In situ characterization of mixing and sedimentation dynamics in an impinging jet ballast tank via acoustic backscatter

Impinging jets are utilized in numerous applications, including nuclear waste treatment, for both the erosion of sediment beds and maintaining particulates in suspension. Pulse‐echo ultrasonic methods offer great potential for the in situ monitoring of critical mixing and settling dynamics, in concentrated dispersions. A non‐active scaled version of a Highly Active Storage Tank at Sellafield, UK, was profiled with an acoustic backscatter system under various jet firing conditions. An advanced analysis technique enabled the direct quantification of dispersion concentration changes from the converted backscatter attenuation. Hence, the erosion and mixing capability of the jets, and settling kinetics were characterized. It was found that jet operation alone provided inadequate localized mixing of eroded sediment. An additional air‐lift process operation was required to hinder the rapid re‐settling of dispersed particulates. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 2618–2629, 2017     

Experimental study of flow regimes in three‐dimensional confined impinging jets reactor

Dynamic behaviors in a three‐dimensional confined impinging jets reactor (CIJR) were experimentally studied by a flow visualization technique at 100 ≤ Re ≤ 2000 and 2 ≤ D/d ≤ 12 (where D is the reactor diameter and d is the nozzle diameter). The effects of inlet Reynolds numbers (Re) and geometry configurations of the CIJR on the flow regimes have been investigated by a particle image velocimetry and a high‐speed camera. Results show that with the increasing Re, a segregated flow regime, a radial deflective oscillation, an axial oscillation and a vortex shedding regime emerge in turns in CIJR. A map of parameter space formed by the inlet Reynolds number (Re) and the normalized reactor diameter (D/d) has been presented. The effects of jet instability and confined boundary of the chamber on the flow regimes and their transition are also investigated and discussed. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 3033–3045, 2014     

高黏度流体混合研究进展

综述了近20年来高黏度流体混合领域的研究进展,阐述了文献中常用实验物系的选择、流变特性的描述及混合性能的研究评价方法等;介绍了高黏度物系搅拌混合设备的主要类型:立式、卧式及单轴、双轴等,以及各种形式搅拌混合设备的研究成果。指出今后仍需进行深入研究的领域:同轴异速、双轴异速、立式搅拌设备及卧式搅拌装置中的桨型优化及混合性能评价;CFD在高黏度混合领域的研究仍有待深入。     

Application of an air‐operated two impinging streams extractor in liquid‐liquid extraction and comparison with other contactor types

Extraction of succinic acid by means of normal butanol from its aqueous solutions (BSW), acetic acid by means of distilled water from kerosene (WAK) and iodine by means of kerosene from its aqueous solution (KIW) have been investigated in an air‐operated two impinging streams extractor (AOTISE) with spray nozzles. The effects of air flow rate, solutions flow rate, extractor length and diameter as well as modes of operation and impinging streams on extraction efficiency have been investigated. These results indicate that AOTISE is an efficient device for extraction processes. In addition, the overall volumetric mass transfer coefficients (K_La) are reported. The latter coefficients are important in design and may be used to compare the performance capability of various kinds of extractors.     

Resistance of impinging stream contactor to solid-air suspension flow

1 INTRODUCTIONAs mentioned in our previous paper impinging stream contactor(ISC)is aninnovative device for phase contact operations and has proved itself capable to en-hance transfer processes in heterogeneous systems effectively,and thus is of poten-tial application in many chemical engineering processes,such as drying of solidparticles,solid-solid,liquid-liquid and gas-gas mixing,absorption and desorptionof gases into or from liquids with or without chemical reactions,combustion of     

射流混合设备内混合时间的研究进展

介绍了有关射流混合设备内混合时间的实验研究进展,概述了计算流体力学（CFD）技术在射流混合设备内流场结构演化和混合效率评价中的应用,总结了不同研究者提出的混合时间关联式。分析影响射流混合效率的参数发现：混合时间随着混合槽直径的增加而增加,并与混合槽的高度呈正比;射流速度的增加可有效地降低混合时间;射流喷嘴的最佳直径与形状由混合槽的具体结构决定,但其最佳位置取决于混合槽高度与直径的比值;多股对置射流明显地提高混合效率。最后指出将CFD方法与压力波动信号（PFS）、PIV和PLIF等实验方法相结合可有效地推进射流强化混合机理研究和新型射流混合反应器的开发进程。     

