MIMO系统中一种鲁棒的叠加导频设计方法

与传统的复用式导频相比,叠加导频不占用系统的带宽资源,不会降低信息传输速率,因而受到越来越广泛的关注。基于叠加导频的一阶统计量信道估计算法与最小均方误差算法相比,避免了矩阵求逆运算,大大降低了接收机复杂度,但该算法对信道中的直流干扰非常敏感。本文基于一阶统计量算法,提出了一种优化的叠加导频设计方法,该设计方法在联合最优化信道估计均方误差,接收信干比和峰均功率比的同时,对直流干扰具有很好的鲁棒性。仿真进一步分析了导频参数与信道估计均方误差、接收信干比的关系,比较分析充分表明该设计方法在获得高接收信干比的同时具有良好的鲁棒性。     

恶意导频干扰对采用人工噪声方案系统的安全性能影响分析

针对窃听方发送恶意导频干扰破坏系统安全性能的问题,本文将研究场景扩展到三节点MIMO(Multple-Input Multiple-Output)网络,首先分析存在恶意导频干扰时最小二乘和最小均方误差准则下的信道估计结果,并推导基于人工噪声的系统安全速率公式,得出当窃听方到达发送方的导频干扰功率大于合法接收方达到的功率时,安全速率值只能为零.然后,进一步分别研究半双工窃听方和全双工窃听方场景下的最优功率分配方案.最后,通过数值仿真分析窃听者位置、窃听者类型和干扰功率等因素对安全性能的影响.     

双选择信道中的时间偏移广义频分复用通信

当信道存在时间-频率双选择性时,严重的子载波间干扰和子符号间干扰将导致广义频分复用(GFDM)系统性能显著下降.为此,该文提出一种时间偏移GFDM系统(TO-GFDM),通过对传统GFDM系统的原型滤波器进行时间偏移,来提高双选择信道下GFDM系统的性能.该文推导了GFDM信号在双选择信道中的平均信干比公式,并提出基于离散导频的联合迭代信道估计与符号检测算法,该算法利用信道估计器与串行干扰消除符号检测器之间的信息交换,逐步减小干扰信号,提高信道估计与符号检测的精度.理论分析与仿真实验结果表明,在双选择信道条件下,时间偏移GFDM比传统的GFDM具有更高的平均信干比和误码率性能;并且,联合迭代信道估计与符号检测算法能有效降低系统误码率.     

MIMO异构网络中一种基于人工噪声的抗主动窃听者的鲁棒安全传输方案

为保证MIMO异构网络面临多天线主动窃听时的安全性,该文提出一种基于人工噪声的抗主动窃听者的鲁棒安全传输方案。首先,考虑窃听者发送上行导频干扰的情形,研究了其发送的上行导频干扰对合法用户信道估计的影响。随后,基于信道估计结果对宏基站、微基站的下行数据与噪声信号的预编码矩阵进行设计,并推导了此种情形下系统安全速率的表达式。然后,以系统安全速率最大化为目标对基站的下行数据与噪声信号的发送功率进行优化设计,并提出一种基于1维线性搜索的求解方法。进一步地,考虑窃听者在发送上行导频干扰后,继而发送噪声干扰用户下行通信的情形,提出一种基于离散零和博弈方法来获取最优的发送功率设计。仿真结果验证了所提方案的安全性和鲁棒性。     

一种基于友好干扰者协助的区别信道估计机制

在物理层安全中,可以通过抑制窃听者信道估计的准确性间接提高合法接收者和窃听者间的接收信号质量差距,从而提高信号传输安全性.给出一种基于友好干扰者协助的区别信道估计机制,该方案借助于友好干扰者发送人工噪声来干扰窃听者的信道估计过程.进一步,基于窃听者的信道估计误差最大化给出了训练序列和人工噪声之间的最优功率分配,更好地抑制了窃听者信道估计的质量.仿真结果表明,新方法能有效地抑制窃听者信道估计的性能,提高合法接收者和窃听者间的接收信号质量差距.     

Nakagami衰落信道下噪声跟踪干扰检测性能分析

针对慢跳频通信中噪声跟踪干扰的检测问题,提出了一种新的噪声跟踪干扰检测算法.该检测算法应用认知无线电中协作频谱感知方法,分析了接收信号的条件概率密度函数,研究了加性高斯白噪声信道下单跳信号存在干扰的检测性能.在此基础上,推导了Nakagami衰落信道下单跳信号存在干扰的检测概率和虚警概率,通过对检测概率和虚警概率中的多重积分进行化简,得到了检测概率和虚警概率的级数表达式.单跳信号检测后,把检测结果上报到融合中心,应用协作频谱感知中的“k out of n”准则分析了噪声跟踪干扰的检测性能.仿真结果验证了理论分析的正确性.     

