the PPV is caused by the maximum charge per delay which varies with the distance of monitoring and site geology. While conducting a production blasting, the waves induced by blasting of different holes interfere destructively with each other, which may result in higher PPV than the predicted value with scaled distance regression analysis. This phenomenon of interference/superimposition of waves is not considered while using scaled distance regression analysis. In this paper, an attempt has been made to compare the predicted values of blast-induced ground vibration using multi-hole trial blasting with single-hole blasting in an opencast coal mine under the same geological condition. Further, the modified prediction equation for the multi-hole trial blasting was obtained using single-hole regression analysis. The error between predicted and actual values of multi-hole blast-induced ground vibration was found to be reduced by 8.5%.     

Impact of blasting parameters on vibration signal spectrum: Determination and statistical evidence

Research on the impact of blasting parameters on vibration signals is of significant value for guiding blast-resistant design. Previous research was primarily aimed at the impact on vibration amplitude in the time domain but rarely focused on energy distribution in the frequency domain (i.e., spectrum). Based on large amounts of blast signals from a series of events, in this study, the primary parameters that affect the vibration spectrum were determined. First, the K-means method was used to cluster all of the signals into six distinct spectrum clusters. The T test was then utilized among different clusters, to detect discrepancies in continuous parameters, including total charge, maximum charge, concrete age and distance between the explosion source and measuring point. Meanwhile, a random clustering simulation was conducted to determine whether the other two discrete parameters, i.e., the number of detonator relays and the explosion source location, influence the spectrums of vibration signals. The results show that three of the six parameters studied have a close link to the vibration spectrum, whereas the other three do not. This study also discusses how the parameters impact the occurrence and evolution of vibration signals.     

Control negative effects of blasting waves on concrete of the structures by analyzing of parameters of ground vibration

In the most of civil projects, many activities are done in the vicinity of each other. Synchronic of concreting and blasting causes cracks and reduction of final resistance of concrete because of dynamic waves induced by blasting. This qualification is more negative for long term using structures and those which is relevant with under pressure water. This paper introduces dynamic waves and their influence on the underground structures; controlling methods of dynamic waves induced by blasting in the base of peak particle velocity and finally design of surge tank storage shafts excavation in Gotvand dam neighbor of concrete structures in these storages. The dynamic site factors that are calculated from seismographic tests in Bakhtiary conglomerate shows that constant dynamic factors K & β are 40.859 and 1.8717, respectively. Furthermore with combination of Nonel and electric detonator we achieved the reduction of negative effects caused by blasting of each construction as well as a significant reduction in excavation costs in each stage.     

Prediction of blast-induced ground vibration using artificial neural network

An attempt has been made to evaluate and predict the blast-induced ground vibration and frequency by incorporating rock properties, blast design and explosive parameters using the artificial neural network (ANN) technique. A three-layer, feed-forward back-propagation neural network having 15 hidden neurons, 10 input parameters and two output parameters were trained using 154 experimental and monitored blast records from one of the major producing surface coal mines in India. Twenty new blast data sets were used for the validation and comparison of the peak particle velocity (PPV) and frequency by ANN and other predictors. To develop more confidence in the proposed method, same data sets have also been used for the prediction of PPV by commonly used vibration predictors as well as by multivariate regression analysis (MVRA). Results were compared based on correlation and mean absolute error (MAE) between monitored and predicted values of PPV and frequency.     

基于最小二乘法原理的爆破震动回归分析

针对爆破的不确定性与难估量性以及传播介质特性的复杂性,利用最小乘法原理对爆破震动进行回归分析,得出爆破震动速度与装药量、传播距离的关系,实践证明该方法能很好地解决爆破震动参数的回归分析。     

基于爆破振动监测的岩石边坡开挖损伤区预测

 通过对白鹤滩水电站左岸834.0～770.0 m高程坝肩槽边坡爆破开挖振动监测和爆破损伤的声波检测,分析第一～六梯段的振动衰减规律,并通过回归分析建立不同爆心距处质点峰值振动速度与损伤深度的关系,并利用此关系和爆破振动监测结果对第七梯段的损伤深度进行预测。结果表明,当边坡岩性较为均一,且坡体上无较大结构面发育时,在一定距离处边坡预裂爆破振动峰值与保留岩体的损伤深度之间的相关性良好;采用预裂爆破振动衰减规律与保留岩体损伤深度之间的关系预测下一梯段损伤范围的方法简便可行,可大大降低大面积边坡损伤声波检测的工程量。考虑到地质条件、开挖造成的地貌改变等因素,为进一步提高预测精度,需要增加其它因素作为回归要素,或者增加部分关键部位的声波检测,对预测结果进行修正补充。     