Experimental study of oscillation behaviors in confined impinging jets reactor under excitation

Dynamic behaviors in a three‐dimensional confined impinging jets reactor (CIJR) under excitation were experimentally studied by a flow visualization technique at 75 ≤ Re ≤ 150. The effects of inlet Reynolds numbers (Re), excitation frequencies and excitation amplitudes on the oscillation behaviors in CIJR have been investigated by a particle image velocimetry (PIV) and a high‐speed camera. Results indicate that the excitation in the inflow of the opposed jets can induce periodic oscillation of the impingement plane along the axis, whose oscillation frequency is equal to the excitation frequency. At Re ≤ 100, the induced axial oscillation can further cause a deflective oscillation with a frequency nearly equal to the excitation, and the scale of the vortex in the impingement plane is well regulated by the excitation frequency. At Re = 150, the excitation of amplitude less than 20% has insignificant effect on the deflective oscillation existing in CIJR. A semiempirical formula has been proposed to predict the oscillation amplitude of the impingement plane in CIJR under excitation. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 333–341, 2015     

An elastic analog model for controlling the impingement point position in confined impinging jets

Confined impinging jets (CIJs) are highly efficient mixers. The scales of mixing in CIJs are controlled by the opposed jets interaction. A mechanistic model is described here, which accurately predicts the impinging position of the opposed jets for a large range of flow rate ratios. The impinging point position is shown to impact the dynamic properties of the flow and the achieved mixing quality. The opposed jets kinetic energy ratio is shown to have a critical impact on mixing, similar to the Reynolds number. A mixing chamber design relation is proposed and verified for the opposed injectors diameters ratio, , which enables to operate CIJs under optimum mixing conditions for large ranges of flow rate ratios, viscosity and density ratios between the opposed streams. Optimum values have asymptotes for large and small Reynolds number depending on the process stoichiometry, viscosity, and density ratios of the opposed jet streams. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 2200–2212, 2016     

不对称撞击流的实验研究与数值模拟

采用恒温式热线风速仪(CTA)测量不对称撞击流流场.用CFD软件对流场进行数值模拟,得到了和实验相吻合的结果.结果表明,不对称撞击流轴线上轴向速度除撞击面附近外,基本符合圆射流衰减规律.当喷嘴间距一定时,轴线撞击面驻点偏移量随气速比和喷嘴直径的增大而增大.当气速比一定时,轴线撞击面驻点偏移量随喷嘴间距增大而增大.     

撞击流—旋转填料床反应器的微观混合性能研究

采用化学偶合法 ,对撞击流—旋转填料床反应器内微观混合进行了实验研究 ,得到了转速、喷嘴间距、射流速度及浓度等因素对离集指数Xs的影响规律 ,并对其进行了定性的分析。结果表明撞击流—旋转填料床反应器中微观混合能被极大地强化 ,可成为适合快速反应新型反应设备     

双喷嘴水平对置撞击流混合器内湍流流动及混沌特性

应用激光多普勒测速系统, 对双喷嘴水平对置撞击流混合器内的速度场进行测量, 并且分别采用湍流理论和混沌理论对所测得的瞬时速度场进行分析, 研究其瞬时速度场内湍流特性参数(速度脉动均方根、湍流强度和湍动能)以及混沌吸引子的特征参数(关联维、Kolmogorov熵和最大Lyapunov), 得出该参数随喷嘴间距变化和进口雷诺数变化的分布情况, 并且得到有利于提高混合器内微观混合效果的最优工况。通过混沌分析得到双喷嘴水平对置撞击流混合器的瞬时速度场具有混沌特征和分形特性。研究结果表明:流场内的湍流参数和混沌参数均与进口雷诺数呈正相关关系, 但是两参数却随着喷嘴间距的增加, 呈先增加后减小的变化趋势, 从而可以得到在实验考察范围内L=3d为最合适的喷嘴间距。     

撞击流强化混合特性及用于制备超细粉体研究进展

撞击流以其强化微观混合的优异特性在化学反应、结晶、制备超细粉体等方面有广泛应用。本文在撞击流技术强化混合特性的基础上对近年来几种撞击流反应器制备超细粉体研究进行了综述。简述了流体流动、受限空间、喷嘴形式及结构、外部激励等因素对浸没循环撞击流反应器、受限撞击流反应器、T形撞击流反应器、微小型撞击流反应器、撞击流-旋转填料床反应器混合性能的影响。从结晶、微观混合时间等角度分析了撞击流微观混合特性对化学反应及制备超细粉体的影响。并与常规反应器及方法对比,从超细粉体的粒度大小、形貌、表面、能量、分散性、电性能及稳定性等方面进行评估。提出一种双层对置撞击流反应器用于工业上大规模制取超细粉体的中试研究,并展望了撞击流技术用于制备超细粉体的前景。     

