Potential impacts of clean air regulations on system operations

This paper is one of a series prepared on the behalf of the IEEE system operation committee to focus industry attention on current problems faced by power system operators. The paper contains 6 short-note reports, describing current and emerging needs of electric utilities in the power generation emissions area     

Establishing a K-12 nanotechnology program for teacher professional development

Interest in science and engineering starts early. Opportunities need to be available for students to nourish their budding curiosity. In order to provide educational opportunities on the cutting edge of advanced technology, the National Science Council, Taiwan, R.O.C., established a nanotechnology program for K-12 teachers. Supported by the National Science Council and the Ministry of Education, the K-12 Nanotechnology Program was led by engineering faculty at National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. In about two years, 169 schools participated in five regional programs. The teachers began the program knowing little about nanotechnology. Survey results showed that participating teachers' attitudes and interests toward learning about science and technology increased through the involvement in the project. Issues about sustaining the effort and reaching out to students are also discussed.     

Dendrimers in medical nanotechnology

Dendrimers are a class of highly branched synthetic polymers that form spherical macromolecules that can be reliably synthesized to a specific physical size in a highly reproducible manner. Dendrimers of different generations are chemically related to each other, allowing the study of molecular size without the interfering variable of different chemical structures.     

Societal dimensions of nanotechnology

The United States Congress is currently refining the details of a Nanotechnology Research and Development Act. In contrast to the earlier investments, this new Act specifically calls for a focus on the societal and ethical implications of nanotechnology (SEIN). The Advocates of SEIN studies point to the difficult reception for genetically-modified organisms (GMOs), a technology that promised a new green revolution but encountered resistance in Europe, Canada, and other parts of the world.     

水电开发对怒江州人地关系的影响评价

怒江水电开发将会对当地的经济、生态、环境、旅游、景观等多方面带来较大影响.对此,政府及专家学者做了大量的研究,但以定性研究为主,定量研究较少,而且多以单一因素影响为主,综合研究较少.本文通过对已有人地关系研究成果的分析,选取影响人地关系各方面有代表性的四个大方面的13个指标,采用主成分分析法,就怒江水电开发对当地人地关系的影响进行了定量综合评价分析.     

Potential impacts of emission concerned policies on power system operation with renewable energy sources

Electricity sector is considered as major source of green house gas emission. A huge opportunity exists within this sector to cut down the emission and contribute significantly to mitigate the climate change. The Emission Trading Schemes (ETSs) and inception of renewable energy sources (RESs) into the generation mix contribute to the reduction of emission and impact electricity market operation. This paper investigates the impact of emission concerned policies, such as: (a) fixed emission quota; (b) cap and trade; and (c) bilateral contract commitments; on the operation of power system. The renewable support mechanisms, such as renewable purchase obligation (RPO) and feed-in-tariff are incorporated so as to account the relative costs of cleaner and renewable generation technologies. Each generator is allocated certain amount of emission allowances, which they can use to cover emission during energy generation. The electricity and emission prices are obtained from the interaction of carbon and energy market. It is observed that, the renewable support mechanisms affect the generating and emission trading schedule of independent power producers (IPPs). They help them meet their emission targets and increase overall welfare. A balance between the emission regulation and renewable support mechanisms is essential, otherwise they make each others effect redundant. The performance of the proposed model is demonstrated by its implementation on a five generators system.     

The Internet in Iran

The introduction of the Internet in Iran has resulted in cultural and social changes in that country. Some of these changes enhance, and others are simply reflective of, the country's rich culture and society. Via the Internet, Iranians share ideas with other people in Western and Eastern civilizations. In the other direction, with the introduction of the Internet to Iran, some Iranian customs, behaviors, and thoughts may be affected by new ideas, attitudes, or behavior from abroad     

Challenges and opportunities for process modeling in the nanotechnology era

Process modeling is a very diverse area with respect of the processes and materials to be treated as well as concerning the methods to be used. In this paper an outline of the scope of process modeling and simulation is given. Challenges and opportunities are discussed referring especially to the challenges identified in the Modeling and Simulation chapter of the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors. Some related results of Fraunhofer IISB are presented. Overall, TCAD including process modeling and simulation is an indispensable tool for the further development of semiconductor technologies and devices, and offers large opportunities to support and partly enable future scaling in More Moore, but also the further improvement of More than Moore devices and systems.     

