强跟踪变分贝叶斯自适应卡尔曼滤波算法

针对线性高斯状态空间模型中的噪声统计特性时变时,变分贝叶斯自适应卡尔曼滤波效果会受影响的问题,提出了基于强跟踪原理的改进算法。该算法选择测量噪声模型为逆Wishart分布,将系统状态与时变的测量噪声协方差作为待估参数,利用变分贝叶斯方法对二者迭代递推估计。测量噪声协方差的最优估计结果再作为时变参数引入到基于强跟踪原理的次优渐消因子中,以提高其对状态预测协方差的修正精度。仿真结果表明,改进算法在噪声时变的线性高斯系统中能自适应地跟踪测量噪声协方差,有效克服过程噪声协方差时变的影响,估计结果的收敛速度和精度有很大改善。     

基于自适应的增广状态-交互式多模型的机动目标跟踪算法

现有的增广状态-交互式多模型算法存在着依赖于量测噪声协方差矩阵这一先验信息的问题。当先验信息未知或不准确时,算法的跟踪性能将会下降。针对上述问题,该文提出一种自适应的变分贝叶斯增广状态-交互式多模型算法VB-AS-IMM。首先,针对增广状态的跳变马尔科夫系统,该文给出了联合估计增广状态和量测噪声协方差矩阵的变分贝叶斯推断概率模型。其次,通过理论推导证明了该概率模型是非共轭的。最后,通过引入一种“信息反馈+后处理”方案,提出联合后验密度的次优求解方法。所提算法能够在线估计未知的量测噪声协方差矩阵,具有更强的鲁棒性和适应性。仿真结果验证了算法的有效性。     

基于变分贝叶斯双尺度自适应时变噪声容积卡尔曼滤波的同步定位与建图算法

为解决移动机器人在同步定位与建图(SLAM)中因系统噪声和观测噪声时变导致状态估计精度降低的问题,该文提出一种基于变分贝叶斯的双尺度自适应时变噪声容积卡尔曼滤波SLAM算法(DSACKF SLAM)。该算法采用逆Wishart分布对一步预测误差协方差矩阵P_k|k-1和观测噪声协方差矩阵R_k建模,分别用来降低系统噪声和观测噪声的影响,并利用变分贝叶斯滤波实现对移动机器人状态向量X_k,P_k|k-1和R_k的联合估计。分别在系统噪声和观测噪声时变和时不变的条件下进行仿真实验,结果表明与基于无迹卡尔曼滤波的SLAM算法(UKF SLAM)、自适应更新观测噪声的容积卡尔曼滤波的SLAM算法(VB-ACKF SLAM)相比,所提DSACKF SLAM算法在噪声时变时,平均位置误差分别减小1.54 m, 3.47 m;噪声时不变时,平均位置误差分别减小0.62 m,1.41 m,证明DSACKF SLAM算法有更好的估计性能。     

利用时变噪声贝叶斯卡尔曼滤波的室内移动目标定位

基于射频识别的指纹滤波定位技术是当前室内定位中常使用的技术之一。针对该技术存在的卡尔曼滤波算法不能准确适应环境噪声变化,致使定位精度不高的问题,提出了一种适应时变噪声的贝叶斯卡尔曼滤波算法。所提算法结合Sage-Husa滤波模型和贝叶斯模型,实现了过程和测量协方差矩阵的最优化,有效地降低了噪声,提高了指纹滤波定位的精度。实验结果表明,与变分贝叶斯卡尔曼滤波和Sage-Husa滤波相比,无障碍情况下,基于改进算法的定位精度提高了6%以上;有障碍干扰下,则提高了14. 6%以上。     