中心气流与环形气流作用下颗粒射流的流动与混合特性

采用PIV测速系统和高速摄像仪对同轴气固两相射流进行了实验研究,着重考察了同轴射流结构和旋流对颗粒流动与混合特性的影响。结果表明,环形气流作用下颗粒获得的轴向速度比相同条件下中心气流作用下的颗粒轴向速度大,且气固两相的混合效果更佳,在这两种同轴射流结构下,颗粒的轴向速度仅在靠近喷嘴的横截面上分布较为均匀。而旋流,特别是强旋的引入不仅可以促进远场区颗粒速度的均布,而且能够有效地改善两相混合效果。     

Combined static mixers for high viscous fluids mixing

A new static mixer Cross-over-Disc has been invented to strip off the boundary layer and to make strong radial mixing. The pressure drop of Cross-over-Disc is 12-26 times as large as that of empty pipe with equivalent diameter and length. The mixing performance of Cross-over-Disc with 14 elements has been investigated in the viscosity range of 190–250 Pa·s by decoloration method, and the gray analysis of images shows that mixing inhomogeneity is about 7.5% and 9.4% for the mixing ratio of 5:1 and 10:1, respectively. Furthermore, mixing inhomogeneity for a combination of static mixing elements (four from Cross-over-Disc and three pairs from Sulzer-type) can be decreased to 2.1%–3.1% within a reasonable range of pressure drop.     

Turbulent mixing in coflowing plane jets

The scalar mixing field of a single plane jet and an array of three coflowing plane jets has been examined using marker nephelometry. Results are reported for the centreline behaviour of the mean and fluctuation concentration fields of the single jet and the triple jet array with G_i/G_o = 1.39, 0.222 and 0.089, where G_i is the centre jet momentum and G_o the momentum of both outer jets. Details of the flow scales including the half concentration width and integral scales are also reported for the single plane jet and the triple jet case with G_i/G_o = 1.39 and 0.089. The centreline measurements were extended to the region where a tendency to axisymmetric behaviour was observed.     

Analysis of the effect of mixing vane geometry on the flow in an annular centrifugal contactor

The annular centrifugal contactor is a compact mixer/centrifuge developed for solvent extraction processes for recycling used nuclear fuel. This research effort couples computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling with a variety of experimental observations to provide a valid detailed analysis of the flow within the centrifugal contactor. CFD modeling of the free surface flow in the annular mixing zone using the volume-of-fluid method combined with large eddy simulation of turbulence was found to have very good agreement with the experimental measurements. A detailed comparative analysis of the flow and mixing with different housing vane geometries (four straight vanes, eight straight vanes, and curved vanes) was performed. Two additional variations on the eight straight vane geometry were also simulated. This analysis determined that at the simulated moderate flow rate the four straight mixing vane geometry has greater mixing and fluid residence time as compared to the other mixing vane configurations. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009     

基于阶跃射流的撞击流反应器流场动态特性分析

利用实验与数值模拟方法对动态阶跃型撞击流反应器流场特性进行研究,分析不同入口速度条件下流体流动规律、湍流特性以及能量水平。结果表明,动态阶跃型入口条件下,撞击面在两喷嘴之间周期性移动,流动参数也会发生周期性变化。随着入口平均速率的增大,驻点速度逐渐增大;随着两喷嘴入口速率差的增加,撞击面移动速度加快,撞击区流体湍流强度逐渐增加;随着入口平均速率与入口速率差的增大,XOZ平面在一个周期内的平均湍动能逐渐减小。对比动态撞击流反应器与稳态撞击流反应器内流场特性,探究动态入口条件对撞击流反应器流场特性的影响。结果表明,动态阶跃撞击流反应器湍流黏度、湍流强度和湍动能等参数均明显高于稳态撞击流反应器,撞击轴线上的湍动能梯度分布大于稳态撞击流反应器。动态入口条件下撞击流反应器流体湍动更剧烈,能量水平更高,有利于增加流场内流体扰动与促进混合。