Effect of co-additives on the flame/smoke suppression properties of zinc borates

Two zinc borates are useful partial replacements for the antimony oxide flame retardant normally used to flame retard flexible PVC products. The effect of using various co-additives with zinc borates on the flame retardancy and smoke formation of a model flexible PVC cable jacket was evaluated in an attempt to further improve the properties of the formulation. The use of ammonium octamolybdate with the borates yields products with improved properties. Highly flame retarded formulations that yield low levels of smoke can be prepared by using alumina trihydrate or magnesium compounds as replacements for the usual calcium carbonate filler. Replacement of part of the phthalate ester plasticizer with brominated ester, a phosphate ester, or a brominated phosphate ester also results in formulations with oxygen values as high as 39.5 which produce lower levels of smoke.     

Smoke suppressants for plasticized poly(vinyl chloride)

Addition of plasticizers to poly(vinyl chloride) generally increases its flammability and frequently increases smoke production during its burning. Flame retardants added to plasticized PVC can reduce flammability, but increase smoke production. This study shows that proper choice of combined use of other polymers, phosphate plasticizers, fillers and other flame retardants, produces measured synergistic improvements in flame retardance and smoke suppression which could benefit applications such as PVC wire and cable insulation.     

Recent developments in plasticized flame retardant polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

Triaryl and alkylaryl phosphates are plasticizers/flame retardants for polyvinyl chloride. The former are more effective flame retardants and the latter are better plasticizers. The latter also gives less smoke. A new phosphate ester blend with good plasticizer properties and low smoke is reported. A brominated triaryl phosphate ester is shown to be a highly effective flame retardant giving plasticized polyvinyl chloride compositions with oxygen index values up to 36. These compositions are suitable for high temperature wire and cable products.     

Recent studies on the use of zinc borate as a flame retardant and smoke suppressant in PVC

By the Oxygen Index test, zinc borate alone is an effective flame retardant in rigid PVC. In flexible PVC formulations containing 50 phr of dioctyl phthalate as the plasticizer, zinc borate in combination with antimony oxide displays a synergistic effect at a total loading of more than 10 phr (1-to-1 ratio). In the presence of 30 phr of alumina trihydrate, this synergism increases significantly at a total loading as low as 5 phr. Zinc borate also shows strong synergism with alumina trihydrate. Zinc borate acts as a smoke suppressant in plasticized PVC. With alumina trihydrate, a strong smoke-reducing synergism is created. Zinc borate in a flexible PVC formulation markedly increases the amount of char formed, whereas the addition of antimony oxide, a vapor phase flame retardant, has little effect on char formation. Zinc borate is a good afterglow suppressant. Volatilized zinc derived from the zinc borate probably contributes to flame retardancy but not to smoke suppression. Zinc compounds can alter the pyrolysis chemistry by catalyzing dehydrohalogenation and promoting crosslinking, resulting in increased char formation and a decrease in both smoke production and flaming combustion.     

低烟低卤阻燃PVC预分支电缆专用料的研制

研究了1种金属氧化物固溶体与氢氧化铝（ATH）的共混物对聚氯乙烯（PVC）预分支电缆专用料的阻燃性、消烟性、物理机械性能、成型加工性、热稳定性以及HCl释放量的影响。结果表明，该共混物对PVL、具有高效的阻燃、消烟、降卤作用，2份金属氧化物固溶体代替2份氧化锑可达到同样的阻燃消烟降卤效果，且综合性能优良．价格低廉。     

无机阻燃剂进展

无机阻燃剂包括氢氧化铝、氢氧化镁、无机磷、硼酸盐、氧化锑、钼化合物等。主要介绍了这些主要无机阻燃剂的性能、应用和制备方法，分析了存在的问题，并对今后的研究方向提出建议，强调了发展纳米级无机阻燃剂的重要性。     

A New Green Method for the Production Polyvinylchloride Plasticizers from Fatty Acid Methyl Esters of Vegetable Oils