基于OFDM导频信道估计的灵巧干扰方法

信道估计在OFDM通信过程中发挥着重要作用。根据灵巧干扰的策略,文章提出了基于导频信道估计的灵巧干扰方法,在广义平稳非相关散射信道模型下进行了仿真,并和常规干扰方式进行了性能比较。仿真表明：基于导频信道估计的灵巧干扰方法是干扰OFDM信号的一种有效方法。     

多用户选择与协作干扰的安全性能分析

研究了一种多用户选择与协作干扰相结合的无线传输模型。在Nakagami-m衰落信道下，考虑到信道中的反馈延迟对信道状态信息的影响，采用合法信道的过时信道状态信息来选择目的用户。采用一般次序选择策略选择目的用户，并结合噪声干扰策略进行干扰，实现信息的安全传输。针对窃听信道两种不同信道状态信息，分别推导了中断概率和窃听概率的准确闭合表达式，并给出二者性能折中的表达式。理论分析与数值仿真表明，减小用户选择参数以及降低信道衰落参数能够有效地改善系统的可靠性与安全性折中安全性能。      

LTE-A下行链路增强型同频干扰消除算法

在LTE-A系统中,同频组网的方式提高了频谱效率,但同时也带来了强烈的同频干扰.IRC接收机因具有较强的同频干扰消除能力而有效地提高了小区边缘用户的吞吐量,然而,该算法的性能需要信道估计和干扰信号的协方差矩阵估计的准确性来保证.LTE-A系统中的DM-RS携带固定的信息,接收端可以将已知的信号用于估计干扰信号的协方差矩阵,提出了一种基于参考信号DM-RS的方法,仿真结果表明,该方法能提高同频干扰消除算法的性能.     

基于杂波模型的相干雷达极化自适应恒虚警检测算法

该文研究了高斯杂波背景下相干雷达极化自适应检测问题。利用雷达回波的极化信息来提高检测性能。提出了一种基于杂波模型的极化自适应恒虚警检测算法,该算法比极化自适应匹配滤波器算法有更小的估计损失,并推导出了虚警概率表达式。仿真结果表明,所提出的检测算法相对于杂波协方差矩阵都有恒虚警的性质。     

Utilization of multipaths for spread-spectrum code acquisition infrequency-selective Rayleigh fading channels

A novel acquisition scheme that utilizes multipaths to improve the acquisition performance is proposed for frequency-selective fading channels. The proposed acquisition scheme employs nonconsecutive search and joint triple-cell detection. The performance is analyzed in frequency-selective Rayleigh fading channels. Equations for the probabilities of detection and false alarm are derived, and an expression for the mean acquisition time is developed. The mean acquisition time performance of the proposed and conventional acquisition schemes is evaluated and compared. It is found that the proposed acquisition scheme significantly outperforms the conventional one. The effects of various channel parameters such as the number of resolvable paths, the shape of the multipath intensity profile (MIP) and the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) on acquisition performance are also investigated     

Novel quantization‐based spectrum sensing scheme under imperfect reporting channel and false reports

In this paper, a novel sensing scheme, uniform quantization for cooperative sensing (UniQCS), that employs a uniform quantizer is proposed. UniQCS is based on energy detection and uses weight vector for global decision function. It performs better than hard decision algorithms such as majority and k‐out‐of‐n in terms of probability of detection and false alarm at the cost of a marginal increase in overhead bits under imperfect reporting channel and false reports. The probability of detection is maximized for a given probability of false alarm constraint by the proposed method. For detailed analysis, the UniQCS is compared with equal gain combiner scheme, which performs far better than hard decision algorithms, via highest bandwidth requirement. The proposed algorithm performs close to equal gain combiner. Moreover, the robustness of UniQCS to sensing error is analyzed when some nodes always report false decisions to the fusion center and the reporting channel is imperfect. For probability of false alarm equal to 0.01, performance gain of UniQCS is at least 45% compared with the other methods when there are two false reporting nodes. UniQCS performance gain is at least 15% compared with other methods for probability of reporting channel error equal to 0.001. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Multipath Detection Scheme for CDMA Systems With Space–Time Spreading

Space-time spreading (STS) is an appealing open-loop transmit diversity scheme, which has recently been included into the cdma2000 standard. It has been shown that the performance of the STS scheme is highly sensitive to fading coefficient estimation errors, particularly when the channel is highly time dispersive. In practical systems, channel estimation is normally performed after the multipath components are resolved, which suggests that improving multipath detection reduces such estimation errors. Motivated by this, we address, in this paper, the problem of multipath detection in STS-based code division multiple access (CDMA) systems. We first extend the conventional energy-based multipath detection scheme (EMDS) to cope with the spatial channel structure. We derive approximate expressions for the probability of detection and probability of false alarm. It is shown that the errors produced by the conventional scheme in detecting the potential multipath components severely impact the performance of the receiver. To improve upon the EMDS, we introduce and analyze an improved multipath detection scheme (IMDS) based on the estimation of the interference power in the individual resolved multipath components. The efficacy of the proposed scheme stems from the fact that the interference in each potential path is estimated and subtracted before that path is detected. We also present a simple and realizable version of the proposed IMDS detection scheme. Our results show that the proposed scheme not only improves the bit-error-rate performance significantly but also utilizes the pilot power much more efficiently.     

