The effect of carbon on the high temperature oxidation of Fe-31 Mn-9Al-0.87C alloy

The alloy with the composition Fe-31Mn-9Al-0.87C was employed to investigate the effects of carbon on the oxidation behaviour at 800, 900 and 1000° C in dry air. Electron and optical microscopy were applied to examine the morphology and elemental redistribution in the oxide scale. Oxidation kinetics of the alloy oxidized at 800 and 900° C exhibited three-stage and two-stage parabolic rate laws, respectively. For the alloy oxidized at 1000° C, a carbon-induced breakaway three-stage oxidation mechanism developed. The carbon addition had a detrimental effect on the oxidation resistance and resulted in a porous initial oxide layer, which was favourable to the oxidation of manganese as well as the formation of a uniform and bulky oxide. As the oxidation temperature was increased, the diffusion rates of the metallic elements and the healing ability of oxide scales were enhanced. However, when the carbon content in alloy was above the saturation value, a breakaway scaling may have occurred due to the carbon-induced oxidation.     

Effect of temperature on the oxidation of Fe-7.5A1-o.65C alloy

An alloy with the chemical composition Fe-7.5A1-0.65C was employed to investigate the effect of temperature on oxidation between 600 and 900° C in dry air. Kinetic curves were determined by thermogravimetry analyses (TGA). Optical metallography and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) were used to examine the oxide scales. At 600°C, the initial stage of oxidation followed a parabolic rate law, and oxidation subsequently, increased dramatically. Internal oxidation occurred beneath the nodule formed on the present alloy at 600°C. In contrast, no internal oxidation could be found in specimens of the Fe-7.5A1-0.65C alloy after oxidizing at 700, 800 and 900°C. The kinetic results have two distinct parabolic rates for the present alloy.     

Properties of electron-beam-welded and laser-welded austenitic Fe-28Mn-5Al-1C alloy

Austenitic Fe-28Mn-5Al-1C alloy was welded by electron-beam and CW CO₂ laser techniques. Tensile tests, impact tests, potentiodynamic and cyclic polarization measurements were used to evaluate the mechanical properties and corrosion behaviour of the weld materials, Metallographic examination showed that the microstructure of the electron-beam-welded and laser-welded metals consisted mainly of the columnar and equiaxed austenitic structures. Grain growth in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) was minimal for welding with these two techniques. The tensile and impact tests indicated that the weld materials exhibited lower tensile strength, percentage elongation, percentage reduction in area and impact energy than those of the base alloy. The polarization measurements revealed that the anodic polarization behaviour of the HAZs of the electron-beam-welded and laser-welded materials was identical to that of the base alloy when exposed in 1M Na₂SO₄ solution. However, the electron-beam-welded and laser-welded metals exhibited a higher current density in the passive region than that of the base alloy when exposed to 1N H₂SO₄ acid solution.     

Properties of austenitic Fe-25Mn-1Al-0.3C alloy for automotive structural applications

Austenitic Fe-25Mn-1Al-0.3C steel, cold-rolled and annealed at about 800 °C, exhibited 2.5 times higher tensile strength than current automotive ferritic sheet steel, while possessing comparable formability. The formation of strain-induced deformation twinning gave rise to an optimum combination of high strength and good formability.     

Effect of cerium and thermomechanical processing on microstructure and mechanical properties of Fe-10·5Al-0·8C alloy

The effect of cerium content and thermomechanical processing on structure and properties of Fe-10·5 wt.%Al-0·8 wt%C alloy has been investigated. Alloys were prepared by a combination of air induction melting with flux cover (AIMFC) and electroslag remelting (ESR). The ESR ingots were hot-forged and hot-rolled at 1373 K as well as warm-rolled at 923 K and heat-treated. Hot-rolled, warm-rolled and heat treated alloys were examined using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction to understand the microstructure of these alloys. The ternary, Fe-10·5 wt.%Al-0·8 wt.%C alloy showed the presence of two phases; Fe-Al with bcc structure, and large volume fraction of Fe₃AlC_0·5 precipitates. Addition of cerium to Fe-10·5 wt.%Al-0·8 wt.%C alloy resulted in three phases, the additional phase being small volume fraction of fine cerium oxy-carbide precipitates. Improvement in tensile elongation from 3–6·4% was achieved by increasing the cerium content from 0·01–0·2 wt.% and further improvement in tensile elongation from 6·4–10% was achieved by warm-rolling and heat treatment.     