The current work has shown the potentials for the aerobic oxidation of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) of vegetable oils in the production of polyvinylchloride (PVC) plasticizers with the exclusion of other reagents. The reaction mixtures contain epoxidized derivatives of FAME, and esters, with the quantity of the ester groups being higher than in the initial raw material. It was established that the increase in the additional ester groups resulting from the “aerobic” Baeyer-Villiger (BV) reaction has a significantly positive influence on the plasticizing ability of the oxidized FAME mixtures for PVC when compared to the formation of epoxide compounds. The development of the technology for the production of PVC plasticizers proposed in this investigation provides an opportunity for resolving some of the environmental issues normally associated with the use of phthalate-based plasticizers.     

Flame retardation of polypropylene: Effect of silane treated antimony compounds

Flame retardation of polypropylene was accomplished by blending with antimony compounds (Sb₂O₃ and SbPO₄) in conjunction with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or ferric oxide. The compatibility and dispersion of antimony compounds in the polymer matrix was enhanced by using silane coupling agents, viz., vinyltriethoxysilane (A-151) and γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (A-1100). Rheological properties of filled polypropylene were studied in the temperature range 180 to 220°C at shear rates of 29.5 to 119.5 sec^?1. An increase in the melt viscosity was found in the filled polypropylene as compared to virgin polymer. Silanation of antimony compounds also influenced the melt rheology of flame retardant polypropylene. Incorporation of 6 phr Sb₂O₃ and 19 phr PVC raised the oxygen index of polypropylene to 22.9 and this sample was found to be self extinguishing in 65 s with a burning rate of 0.06 mm/s as compared to 1.1 mm/s for unfilled polypropylene. Though silanation of antimony compounds slightly reduced the oxygen index of flame retardant polypropylene, yield strain and flexural rigidity of injection molded samples was improved over unsilanated flame retardant polymer.     

无机阻燃剂发展现状

无机阻燃剂包括氢氧化铝、氢氧化镁、无机磷、硼酸盐、氧化锑、钼化合物、锡化合物、无机硅等。文章介绍了阻燃剂和无机阻燃剂的分类和阻燃机理,并着重介绍了氢氧化铝、氢氧化镁、无机磷、硼酸盐、氧化锑等几种无机阻燃剂的性能、阻燃机理、应用及发展现状,分析了存在的问题,并对今后阻燃剂的发展方向和研究方向提出了建议。     

低密度阻燃闭孔海绵的研制

介绍了一种高发泡低密度NBR/PVC海绵的制作方法。最佳反应条件：m（NBR）/m（PVC）=70：30,硫化剂为硫磺,促进剂为BZ、EZ、M、D,发泡剂为AC,阻燃剂为氯化石蜡和三氧化二锑,产品采用的硫化方式为连续热空气硫化,温度为180℃,时间10min。     

Preparation of some mixed diesters of aliphatic diols and their evaluation as plasticizers

Mixed diesters of three diols-ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, and 2-butene-1,4-diol—were prepared wherein one of the ester moieties was benzoate. The laurates were shown to be excellent plasticizers for polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resin. Diesters containing two aroyl groups, or benzoyl and a short branched-chain alkanoyl group were also shown to be compatible plasticizers for PVC resin. Longer chain acids, including oleic and erucic, gave incompatible plasticizers. Benzoyloxyethoxyethyl laurate plasticized PVC had low temperature properties, volatility, and thermal stability superior to PVC plasticized with di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate.     

