老爷庙风电场风能资源评价

本文利用老爷庙风电场2001年4月～2002年4月逐时平均风向、风速资料，对老爷庙风电场的风能资源各参数进行了计算和分析，并与附近星子气象站累年或同期资料进行比较，对老爷庙风电场风能资源进行评价。     

Research of the wind energy resource distribution in the Baltic region

Governmental support and the availability of large unpopulated areas on the coasts of the Baltic countries make attractive the use of these lands for siting large wind power plants (WPP).Studies in the area of wind energy resource distribution are carried out by the IPE with collaboration with the VeU. The observations of wind speed were made using the measuring complex NRG LOGGER 9200 Symphonie.The results of long-term observations on the wind energy density fluctuations at heights of 10–60 m in the area on the Baltic Sea coast of Latvia are presented in the form of tables, bar charts and graphs.The wind speed distribution is analysed. The coefficients of approximating functions for two areas of different terrain types have been calculated, and extrapolation results for the distribution curves of wind speed and energy density obtained.The acoustic noise level distribution around a planned WPP has been modelled.     

Viability and economic analysis of wind energy resource for power generation in Johannesburg,South Africa

In this study, wind characteristics and wind power potential of Johannesburg are investigated using 5-min average time series wind speed collected between 2005 and 2009 at anemometer height of 10 m. The statistical distribution that best fits the empirical wind speed data at the site of study is first determined based on the coefficient of determination and root mean square error criteria. The statistical parameters and wind power density based on this model are estimated for different months of the year using standard deviation method. Economic analyses of some wind turbines are also carried out. Some of the key results show that the site is only suitable for small wind turbines in a standalone application. A 10 kW wind turbine with cut-in wind speed of 3.5 m/s, rated wind speed of 9 m/s, and cut-out wind speed of 25 m/s seems most appropriate in Johannesburg with the lowest cost that varies from 0.25 to 0.33 $/kWh.     

福建省漳州风能资源开发浅谈

本文介绍漳州风能资源概况 ,分析其开发利用特点 ,根据该地区能源资源情况 ,提出风力发电是该地区今后最有开发前途的能源 ,并对开发前景作出初略展望。文中最后对漳州风电建设提出建议。     

On the wind energy resource of Nigeria

An analysis of wind data for the ten-year period 1979–1988 in Nigeria is presented. Surface and upper winds were considered as well as maximum gusts. The need for the provision of new data stations in order to enable a complete and reliable assessment of the overall wind power potential of the country is identified and specific locations suggested. Socioeconomic and political factors affecting the development of wind energy development in Nigeria are also discussed.     

Assessment of wind energy potential in croatia

In this work, the eolian potential of Croatia (one of the Yugoslav republics) is investigated on the basis of 32 anemograph stations. Mean hourly values were used for calculation of Weibull's distribution parameter c and k, and mean annual and seasonal wind power densities. The vertical extrapolation of wind speeds was based on Justus expression. Mean annual wind energies were calculated for two types of aerogenerators. Analysis of these data showed that in the interior of Croatia, at 10 m above ground, low naturally available wind power densities exist: less than 50 W/m². On the Adriatic basin, in some area along the coast, a wind power of over 300 W/m² may be gained.

The annual natural wind energies at 50 m above ground lie in the continental part between 250 and 1300 kWh/m² and on the eastern part of Adriatic basin between 500 and 8100 kWh/m².     

Prospects of wind energy sector development in Serbia with relevant regulatory framework overview

The growth of the renewable energy sector in the world in the first decade of the twenty-first century was rapid. Wind energy sector was one of the fastest growing renewable energy technologies. In this paper, authors have tried to review the current state of wind power utilization in Serbia as one of the most penetrating RES technologies in the world. The brief overview of electric power sector in Serbia was given in order to describe the environment for emerging wind energy sector development. Sufficient wind energy resources were identified in several regions of the country. Current energy policy in Serbia was reviewed in terms of the regulations that have to be followed in order to meet the requirements for RES power plants, i.e. wind power plant construction. In subsequent section short reviews of wind energy projects which are in their initial phases are provided. The wind energy sector in Serbia is emerging despite the difficulties faced by the investors, regulatory bodies and other shareholders, in the course of the past several years. There is an urgent need of a broader transfer of specific knowledge and technologies related to wind farms and wind turbines in order to speed up the current wind energy sector development.     