Effect of Cr and Mn on the microstructure of spray-formed Al-25Si-5Fe-3Cu alloy

The hypereutectic Al-Si-Fe alloys with different Mn and Cr addition were synthesized by spray forming technique, and the microstructural evolutions induced by Mn and Cr have been investigated using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results show that the modification effect of co-addition of Mn and Cr is more effective than the individual Mn or Cr addition in transforming harmful rod-like Fe-bearing β phase to particulate α-phase. Meanwhile, the modification effect of Cr is superior to that induced by Mn. The Mn/Cr ratio plays an important role in the combined addition. The addition of 2 wt% Mn + 1 wt% Cr to spray formed alloy has induced an ideal microstructure with entirely fine granular intermetallic compounds dispersed in Al matrix. DSC analyses indicate that both Mn and Cr can greatly influence the onset temperatures and the region widths of primary Si, δ phase and α phase, but bring little changes on multi-phase reaction, which would contribute to the modification effects of Mn, Cr and Mn + Cr.     

Effect of Cu addition on microstructures and tensile properties of high-pressure die-casting Al-5.5Mg-0.7Mn alloy

In this study, Cu was added into the high-pressure die-casting Al-5.5Mg-0.7Mn (wt%) alloy to improve the tensile properties. The effects of Cu addition on the microstructures, mechanical properties of the Al-5.5Mg-0.7Mn alloys under both as-cast and T5 treatment conditions have been investigated. Additions of 0.5 wt%, 0.8 wt% and 1.5 wt% Cu can lead to the formation of irregular-shaped Al₂CuMg particles distributed along the grain boundaries in the as-cast alloys. Furthermore, the rest of Cu can dissolve into the matrixes. The lath-shaped Al₂CuMg precipitates with a size of 15–20 nm × 2–4 nm were generated in the T5-treated Al-5.5Mg-0.7Mn-xCu (x = 0.5, 0.8, 1.5 wt%) alloys. The room temperature tensile and yield strengths of alloys increase with increasing the content of Cu. Increasing Cu content results in more Al₂CuMg phase formation along the grain boundaries, which causes more cracks during tensile deformation and lower ductility. Al-5.5Mg-0.7Mn-0.8Cu alloy exhibits excellent comprehensive tensile properties under both as-cast and T5-treated conditions. The yield strength of 179 MPa, the ultimate tensile strength of 303 MPa and the elongation of 8.7% were achieved in the as-cast Al-5.5Mg-0.7Mn-0.8Cu alloy, while the yield strength significantly was improved to 198 MPa after T5 treatment.     

Effect of heat treatment on martensitic transformation in Fe-12.5%Mn-5.5%Si-9%Cr-3.5% Ni alloy

In this study, thermally-induced martensitic transformation (γ(fcc) → ε(hcp)) in Fe-12.5%Mn-5.5% Si-9%Cr-3.5% Ni (weight) alloy was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The effect of cooling rate was investigated. It was observed that fast cooled sample exhibited regular overlapping of stacking faults and ε martensite plates were formed parallel to each other. TEM investigations showed that the orientation relationship between γ-ε phases corresponds to Shoji-Nishiyama type orientation relationship.     

The nitridation of austenitic Fe-29.8 Mn-7.4 Al-0.92 C and mainly ferritic Fe-32.3 Mn-8.8 Al-0.04 C alloys

The nitridation of the austenitic Fe-29.8% Mn-7.4% Al-0.92% C and mainly ferritic Fe-32.3% Mn-8.8% Al-0.04% C alloys was studied. Plate-shaped AIN was observed in both alloys after heating in air and nitrogen at 1000 C. The scale formed on Fe-Mn-Al alloy with prolonged heating in air at 1000 C consists of several layers, from the innermost layer are first, AIN with Al-depleted austenite matrix; second, AIN with manganese-depleted ferrite matrix; and third, intermixed oxide which was only observed on alloys heated in air. Mechanisms of the formation of AIN scale were discussed.     