花岗岩地层地铁隧道爆破施工地表振动效应随埋深变化规律研究

以正在建设中的青岛地铁一期工程M3号线为背景,采用现场测试和数值模拟分析相结合的方法系统研究了地铁隧道爆破地表振动效应随埋深的变化规律。结果表明:花岗岩地层地铁隧道爆破施工存在满足安全经济综合最优要求的合理埋深范围;爆源正上方地表质点峰值振速在隧道埋深12 m以前随隧道埋深增加急剧衰减,埋深达18 m以后随埋深增加振速变化不显著;爆破振动空洞效应随隧道埋深增加空洞效应逐渐降低;爆破振动效应随爆破掏槽药量增大而增大,增加相同药量,埋深越大,增幅越小;随隧道断面尺寸增加而减小,增加相同断面,埋深越大,减幅越小。     

An iterative interacting method for dynamic analysis of the maglev train-guideway/foundation-soil system

This paper presents an iterative interacting method for analyzing the dynamic response of a maglev train traveling on an elevated guideway supported by piers embedded in soil. The maglev train is idealized as a row of 2D rigid beams each suspended by levitation forces and controlled by onboard PID controllers. The guideway is modeled as a series of simple beams supported by rigid piers embedded in an elastic half-space. To address the structure interactions from the train to the soil and vice versa, the entire model is decomposed into two subsystems, i.e., the maglev train-guideway and foundation-soil subsystems, each interacting with the other via the rigid piers. The procedure of analysis is as follows: First, the train-guideway subsystem is computed, and the support reactions are used as excitations to the elastic half space. Next, the ground vibrations induced by the pier excitations are computed and fed back via the supports for computing the train-guideway response. The procedure is repeated until the convergence condition is satisfied. The solution obtained for a 2-degree-of-freedom system under a harmonic force is compared with the analytical one to verify the validity of the method proposed herein. The effects of ground wave propagation on the vehicle-guideway response will be evaluated in the numerical examples.     

某水电站边坡开挖爆破震动动力响应有限元分析

边坡爆破开挖的动力响应极其复杂,利用ANSYS进行模拟分析是有效可行的。详细介绍了某水电站高陡边坡计算模型的概化方法、建立方式。利用自编程序,将爆破震动实测速度时程曲线转化为加速度时程曲线作为计算荷载,对该边坡爆破开挖进行了ANSYS有限元模态分析和应力响应、位移响应、速度响应时程分析。模态分析结果表明,边坡的固有频率远低于爆破震动的主频,因此不会产生共振现象。时程分析结果表明,尽管此次爆破的震动速度最大值超标,各种应力在坡脚底部存在应力集中现象,但各应力值都较小,边坡没有发生任何塑性变形,若仅考虑爆破振动动力影响,不足以使边坡产生整体破坏;同时,随着爆破规模的增大,出现了明显的速度放大效应和惯性滞后效应。     

Evaluation of ground settlement in response to shield penetration using numerical and statistical methods: a metro tunnel construction case

Shield tunnelling can cause ground settlement, which poses significant risks to adjacent structures or facilities. To understand complex soil behaviour in response to shield penetration, a model that can establish the shield–ground relationship and accurately predict tunnelling-induced ground settlement is necessary. The aim of this paper is to combine numerical methods and statistical methods for settlement prediction in the Wuhan (China) metro project. During the pre-construction stage, due to the lack of instrumentation data, the numerical method was applied to simulate the tunnelling process. The relevant factors influencing ground settlements were identified by examining the model’s sensitivity to each parameter. After the shield launch, data of the relevant factors and field measurements were collected. Using these data, a statistical model based on an adaptive relevance vector machine (aRVM) was trained for real-time prediction of the ground settlement development. The simulation results show that a number of factors, including geometrical, geological and shield operational parameters, contribute to ground settlement, and the aRVM model can accurately and effectively predict settlement development. The example application demonstrates that the method is a practical tool for settlement prediction and can be widely used in metro projects.     

Frequency channeling: a concept to increase the frequency and control the PPV of blast-induced ground vibration waves in multi-hole blast in a surface mine

Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment - Vibrations induced due to blasting in mines may damage the nearby houses and disturb the habitants. The monitoring, prediction, and control of...     

Approximate elliptical integral solution for the large amplitude free vibration of a rectangular single mode plate backed by a multi-acoustic mode cavity

The nonlinear structural–acoustic problem considered in this study is the large amplitude free vibration of a rectangular elastic plate backed by a cavity. Very few classical solutions for this nonlinear structural–acoustic problem have been developed, although there are many for nonlinear plate or linear structural–acoustic problems. Thus, the main contributions of this study paper include (1) a concise multi-acoustic single structural modal formulation that is derived from two coupled partial differential equations representing the nonlinear structural free vibration and the acoustic pressure induced and (2) the approximate elliptical integral solution that is obtained by solving one residual equation only, and well agrees with that obtained from a harmonic balance finite element analysis. It is found that the natural frequency convergences with the increase in the numbers of acoustic modes and harmonic terms, and the effects of vibration amplitude, air cavity depth, and aspect ratio on the nonlinear natural frequency are also examined.     