Wind energy resource assessment in Madrid region

The “Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid” (Autonomous Community of Madrid, in the following Madrid Region), is a region located at the geographical centre of the Iberian Peninsula. Its area is 8.028 km², and its population about five million people. The Department of Economy and Technological Innovation of the Madrid Region, together with some organizations dealing on energy saving and other research institutions have elaborated an Energy Plan for the 2004–12 period. As a part of this work, the Fluid Mechanics Laboratory of the Superior Technical School of Industrial Engineers of the Polytechnic University of Madrid has carried out the assessment of the wind energy resources [Crespo A, Migoya E, Gómez Elvira R. La energía eólica en Madrid. Potencialidad y prospectiva. Plan energético de la Comunidad de Madrid, 2004–2012. Madrid: Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid; 2004]; using for this task the WAsP program (Wind Atlas Analysis and Application Program), and the own codes, UPMORO (code to study orography effects) and UPMPARK (code to study wake effects in wind parks). Different kinds of data have been collected about climate, topography, roughness of the land, environmentally protected areas, town and village distribution, population density, main facilities and electric power supply. The Spanish National Meteorological Institute has nine wind measurement stations in the region, but only four of them have good and reliable temporary wind data, with time measurement periods that are long enough to provide representative correlations among stations. The Observed Wind Climates of the valid meteorological stations have been made. The Wind Atlas and the resource grid have been calculated, especially in the high wind resource areas, selecting appropriate measurements stations and using criteria based on proximity, similarity and ruggedness index. Some areas cannot be used as a wind energy resource mainly because they have environmental regulation or, in some cases, are very close to densely populated towns. In the finally selected areas, it is assumed that there are hypothetical wind farms, consisting of 2 MW turbines in appropriate configurations, in which the turbines are about 11 diameters apart. Its energy production will give an estimation of the wind energy potential of the Madrid Region.     

尖山子风电场风能资源评价

根据尖山子风电场1999年7月～2000年6月测风资料，对风电场的风能资源各参数进行了详细地计算和分析，从而得出尖山子地区风能资源丰富，适宜建设大型风电场，具有较大的开发利用价值的结论。     

The economics of wind energy in South Africa

Battery charging and water pumping has been the only applications for wind energy in South Africa till now. A conservative estimate of the wind resource indicates that approximately 5% to 6% of the South African energy demands can be supplied from wind. However the low cost of electricity due to the abundance of cheap coal has made it difficult to justify the use of grid connected wind turbines. As with other countries where wind energy is now a part of the total energy package, South Africa will also have to go through a process of wind energy having to prove itself as a viable option while at the same time have a cost disadvantage.     

风能资源评估方法的分析及应用

阐述了风电场选址中的风能资源的评估程序,介绍和分析了风能资源评估技术方法和特点,基于工程实测数据,用国际通用的风资源评估软件WASP8．3分析和评估了相关风能要素。     

Wind energy resource,wind energy conversion system modelling and integration: a survey

In this paper, critical review of various work done in the areas of wind energy resource, modelling of wind energy conversion system (WECS) and issues regarding wind power integration into the grid are presented with the aim of examining the development, progress, achievements and direction of research. Some of the findings show that every site is unique; therefore, no generic conclusion can be drawn with regards to wind characteristics and the wind power potential of locations. The study also reveals that there is no single model of WECS. The model to be adopted will depend on the problem to be solved. This paper is useful in providing background details for wind turbine designers, researchers and practical engineers who are new in the field of wind energy.     