基于SR-UKF算法的锂电池SOH预测

传统的扩展卡尔曼滤波（EKF）算法估计精度较低,无迹卡尔曼滤波（UKF）算法不能确保滤波过程中状态误差协方差矩阵非负性,因而易出现滤波发散问题。为此,文中通过平方根无迹卡尔曼滤波（SR-UKF）算法预测锂电池健康状态（SOH）。首先,利用UT变换对系统进行线性化处理;然后,利用状态误差协方差矩阵的平方根替代状态误差协方差矩阵,保证状态误差协方差矩阵非负性;其次,构建二阶RC等效电路模型,根据最小二乘法辨识模型初始参数;最后,将代表SOH的欧姆内阻作为状态变量,使用SR-UKF实时估计欧姆内阻,并根据欧姆内阻与SOH的关系获取锂电池的SOH。为验证SRUKF算法在不同放电情况下的适应性,通过恒流放电工况和HPPC放电工况对SR-UKF算法进行仿真。结果表明,相比于传统的EKF算法、UKF算法,SR-UKF算法预测欧姆内阻的效果更好。     

基于贝叶斯压缩感知的噪声MIMO雷达稳健目标参数提取方法

针对压缩感知雷达(Compressive Sensing Radar, CSR)面临测量噪声、信道干扰及系统精度误差等扰动时,非自适应随机测量值和感知矩阵失配导致传统CSR目标参数提取性能下降的问题,该文提出一种基于贝叶斯压缩感知(Bayesian Compressive Sensing, BCS)的噪声MIMO雷达稳健目标参数提取方法。文中首先建立了噪声MIMO雷达的稀疏感知模型,推导了基于目标参数稀疏贝叶斯模型的联合概率密度函数,随后将 BCS 方法与 LASSO (Least-Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator)算法相结合对联合概率密度函数进行优化求解。与传统CSR算法相比,该方法能够在CSR系统模型存在失配误差时对目标参数进行有效估计,降低了目标参数估计误差,改善了CSR目标参数提取的准确性和鲁棒性。计算机仿真验证了该方法的有效性。     

导向矢量和协方差矩阵联合迭代估计的稳健波束形成算法

针对自适应波束形成器在目标导向矢量存在约束偏差时性能急剧下降的问题,该文提出一种目标导向矢量和干扰噪声协方差矩阵联合迭代估计的稳健波束形成算法。该算法首先采用稀疏重构的方法得到目标导向矢量的初始值,并通过从采样协方差矩阵中剔除目标信号估计值完成干扰加噪声协方差矩阵的初始化;然后在建立导向矢量误差优化模型的基础上,采用凸优化方法对目标导向矢量和干扰加噪声协方差矩阵联合迭代求解。最后利用目标导向矢量和干扰加噪声协方差矩阵的稳态估计值获得自适应权矢量。仿真结果表明该算法提高了波束形成器在目标导向矢量约束偏差时的输出信干噪比。     

时变有色观测噪声下基于变分贝叶斯学习的自适应卡尔曼滤波

针对卡尔曼滤波中观测噪声是有色的且随时间变化这一情形,该文提出基于变分贝叶斯学习的自适应卡尔曼滤波算法。该算法先利用差分法,将时变噪声模型当中的有色观测噪声进行白化处理,从而使模型转换成了过程噪声与观测噪声相关的白噪声模型。考虑噪声相关条件下的卡尔曼滤波,并使之与变分贝叶斯学习结合,将白噪声方差与系统状态变量一起作为参数进行联合的递推估计。仿真结果表明,该自适应算法对时变的噪声具有较好的跟踪效果,相对经典卡尔曼滤波有着较高的滤波精度,最终得到时变有色观测噪声下的状态估计。     

多传感器混合多模型估计的误差互相关性及其融合算法研究

 对局部节点状态估计间误差相关性的处理是分布式估计融合或航迹融合的关键要素;针对当前分布式融合理论中关于混合多模型估计融合研究的空白,首先推导得出了采用相同模型成分的各局部节点交互多模型状态估计的误差互协方差矩阵的递推计算方法;其次,讨论了所得非对称实误差互协方差矩阵的正定特性,并分析了此类误差相关性与混合多模型估计算法中模型过程噪声之间的变化关系;上述结果使得基于互协方差组合融合算法的交互多模型状态估计融合成为可能,仿真实验亦验证了其有效性,相对其它不考虑误差相关性的融合算法,融合结果也更为真实。     