Soft PVC foams: Study of the gelation,fusion, and foaming processes. II. Adipate,citrate and other types of plasticizers

Plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) is one of the most useful polymeric materials on an industrial scale because of its processability, wide range of obtainable properties, and low cost. PVC plastisols are used in the production of flexible PVC foams. Phthalates are the most used plasticizers for PVC, and in a previous article (part I of this series), we discussed the influence of phthalate ester type plasticizers on the foaming process and on the quality of the foams obtained from the corresponding plastisols. Because the use of phthalate plasticizers has been questioned because of possible health implications, the objective of this work was to undertake a similar study with 11 commercial alternative plasticizers to phthalates. The evolution of the dynamic and extensional viscosity and the interactions and thermal transitions undergone by the plastisols during the heating process were studied. Foams were obtained by rotational molding and were characterized by the determination of their thermomechanical properties, density, and cell size distribution. Correlations were obtained between the molecular weight and structure of the plasticizer and the behavior of the corresponding plastisols. After the characterization of the final foamed product, we concluded that foams of relatively good quality could be prepared with alternative plasticizers for replacing phthalates. Several plasticizers {Mesamoll (alkylsulfonic phenyl ester), Eastman 168 [bis(2‐ethylhexyl)‐1,4‐benzenedicarboxylate], Hexamoll [di(isononyl) cyclohexane‐1,2‐dicarboxylate], Citroflex A4 acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC), and Plastomoll (dihexyl adipate)} were found to be interesting alternatives in the production of soft PVC foams because they provided very good quality foams with properties similar to, or even better than, those obtained with phthalate plasticizers. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Synthesis and Evaluation of Soy Fatty Acid Ester Estolides as Bioplasticizers in Poly(Vinyl Chloride)

Plasticizers are nonvolatile organic liquids that impart flexibility to polymers. Due to environmental, health, and safety reasons, the industry is looking for bioplasticizers to replace petroleum-derived phthalates. To fulfill this need, soy fatty acid ester estolides were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated as phthalate replacements. Soybean oil was transesterified with methanol or glycerol to form lower molecular weight fatty acid esters that were epoxidized and ring opened with acetic acid and acetylated to give the final products. Ring opening and acetylation of the epoxidized oleic acid esters gave acyclic acetate fatty acid ester estolides, whereas the polyunsaturated fatty acid esters, linoleate, and linolenate gave cyclic tetrahydrofuran derivatives and cross-linked higher molecular weight materials. The cyclization mechanism to form the tetrahydrofuran derivatives was postulated. Soy fatty acid ester estolides were compounded with formulated poly(vinyl chloride), (PVC) and tested for their functional properties. The physical and functional properties of the new bioplasticizers were compared with commercial plasticizers. The elasticity of PVC compounded with experimental plasticizers and commercial phthalates was comparable. PVC compounded with fatty acid methyl ester estolide showed lower glass transition temperature and similar tensile properties compared to PVC compounded with the commercial phthalate. PVC compounded with the glyceryl fatty acid ester estolide showed a higher glass transition temperature, higher tensile properties compared to PVC compounded with the commercial phthalate.     

生物柴油在制备PVC助剂中的应用

简单介绍绿色能源生物柴油深加工在制备增塑剂、稳定剂及润滑剂等PVC助剂中的应用。其中以制备环氧脂肪酸甲酯和氯代甲氧基脂肪酸甲酯最为经济可行。指出利用环氧脂肪酸甲酯制备多功能PVC助剂是重要的发展方向。     

Contributions to characterization of poly(vinyl chloride)–lignin blends

The present study evaluates the impact of blending organosolv and kraft lignins, which are natural polymer by‐products in the pulp and paper industry, with plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) in flooring formulations. Also examined is the impact of replacing dioctyl phthalate, a PVC industry general‐purpose plasticizer, with diethylene glycol dibenzoate (Benzoflex 2‐45), tricresyl phosphate (Lindol), or alkyl sulfonic phenyl ester (Mesamoll) in these formulations. The influence of the different types of lignins and plasticizers on the processibility, thermal, and mechanical properties of the blends is discussed. These properties demonstrate that partial replacement of PVC (20 parts) with different lignins is feasible for some formulations that can be successfully used as matrices for a high level of calcium carbonate filler in flooring products. In addition, the data demonstrate that the presence of certain plasticizers, which interfere with the intramolecular interactions existing in lignins, may allow the lignin molecules to have more molecular mobility. The morphology and the properties of PVC plasticized lignin blends are strongly influenced by the degree and mode of the lignin plasticization and its dispersion within the PVC matrix. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2732–2748, 2006     