Assessment and applications of wind energy in Jordan

A technical and economic assessment has been made of the generation of electricity using windmills located at three most promising potential wind sites in Jordan: Ras Muneef (RA), Mafraq (MF), and Aqaba (AQ). The assessment was made for two different systems, one using a relatively large single windmill and the other using 25 small windmills arranged in a wind farm. The power output of each system at each site was determined, and the electricity-generating costs in each case were also determined and compared with the generating costs of generating electricity using steam or gas turbines, furnished by the Jordanian Electricity Authority (JEA).Finally, the possibility of water pumping from 30-m and 100-m deep wells using a windmill is investigated and the quantities of water pumping from these depths at each of the three sites are given.     

Verification of wind resource study of a Scottish region

In a survey of the practical wind energy resource present in the Tayside Region of Scotland it was estimated that over 1500 km² of land is suitable for wind energy development in the Region after consideration of a range of physical, technical and institutional factors. Wind speed data for this survey was obtained from the Energy Technology Support Unit (ETSU) UK Wind Speed Data Package. To verify the wind speeds obtained from the ETSU package a representative sample of sites in and around the identified areas of potential in Tayside were modelled for mean annual wind speed using the Wind Atlas Analysis and Application Program (WA^sP). The wind speeds for the sites obtained from the WA^sP analysis were compared with those obtained from the ETSU UK Wind Speed Data Package and conclusions drawn as to the reliability of the Tayside wind energy survey and the general applicability of the ETSU package for broad wind energy resource assessment.     

Possibility of efficient utilization of wood waste as a renewable energy resource in Serbia

Wood biomass in Serbia is traditionally used for energy. However, the manner of its use is outdated, and efficiency is very low. Annually over 3.5 million m³ of wood is cut down for energy needs in Serbia. In order to better exploit all forms of woody biomass, especially the one that is now treated as waste, and in order to fulfil the obligations from the outlined Convention on Climate Change it is necessary to switch to a modern way of production and utilization of woody biomass. Serbia is now at the very beginning of this process. This paper gives an overview and an analysis of the possibilities of utilization of wood waste as a renewable source of energy and the problems that producers in Serbia are facing due to undeveloped markets and excessive funds that are needed to start the production of briquettes and pellets. The ecological and economical advantages of using woody biomass, as well the possible support measures for the use of woody biomass in Serbia are also the topic of this paper. The present situation in this area, the manner of waste management in sawmills and the reasons for the necessity of future development of this industrial production are also briefly described.     

Data efficient measure-correlate-predict approaches to wind resource assessment for small-scale wind energy

The feasibility of predicting the long-term wind resource at 22 UK sites using a measure-correlate-predict (MCP) approach based on just three months onsite wind speed measurements has been investigated. Three regression based techniques were compared in terms of their ability to predict the wind resource at a target site based on measurements at a nearby reference site. The accuracy of the predicted parameters of mean wind speed, mean wind power density, standard deviation of wind speeds and the Weibull shape factor was assessed, and their associated error distributions were investigated, using long-term measurements recorded over a period of 10 years. For each site, 120 wind resource predictions covering the entire data period were obtained using a sliding window approach to account for inter-annual and seasonal variations. Both the magnitude and sign of the prediction errors were found to be strongly dependent on the season used for onsite measurements. Averaged across 22 sites and all seasons, the best performing MCP approach resulted in mean absolute and percentage errors in the mean wind speed of 0.21 ms⁻¹ and 4.8% respectively, and in the mean wind power density of 11 Wm⁻² and 14%. The average errors were reduced to 3.6% in the mean wind speed and 10% in the mean wind power density when using the optimum season for onsite wind measurements. These values were shown to be a large improvement on the predictions obtained using an established semi-empirical model based on boundary layer scaling. The results indicate that the MCP approaches applied to very short onsite measurement periods have the potential to be a valuable addition to the wind resource assessment toolkit for small-scale wind developers.     