角闪烁下基于变分贝叶斯-交互式多模型的目标跟踪

开展角闪烁噪声下的目标跟踪研究对提升传感器的探测性能具有重要意义,其中角闪烁噪声具有的分布未知和非平稳特性是长期困扰研究者的难点。针对该问题,该文首先给出角闪烁下基于变分贝叶斯参数学习的跟踪滤波理论框架。其次,提出一种联合估计运动状态和闪烁噪声分布的变分贝叶斯-交互式多模型(VB-IMM)算法,该算法通过设计多个并行的跟踪模型处理角闪烁的跟踪问题,同时利用变分贝叶斯方法实现闪烁噪声分布参数的在线学习,并反馈给跟踪模型,实时调整跟踪模型参数。最后,设计了仿真实验对算法在闪烁噪声分布未知和非平稳条件下的跟踪性能进行了验证,同时对算法的计算复杂度进行了仿真分析。仿真结果表明,在量测噪声分布未知和非平稳条件下,VB-IMM具有较高的跟踪精度,且算法复杂度较小,易于实现。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Development of the readout system for waveguide multilayer optical card

Waveguide multilayer optical card （WMOC） is a novel storage device of three-dimensional optical information. An advanced readout system fitting for the WMOC is introduced in this paper. The hardware mainly consists of the light source for reading, WMOC, motorized stages addressing unit, microscope imaging unit, CCD detecting unit and PC controlling ＆ processing unit. The movement of the precision motorized stage is controlled by the computer through Visual Basic （VB） language in software. A control panel is also designed to get the layer address and the page address through which the position of the motorized stages can be changed. The WMOC readout system is easy to manage and the readout result is directly displayed on computer monitor.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Collinear phase-matching study of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and Inp

The collinearly phase-matching condition of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and InP is theoretically studied. In collinear phase-matching, the optimum phase-matching wave hands of these two crystals are calculated. The optimum phase-matching wave bands in GaAs and lnP are 0.95-1.38μm and 0.7-0.96μm respectively. The influence of the wavelength choice of the pump wave on the coherent length in THz-wave tuning is also discussed. The influence of the temperature alteration on the phase-matching and the temperature tuning properties in GaAs crystal are calculated and analyzed. It can serve for the following experiments as a theoretical evidence and a reference as well.     

Effects of the alloy compositions on the phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals

Composition dependence of bulk and surface phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals are studied in the framework of the modified random-element-isodisplacement model and the Bom-Huang approximation. The numerical results for Several Ⅱ - Ⅵ and Ⅲ- Ⅴ compound systems are performed, and the polariton frequencies as functions of the compositions for ternary mixed crystals AlxGa1-xAs, GaPxAS1-x, ZnSxSe1-x, GaAsxSb1-x, GaxIn1-xP, and ZnxCd1-xS as examples are given and discussed. The results show that the dependence of the energies of two branches of bulk phonon-polaritons which have phonon-like characteristics, and surface phonon-polaritons on the compositions of ternary mixed crystals are nonlinear and different from those of the corresponding binary systems.     

New insert layer structure OLEDs

An insert layer structure organic electroluminescent device（OLED） based on a new luminescent material （Zn（salen）） is fabricated. The configuration of the device is ITO/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1. Effective insert electrode layers comprising LiF（1nm）/Al（5 nm） are used as a single semitransparent mirror, and bilayer cathode LiF（1 nm）/A1（100 nm） is used as a reflecting mirror. The two mirrors form a Fabry-Perot microcavity and two emissive units. The maximum brightness and luminous efficiency reach 674 cd/m^2 and 2.652 cd/A, respectively, which are 2.1 and 3.7 times higher than the conventional device, respectively. The superior brightness and luminous efficiency over conventional single-unit devices are attributed to microcavity effect.