基于呋喃二甲酸的新型生物基增塑剂的制备及其增塑效果研究

以2,5呋喃二甲酸为基体分别与反式2己烯醇、正己醇反应,制备出不同分子结构的生物基增塑剂。通过冲击、拉伸测试并结合动态力学分析考察增塑剂分子结构及添加量对聚氯乙烯(PVC)力学性能的影响;采用毛细管流变仪考察增塑剂分子结构及添加量对PVC熔体流动性的影响。结果表明,2种新型生物基增塑剂均能提高PVC材料的冲击强度,且2,5呋喃二甲酸二正己酯（DNHFDC）增塑效果优于2,5呋喃二甲酸二（反式2己烯）酯（DT2HFDC）;当添加量为10份（质量份,下同）时,以DNHFDC为增塑剂的PVC材料比添加等量DOP时的冲击强度提高了0.28 kJ/m2,拉伸强度降低了4.2 MPa。     

阻燃抑烟剂对软聚氯乙烯材料燃烧性能的影响

针对氢氧化镁、硼酸锌、三氧化二锑等常用的阻燃抑烟剂对在软聚氯乙烯燃烧时的热释放速率和一氧化碳释放量进行了研究 ,发现氢氧化镁和硼酸锌虽然可以降低材料的热释放性能和发烟量 ,但是会大大增加烟气中一氧化碳的释放量 ;而三氧化二锑会增加材料的发烟量 ,但却能大大降低烟气中的一氧化碳的释放量     

氯溴代烷基磷酸酯阻燃剂的合成与阻燃性研究

本文对新戊二醇、溴素、三氯氧磷和环氧乙烷等为原料合成了氯溴代烷基磷酸酯阻燃剂－３－溴－２,２－二甲基丙基－２－溴乙基－２－氯乙基磷酸酯（ＣＢＡＰ－９１２）,探索了温度、时间、原料配比,催化剂用量等反应条件对产率的影响。用化学方法,ＦＴＩＲ、ＴＧ等方法对该合成产物的性能和结构进行了表征。并研究了该阻燃剂在不饱和聚酯树脂和聚氯乙烯中的阻燃性,结果表明其上有良好的阻燃性能。     

聚氯乙烯环保型增塑剂的合成及应用

聚氯乙烯中常用的环保型增塑剂主要有柠檬酸酯类增塑剂、对苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂、聚酯类增塑剂、偏苯三酸酯增塑剂、环己烷二羧酸酯类增塑剂、植物油基增塑剂等,通过了解和分析这些增塑剂的特征和合成,推进环保型增塑剂在塑料生产中的应用.     

Use of esterified rapeseed oil as plasticizer in plastics processing

Until today rape methyl ester (RME) offered as Biodiesel is mainly used as fuel in diesel engines, where it is therefore in hard competition with conventional diesel fuel. Economical constraints arising therefrom, but also the possibility to utilize this valuable raw material more efficiently, were the reasons for considerations about its use in the plastic web industry. The plasticizers used in PVC coating in general, but chlorinated paraffins in particular are criticized because of their environmentally harmful action (waste water, air pollution). Thus, with regard to costs and environmental reasons, producers of plastic webs are greatly interested in alternatives to the common plasticizers. Therefore, investigations concerning the use of RMEs in spread and calender coating with PVC were carried out in laboratory and industrial scales within the framework of a project supported by the Saxon Ministry of Enviroment and Agriculture. The experimental results show that partial substitution of phthalic acid ester plasticizers (max. 50%) or plasticizers based on chlorinated paraffin by RMEs is possible. The demands with respect to processability (e.g. compatibility, gelling behaviour, volatility) and quality of the final products (e.g. strength, migration, and temperature resistance, surface quality) are essentially met.