Assessment of wind energy potential of two sites in North-East,Nigeria

The study is used to assess the wind energy potential of Maiduguri and Potiskum, two sites in North-East, Nigeria. 21 years (1987–2007) monthly mean wind data at 10 m height were assessed from the Nigeria Meteorological department and subjected to 2-parameter Weibull and other statistical analyzes. The result showed that average monthly mean wind speed variation for Potiskum ranged from 3.90 to 5.85 m/s, while for Maiduguri, it ranged from 4.35 to 6.33 m/s. Seasonally, data variation between the dry and wet seasons revealed that, the mean wind speed variation for Potiskum ranged from 4.46 (for dry) to 5.16 m/s (for wet), while for Maiduguri it ranged from 5.10 (dry) to 5.59 m/s (wet). The wind power density variation based on the Weibull analysis ranged from 102.54 to 300.15 W/m² for Potiskum and it ranged from 114.77 to 360.04 W/m² for Maiduguri respectively. Moreover, Maiduguri was found to be the better of the sites in terms of monthly and seasonal variation of mean wind speed, but they both can be suitable for stand alone and medium scale wind power generation.     

崇明岛风力资源分析与评价

根据风能密度、风能频率分布、风向频率等气象参数,对上海崇明岛风力资源状况和风力发电前景进行了分析与评价.结果显示,崇明岛50m高度处的年平均风速为7.0m/s.年平均风能密度为339.1W/m2,年有效风速小时数为8418h,年可利用风能小时数为2208h,主风向较为稳定,风能分布较为集中.分析表明,崇明岛风力资源丰富,达到开发标准,适宜发展风力发电.文章为开发崇明风力资源提供了有价值的参考.     

Investigation of wind characteristics and assessment of wind energy potential for Waterloo region,Canada

Wind energy becomes more and more attractive as one of the clean renewable energy resources. Knowledge of the wind characteristics is of great importance in the exploitation of wind energy resources for a site. It is essential in designing or selecting a wind energy conversion system for any application. This study examines the wind characteristics for the Waterloo region in Canada based on a data source measured at an elevation 10 m above the ground level over a 5-year period (1999–2003) with the emphasis on the suitability for wind energy technology applications. Characteristics such as annual, seasonal, monthly and diurnal wind speed variations and wind direction variations are examined. Wind speed data reveal that the windy months in Waterloo are from November to April, defined as the Cold Season in this study, with February being the windiest month. It is helpful that the high heating demand in the Cold Season coincides with the windy season. Analysis shows that the day time is the windy time, with 2 p.m. in the afternoon being the windiest moment. Moreover, a model derived from the maximum entropy principle (MEP) is applied to determine the diurnal, monthly, seasonal and yearly wind speed frequency distributions, and the corresponding Lagrangian parameters are determined. Based on these wind speed distributions, this study quantifies the available wind energy potential to provide practical information for the application of wind energy in this area. The yearly average wind power density is 105 W/m². The day and night time wind power density in the Cold Season is 180 and 111 W/m², respectively.     

Assessment of utilization of wind energy resources in Nigeria

The study critically reviews the prospects and challenges of utilizing wind energy resources for power generation in Nigeria. The various initiatives by governments and researchers were surveyed and the nation is found to sit in the midst of enormous potential for wind harvest for power generation. The far northern states, the mountainous regions and different places of the central and south-eastern states were identified as good areas for wind harvest together with the offshore areas spanning from Lagos through Ondo, Ogun, Cross-Rivers to Rivers states along the Atlantic Ocean in the south–south. Despite this great potential and huge prospect, the country is found to still suffer from serious energy crises due to her over dependence on hydropower which also is susceptible to seasonal variation in the amount of water levels at dams. There is yet to be committed wind energy project for power generation on-going in the country. Several challenges bedeviling the development and utilization of wind energy resources were identified and suggestions highlighted to help pull the nation out of this lingering energy crisis.