Cooperative wideband sensing based on cyclostationary features with multiple malicious user elimination

Spectrum sensing is an essential concept in cognitive radio. To overcome the single node sensing issue that arises due to channel impediments, cooperative/multinode sensing is being used. Although cooperation among multiple cognitive users enhances the sensing performance, presence of few malicious cognitive users may severely degrade the efficiency of the system. In this paper, generalized extreme studentized deviate (GESD) and adjusted box-plot (ABP) methods are introduced to increase the sensing reliability of cooperative network by eliminating multiple malicious cognitive users. The performance of the cyclostationary feature detection method is compared with the energy detection method under different channel impediments. The simulation results are carried out with false alarm probability of 0.01 and a detection probability of 0.9. The simulation results reveal that there is a significant improvement in cooperative sensing performance by elimination of multiple malicious user in the network.     

Adaptive acquisition of PN sequences for DSSS communications

Since the received signal levels in mobile communications are unknown and the location is varying, acquisition schemes for pseudonoise (PN) sequences with fixed thresholds cannot provide satisfactory performance. This fixed-threshold scheme may cause too many false alarms or result in a low detection probability for a selected threshold value. We present an adaptive acquisition scheme for PN sequences which estimate the background power level, multiply it with a threshold coefficient to keep the false alarms constant, and use it as a threshold     

Cognitive wideband spectrum sensing using cosine-modulated filter banks

A multichannel joint spectrum sensing strategy based on cosine-modulated filter banks (CMFBs) was developed to improve sensing efficiency. The received wideband signal was split into several bands through the filters that are constructed by grouping continuous sub-band filters. Through flexibly designing prototype filter, not only the spectrum of non-uniform bandwidth can be estimated, but also the spectral leakage between adjacent channels can be adjusted. The probabilities of false alarm and detection for multichannel jointly spectrum sensing in the Rayleigh fading channel were deduced. The decision thresholds of different channels were obtained as regards the probability of false alarm. Simulation results show that compared with the traditional energy detector, the detection capability and sensing efficiency have been improved, especially at low signal-to-noise ratio. The CMFB-based multichannel joint sensing scheme not only increases the efficiency of detection, but also enhances the flexibility on the control of bandwidth and spectral leakage between neighbouring channels.     

基于聂曼-皮尔逊准则和无线信道的一种次最优分布式检测算法

在实际检测中,从本地检测器至融合中心的无线信道通常无法保证为理想传输信道,于是传统的基于理想信道的优化检测算法要做相应调整。基于非理想信道该文研究了一种次优检测算法,应用聂曼-皮尔逊(NP)规则推导出各节点的判决形式,根据概率知识求出各节点的虚警概率和检测概率,然后用迭代的方法得到虚警概率在一定范围内系统检测概率最大时各个节点的检测门限。最后通过仿真说明了信道的非理想性确实影响了系统的检测性能。     

Adaptive Decode-and-Forward Protocol Based Cooperative Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio with Interference at the Secondary Users

In this paper a novel multiple-user cooperative spectrum sensing scheme (MCSS) based on hybrid relay is proposed to achieve the spatial diversity gain in detection of the primary user (PU) in a cognitive radio (CR) network. A practically important case where co-channel interference signals are present at the network is considered for the analysis. Closed-form expressions of detection probability \((\hbox {P}_{\mathrm{d}})\) and false alarm probability \((\alpha )\) for the proposed adaptive decode-and-forward based multiple-user cooperative spectrum sensing scheme (ADF-MCSS) using energy detector over Rayleigh fading sensing channels is derived in presence of co-channel interference at the secondary user which is far away from the PU. Further we extend the concept of two user amplify-and-forward (AF) and decode-and-forward (DF) cooperative spectrum sensing schemes in multiple-user scenario (i.e. AF-MCSS and DF-MCSS) over Rayleigh fading channels when the secondary user (which is far away from PU) is affected by interference. Closed-form expressions of AF-MCSS and DF-MCSS schemes over a Rayleigh fading channels are also evaluated and compared with that of proposed ADF-MCSS in presence of interference signals at the secondary user. Further the performance analysis of AF-MCSS, DF-MCSS and ADF-MCSS schemes are compared with the existing non-cooperative spectrum sensing schemes in presence of interference at the secondary user. Our analysis is validated by numerical and simulation results for multiple-user CR network. The impact of number of cooperative relays, SNR in sensing channel, energy of interference signal, false alarm on detection probability in proposed ADF, AF and DF schemes is shown.     

Enhanced collective detection for GNSS weak signals acquisition in Rayleigh channel

Global navigation satellite system applications based on high sensitivity and weak‐signal acquisition is a difficult task and has become an important research area. Algorithms and techniques are proposed, principally those associated to cases of limited global navigation satellite system signal availability. Collective detection is a new technique that seems to offer better solutions in a such situation. This paper presents a performance analysis of GPS L₁ noncoherent acquisition via collective detection based on the systematic and efficient collective acquisition algorithm in the Rayleigh fading channel, firstly in the case of a fixed threshold detection and secondly in the case of adaptive threshold detection based on a constant false alarm rate. To compare these methods with traditional acquisition schemes, we develop detection and false alarm probability analytic expressions.