环境温度对Fe-14Mn-0.22C合金阻尼性能的影响

为了了解Fe-Mn基阻尼合金的高温阻尼性能,用真空感应电炉的方法制备了Fe-14.04Mn-0.22C合金.用倒扭摆内耗仪测试了环境温度在23～400℃变化时合金阻尼性能的变化规律,并用热机械分析仪和光学显微镜分析了合金的组织结构及其相变特点.研究结果表明,在常温条件下合金的阻尼性能随扭转应变的增加而呈线性方式增加,扭转应变在1×10-4时,对数衰减率达0.1,且没有出现峰值;随着环境温度的变化,对数衰减曲线与应变的线性关系没有发生改变,但是曲线发生了整体的上下平移;当环境温度低于200℃时,合金的阻尼性能随温度的升高而增加,但当温度达到或超过200℃后,合金的阻尼性能迅速下降,其原因在于合金发生了奥氏体转变(As为270℃),马氏体的百分含量降低,阻尼源减少.     

应变速率对TWIP钢Fe-23Mn-2Al-O.2C力学性能的影响

开展了固溶处理后TWIP钢Fe-23Mn-2Al-0.2C的拉伸实验,研究了应变速率对其拉伸变形行为的影响.结果表明,当应变速率在2.97×10-4-1.49×10-1s-1范围内变化时,钢的屈服强度没有明显变化,随着应变速率增大,抗拉强度稍有降低,延伸率明显减小.当应变速率较低时,其加工硬化速率随着真应变呈现三个阶段...     

The effect of carbon containing atmosphere on the structure and mechanical properties of Fe-32Mn-9.4Al-1C-1.27Si alloy

The effect of a carbon containing atmosphere on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Fe-32Mn-9.4Al-1C-1.27Si alloy was investigated in this work. Surface oxide nodules and grain boundary oxides were found to form on this alloy when it was annealed in carbon-containing air at 1050 °C for 1 h. The oxidation reaction was thought to be the result of the green rot attack process. This alloy was embrittled severely by the carbon-containing air through the formation of surface oxide nodules and grain boundary oxide. The carbon-containing air enhanced the oxidation rate of this alloy at 1050 °C. The structure of the oxide nodules formed on this alloy in the carbon-containing air was similar to that observed on a FeMnAl alloy heated in 1000 °C air for 24 h.     

热处理对Ti-6Al-2.5V-1.5Fe-0.15O合金组织及力学性能的影响

以真空非自耗电弧炉制备的低成本Ti-6Al-2.5V-1.5Fe-0.15O合金为对象,研究了不同冷却速率下固溶及时效温度对合金组织及性能的影响,发现固溶温度主要影响初生α相的含量.固溶冷却方式影响α的类型.单相区固溶时,初生α相消失,β晶粒内出现α片层集束,固溶淬火组织主要由残余未转变的β相以及针状的α';随着固溶温度的升高,针状马氏体α'相增多;两相区固溶后,时效组织均有固溶时产生的α相、时效α相以及残留的β相.时效温度较低时,α相形核能较低,元素扩散困难,需借助过饱和β相析出弥散相形核,因而针状α相细小而弥散;时效温度升高,α相形核以及长大驱动力大,时效α相易长大变粗.经固溶时效处理,合金强度随着温度升高先小幅升高后显著降低,塑性先增大后因晶界粗化以及粗片状α集束而降低.     

Wear resistance of Fe-28Al-3Cr intermetallic alloy under wet conditions

Wear behaviour of iron aluminides (Fe-28Al-3Cr at.%) alloy has been investigated under wet conditions using ball on plate sliding wear tester. Wear resistance was examined against tungsten carbide (WC) ball sliding over the iron aluminide plate at room temperature. Wear tests were carried out at 3 N and 5 N load conditions at different sliding frequency of mating ball. The micromechanisms responsible for wear were identified to be microcutting, micropitting, and microcracking of deformed subsurface zones under wet conditions.     