A reversible ALU using HNG and Ferdkin gates in QCA nanotechnology

Quantum dot cellular automata (QCA) with the characteristics such as low energy dissipation and high density is a suitable alternative technology to CMOS technology. Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is one of the most important critical components of a microprocessor, and it is the core component of central processing unit (CPU). In this work, a novel reversible ALU in QCA nanotechnology is proposed. The reversible ALU contains three Ferdkin gates and one HNG gate. The proposed structure needs one constant input and generates only one garbage output. The proposed circuit does not need any rotated cells and only uses one layer that improves the manufacturability of the design interestingly. This circuit can perform 20 operations such as AND, OR, XOR, XNOR, COPY, addition, and increment. Our design contains only 480 cells and 12 majority voters and requires 15 clock phases. The proposed structures are simulated using QCADesigner version 2.0.3. The reversible ALU, despite a 25% increase in operations, has a 28% improvement in cell numbers and a 6% improvement in delay.     

A novel robust exclusive-OR function implementation in QCA nanotechnology with energy dissipation analysis

Numerous scientific and fundamental hindrances have resulted in a slow down of silicon technology and opened new possibilities for emerging research devices and structures. The need has arisen to expedite new methods to interface these nanostructures for computing applications. Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is one of such computing paradigm and means of encoding binary information. QCA computing offers potential advantages of ultra-low power dissipation, improved speed and highly density structures. This paper presents a novel two-input Exclusive-OR (XOR) gate implementation in quantum-dot cellular automata nanotechnology with minimum area and power dissipation as compared to previous designs. The proposed novel QCA based XOR structure uses only 28 QCA cells with an area of \(0.02\,\upmu \hbox {m}^{2}\) and latency of 0.75 clock cycles. Also the proposed novel XOR gate is implemented in single layer without using any coplanar and multi-layer cross-over wiring facilitating highly robust and dense QCA circuit implementations. To investigate the efficacy of our proposed design in complex array of QCA structures, 4, 8, 16 and 32-bit even parity generator circuits were implemented. The proposed 4-bit even parity design occupies 9 and 50 % less area and has 12.5 and 22.22 % less latency as compared to previous designs. The 32-bit even parity design occupies 22 % less area than the best reported previous design. The proposed novel XOR structure has 28 % less switching energy dissipation, 10 % less average leakage energy dissipation and 19 % less average energy dissipation than best reported design. The simulation results verified that the proposed design offers significant improvements in terms of area, latency, energy dissipation and structural implementation requirements. All designs have been functionally verified in the QCADesigner tool for GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure based semiconductor implementations. The energy dissipation results have been computed using an accurate QCAPro tool.     

Separation of lattice structural and electronic effects on physical properties with nanotechnology

Physical properties of electronic and photonic materials can be significantly modified by partial altervalent/aliovalent chemical substitutes. The modification arises from the subtle interplay between the competing/cooperating effects of the electron and lattice structural variations, which are induced by the different charge and atomic radii of the substituents. To understand these effects, it is necessary to isolate the electronic and crystallographic contributions to the particular physical property to arrive at a fundamental understanding of the underlying dominant mechanism. Intrinsic properties amplified nanomaterials/nanoparticles is a newly developed technique which can experimentally discriminate lattice structural effects from electronic contributions to physical properties by exploiting the nanosize dependence of lattice structure to modify the structural parameters without resorting to chemical doping. In this work, we demonstrate a separation of structural and electronic effects on superconducting critical temperatures (T _c ) of MgB₂ and YBa₂Cu₃O_7-x, and also on emission behavior of ZnO. The results show that the superconductivity of MgB₂ is extremely sensitive to lattice parameter variation while T _c of YBa₂Cu₃O_7-x is more sensitive to electronic structure. The effects of the lattice and electronic structures on the emission behavior of ZnO are complex and the structural variations make different contributions to the behavior in the particular conditions.     