Thermal performance of borehole heat exchanger under groundwater flow: A case study from Baoding

The performance of ground source heat pumps (GSHPs) depends strongly on the heat transfer between the soil and borehole heat exchangers (BHEs). In the present work, a thermal performance experiment of a BHE under groundwater flow was conducted in Baoding, China. Based on the measurement of the natural ground temperature profile, a simplified theoretical model was presented to estimate the characteristics of groundwater flow. The results showed that the presence of groundwater had an obvious influence on the temperature profile in the aquifer. Due to the strong groundwater advection, the thermal performance of the BHE was enhanced. The enhanced effect depends to a great extent on the distribution and thickness percentage of the ground layer with the greatest groundwater flow. In the present case, the heat injection and heat extraction of the BHE were enhanced on average by 9.8% and 12.9%, respectively, compared with the case without groundwater flow, when the total thickness of coarse sand and gravel layer as a percentage of the borehole depth was 10.6%. This enhanced effect is favorable for reducing the possible imbalance between heat injection and extraction from and to the ground, which is helpful for the long-term operation of GSHP systems.     

A method for estimation of ground layered systems for the control of steel pipe pile group driving

A new method for the estimation of ground layered systems, which is to suggest the dynamic design method of steel pipe pile groups, is proposed, in a probabilistic manner. The distinctive features of the method are as follows: (1) The method is safer and easier than other methods, as it needs only a general soil boring investigation prior to, and measurement of blow count data during, the pile driving. (2) Not only is the pile bearing capacity estimated, but the accuracy of the estimation can be evaluated. (3) Attention is given to the regulation of sedimentation layers from the geological point of view. (4) It can make a higher accurate estimation than a current design method. Real ground layered systems are estimated by the method, and it becomes clear that the variation of pile bearing capacities, and of the uncertainty of these, cannot be ignored even within one site. A chart, to use the arrangement of the variations, is also provided. Its applicability is examined by real pile driving data, and it becomes clear, that the effect of the magnitude of bearing capacity, and also the accuracy of the estimation to the design alteration, is well presented in the chart.     

A proposed methodology for analysis of ground settlements caused by tunneling, with particular reference to the “buoyancy” effect

A new analytical method is proposed in order to realistically estimate the ground settlements caused by shallow tunnel construction. In the estimation of these ground settlements with the finite element method (FEM), the weight of the ground which is removed at the tunnel excavation has a large effect on the value of the settlements, when the ground is assumed as an elastic body. Some problems related to the settlements estimated by FEM are pointed out through the elastic theory, a back analysis, and field measurement results. A new analytical method is proposed, which disregards the weight of the ground removed, at the estimation of the excavation forces acting on the tunnel boundary. The appropriateness of the method is confirmed through a comparison between the analytical and the field measurement settlements.     

斜拉桥拉索风雨激振的两质量三自由度理论模型

斜拉索的风雨激振严重地影响到斜拉索以至于斜拉桥的安全,其机理至今仍无定论。同时考虑拉索面内和面外两个自由度,并假设拉索和水线之间的作用力为库仑阻尼力和线性阻尼力,建立斜拉桥拉索风雨激振的两质量三自由度理论模型。采用Runge-Kutta法对拉索和水线的耦合方程进行数值求解,得到拉索和水线的运动规律。与仅考虑拉索面内自由度的两质量两自由度理论模型相比,考虑拉索面内面外自由度的两质量三自由度理论模型的起振风速区更多,这主要是因为拉索的水平气动力系数也存在突降,且拉索面内面外运动是相互耦合的。水线上的气动力和重力为水线提供总体的平衡;阻尼力则消耗水线的能量;至少一个方向的拉索运动引起的附加惯性力(竖向或水平)一直对水线做正功。     

大跨屋盖结构下压风荷载确定方法与实例分析

介绍了几种大跨度屋盖结构下压风荷载的计算方法,并以某大型体育场屋盖为例,通过引入峰值因子和位移匹配度判据,分析了等效荷载作用下位移响应值和空间分布的合理性。研究结果表明,按比例放大的阵风荷载因子法和动力放大系数法,当计算基准值较小时,得出的放大倍数过高,将导致除等效目标之外的响应值被高估。采用准静态荷载与均匀分布附加风振力的线性叠加方法得出的等效荷载将给出较为合理的位移响应值,其中又以结合LRC方法的等效荷载位移匹配度最高。此外,研究表明若不考虑风洞试验结果,按体型系数+0.2在半跨屋盖上作用均匀风荷载,也能给出基本合理、工程上可用的下压风荷载。