Microstructure and internal friction of spray deposited Al-3.3Fe-10.7Si alloy

Al-3.3Fe-10.7Si alloy has been experimentally made with spray deposition technology. The internal friction of the alloy which was directly associated with the microstructures under spray deposited, extruted and heat treated conditions has been investigated using a low frequency inverted torsion pendulum over the temperature region of 10–300 °C. An internal friction peak was observed in the temperature range 50–250 °C in the present alloy. The Q^-1 peak decreased after extruted and in subsequent to the earliness of isothermal annealing, which was found to be directly attributed to the precipitation of FeAl₂ and Al– Fe– Si intermetallics from the supersaturated aluminium alloy matrix. We suggest that the internal friction peak in the alloy originates from grain boundary relaxation, but the grain boundary relaxation can also be affected by FeAl₂ and Al– Fe– Si intermetallics at the grain boundaries, which will impede grain boundary sliding.     

Effect of strain rate on fracture of U-5.5Nb alloy

The microstructure and tensile properties of an aged U-5.5?wt-% Nb alloy have been experimentally investigated with the aim of obtaining the influence of strain rates on fracture behaviour. The result shows that strain to failure is sensitive to strain rate and decreases with an increase in the strain rate. Fracture surface analysis indicates that the alloy exhibits a typical ductile fracture. Two types of carbides (niobium carbide and uranium carbide), mainly distributed at the grain boundary, are confirmed, which participate in the process of fracture and are involved in different void nucleation mechanisms during the final ductility fracture. Namely, niobium carbide tends to generate voids by debonding with the matrix, while uranium carbide is more likely to experience cracking.     

Cyclic oxidation of aluminized Ti-14Al-24Nb alloy

Titanium aluminides are considered as replacements for superalloys in applications in gas turbine engines because of their outstanding properties. Ti₃Al has a superior creep strength up to 815° C, but has poor oxidation resistance above 650° C. Two approaches can be followed to improve the oxidation resistance of Ti₃Al above 650° C. One is alloying and the other obtaining a protective surface coating. Niobium was found to improve the oxidation resistance, when added as an alloying element. Recent investigations showed that a TiAl₃ surface layer considerably improves the oxidation resistance of titanium. In the present work, a TiAl₃ layer was obtained on a Ti-14Al-24Nb (wt%) alloy using a pack aluminizing process. The cyclic oxidation behaviour of aluminized and uncoated samples was evaluated.     

Fe-8Mn-3Al-0.2C轻质高强钢的热变形行为

为了探究Fe-8Mn-3Al-0.2C轻质高强钢的热变形行为,在变形温度为1 123~1 423 K,应变速率0.01,0.1,1,10 s-1,真应变为0.6的条件下利用Gleeble-1500热模拟实验机进行热压缩模拟实验,通过实验机记录温度、真应力与真应变的关系,观察组织形貌演变规律.结果表明:流变应力曲线分为3个阶段,即加工硬化、动态软化及稳定流变应力;当变形温度升高和应变速率下降时,峰值应力及其所对应的临界应变减小,说明更容易发生动态再结晶;在变形初期ε0.1时,流变应力曲线出现应变增加而应力几乎保持不变的类屈服平台;压缩后的组织为奥氏体/铁素体双相组织,动态再结晶先在铁素体内部发生,随后由奥氏体承担;随着变形温度的升高和应变速率的下降,晶粒尺寸细化并趋于均匀,说明动态再结晶完成的更充分;本实验钢在本文处理工艺及0.6真应变下的最佳热加工工艺参数区间为1 250~1 400 K,应变速率为0.03~0.3 s~(-1);受合金元素影响,实验用钢的表观应力指数和热变形激活能分别为4.588 9和250.6 k J/mol,本构方程为ε·=6.20×10~9[sinh(0.009σ)]~(4.588 9)exp(-(250 601)/(8.314T)).