The politics of small things: nanotechnology, risk, and uncertainty

Nanotechnology is set to change the world. Nanotechnology is increasingly talked about with the same breathless excitement that surrounded biotechnology and information technology at the start of the 1990s. Nanotechnology has caught the attention of several nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) that have spent the past decade campaigning against genetically modified (GM) crops and foods. A debate about its risks, is rapidly taking on a sharper focus around issues of nanoparticle toxicity and the need for tighter regulation. This work explores three dimensions of uncertainty in emerging debates over nanotechnology.     

End-of-life impacts of pervasive computing

RFID technology is one of the forerunners of pervasive computing, and as such is expected to play an important role in many applications of daily life, especially in the form of smart labels. However, market investigations and a material analysis of a smart label shows that the use of smart labels does not considerably affect the recycling or disposal of packaging materials, if precautionary measures are taken, such as eco-design and, where necessary process modifications. Today in industrialized countries end-of-life information and communication technology (ICT) equipment is processed separately from other waste streams, given its material composition and appliance size. The waste management processes studied are municipal solid waste incineration and recycling of glass, paper, cardboard, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and aluminum.     

伊朗阿拉克电厂的电缆敷设

伊朗阿拉克电厂 4× 32 5MW机组共有电缆近 2 0 0 0km ,电缆敷设由西北电力建设集团公司负责技术服务和监理。由于严格执行了电缆敷设作业指导书 ,建立了相应的质量保证体系 ,因而 ,收到了良好的效果 ,4台机组电缆敷设整齐美观 ,质量好 ,得到了业主的高度评价。     

Research on medical applications of nanotechnology in the European Union [Cellular/tissue engineering]

Discusses research on medical applications of nanotechnology in the European Union. Nanobiotechnology is based on the idea that the ability to design synthetic materials on a nanoscale base toward molecular architecture of biologically relevant molecules will ultimately lead to the integration of artificial and biological matter. This concept has applications in the environment, biomedical sensors, and artificial tissues. Biomaterials and medical devices represent a fast emerging market that is estimated at about US$260 billion worldwide, with Europe's share being about 30%. Biomaterial and tissue engineering research are of high quality and in strong competition with the United States, who is still the world leader. The biomimetic approach to developing advanced materials is a new field that provides different solutions to existing challenges. In all living organisms, nature produces a plethora of materials, architectures, systems, and functions, which have been optimized during a long and tough evolution process. An essential feature of these highly structured materials is their structural organization in many scales, as is the case of ceramics and composites found in animal shells or in bone and dental tissues.     

谐波对电力系统的影响

随着科学技术的进步，电力系统的谐波污染也越来越严重。各类电力设备和家用电器在给工、农业生产和人们的日常生活带来便利的同时，也向电网倾卸着大量的谐波垃圾。本文详细列举了谐波污染对各种电力设备及居民生活的影响，并分析了谐波来源。     

绕组的电位分布

介绍了采用模型电路的测量方法并用模型电路的测量数据绘制出了绕组电位分布图.     

浅谈伊朗阿拉克电厂工程的管理

伊朗阿拉克电厂工程管理的经验 ,主要包括设置精干的现场指挥部、搞好现场的技术服务和监理、计划与协调、索赔与反索赔、施工质量控制与管理、文件图纸资料的管理、仓储管理以及后勤服务等。这些经验说明总结出一套既适合我国国情又能与国际惯例接轨的国外工程管理模式的重要性     

伊朗电力工业的概况和展望

伊朗作为发展中国家之一，拥有世界7％的石油储藏量，也是世界上第2大天然气储备国。本文介绍伊朗电力工业的现状，包括用电、输配电网的建设、可再生能源的开发、核电的进展、产业私有化等情况，并对其未来电力规划建设前景进行了展望。