不规则岩块点荷载试验抗压强度的取值

通过大量的点荷载试验,分析了采用点荷载试验转换得到的单轴抗压强度与室内标准岩样单轴抗压强度之间的相对误差,探讨了不规则岩块点荷载试验的强度经验取值问题,结果显示,利用不同的经验公式取值时,结果存在很大的差异,说明不同的经验公式都具有其适用的条件和范围。在该研究中利用我国《工程岩体分级标准》中推荐的转化公式在不同岩样取值时其相对误差较小,误差范围为2.65%~8.10%,该公式比其他取值方法的适用条件更为广泛。由于硬岩和软岩力学性质的差异,在点荷载试验的取值过程中建议将硬岩和软岩区分考虑,应根据取样的实际情况选择适合的取值方法。     

点载荷试验在确定碎裂岩基承载力上的应用

在勘察过程中,对碎裂岩石很难取得岩块试样进行单轴抗压试验,由点载荷试验可求得点荷载强度指数,进而换算出岩石单轴抗压强度,对岩基承载力进行评价。文章通过工程实例,介绍了点荷载试验方法,并应用该方法结合波速试验、旁压试验对碎裂岩基中的人工挖孔嵌岩桩端阻力进行了评价,与岩基载荷试验对比表明该方法是行之有效的。     

岩石破损过程强度变化规律实测研究

 岩石材料强度会随着破裂发展而逐渐衰减,详细介绍自行设计的岩石强度衰减测试方法,试验思路、试件制作及关键技术;通过自行设计的直剪试验,测得常规压缩试验破裂得到的不规则损伤岩块在直剪过程中的剪应力–压应力关系曲线,由其拟合得到库仑强度曲线,并与已有(单、三轴)压缩试验数据线性拟合得到的莫尔强度包络线进行比较,分析讨论岩石在破损过程中材料强度(黏聚力和内摩擦角)变化规律,澄清现有黏聚力和内摩擦角变化规律2种完全相对立观点的适用范围。研究结果表明,由完整岩样进行单、三轴试验测得的黏聚力明显大于不规则岩块直剪试验结果,这主要是岩样在单、三轴压缩破坏过程中产生的损伤所致,而不是试验方法所导致的偏差;黏聚力反映的是岩石本质强度特性,受不同应力状态的影响较小。岩样单、三轴压缩试验测得的内摩擦角小于岩块直剪试验结果,这主要是受到不同应力状态和岩石缺陷分布的影响。在岩石破损过程中,内摩擦角随损伤的发展具有先快速增大至最大值后大幅降低直至保持一定趋势不变的规律。内摩擦角反映的是岩石摩擦强度特性,受不同应力状态的影响较大。黏聚力对应力水平的敏感程度远小于内摩擦角。岩石在破裂前后自身材料强度会产生明显衰减。     

循环荷载作用下盐岩三轴变形和强度特性试验研究

 为研究三向应力状态下循环荷载作用对盐岩变形、强度及损伤特性的影响,利用TAW–2000 型微机伺服岩石三轴试验机进行不同荷载波形参数(上、下限应力、应力幅值和频率)和不同围压下的盐岩试样的循环加、卸载试验。试验得到盐岩轴向初始变形和稳态变形两阶段演化规律;通过提高循环荷载上限应力、降低下限应力、增大应力幅值或者降低载荷频率、减小围压等途径,均会加速盐岩试样不可逆变形的发展,提高盐岩循环稳态应变速率,减小稳态阶段在整个变形阶段的比例,从而加速试样变形破坏;荷载波形参数中上限应力和应力幅值对循环荷载作用下盐岩变形演化速率、试样损伤发展的影响最大。循环荷载作用下,盐岩弹性模量随循环次数或加载时间呈指数递减趋势,并在50～100个循环后其值接近常数;循环加载后二次压缩盐岩强化与否,取决于循环加载时所施加荷载水平是否造成盐岩内部损伤的累积,通过试验可间接推断盐岩三轴循环变形破坏的上限应力阈值为80%～89%。     

三轴低频循环荷载下盐岩体积应变特性研究

地下储气库围岩长期处于复杂疲劳应力状态下,盐岩三轴循环荷载下的变形规律对储气库稳定性分析有参考价值。对8个盐岩试块进行了不同围压、不同应力水平和不同频率条件下的循环荷载试验。对每一试块施加恒定围压和轴向低频循环荷载。对试验参数进行了无量纲处理,分析了应力比强度(广义剪应力强度与球应力的比值)、应力比振幅、上限应力水平、荷载频率、循环次数(N)等对体积应变(?v)的影响。利用函数?v=?lg N+?v0,对每一试块的体积应变–循环次数曲线进行了拟合分析,获得了参数?和?v0随应力比振幅、上限应力水平和频率变化的数学表达式。标准化回归系数分析表明,上限应力水平是影响盐岩体积变形的主要因素,其次是应力比振幅。在高上限应力水平三轴状态下,盐岩主要表现出体积扩大现象。     

现场点荷载试验经验公式分析

通过对巴基斯坦Neelum-Jhelum（N-J）水电站第三系Murree组砂质硬岩进行点荷载及单轴抗压强度试验,探讨基于点荷载强度快速推算单轴抗压强度转化系数取值问题。基于试验数据回归分析,给出了适用于N-J砂质硬岩的线性、指数型两种单轴抗压强度推算经验公式及其转化系数,并与先前所提经验公式进行了对比分析。点荷载试验转换后的强度参数可为隧道岩体质量分级提供理论依据。     

重复荷载作用下岩锚体系力学特性和黏结性能试验研究

 为研究岩锚体系在重复荷载作用下的性能,设计2组室内试验,试验采用钢筋锚固混凝土基体模拟岩锚体系。通过对体系施加重复荷载,得到在重复荷载作用下锚的拉拔力与位移的全过程;利用预埋在体系内部的应变片,实测锚束体–灌浆体界面的黏结应力分布及其变化规律,提出在重复荷载作用下的钢筋–混凝土界面的黏结应力分布特点。试验结果表明：2组试件在重复荷载作用下的破坏形式均为锚束体从灌浆体中拔出。为描述体系的破坏过程,基于试验结果及已有的研究成果,提出破坏过程中荷载位移变化的4个阶段。在此基础上,探讨破坏过程中界面上黏结力的变化特性,并根据不同阶段的临界位移,提出重复荷载作用下岩锚体系的设计建议。     

岩石点荷载试验在桩端持力层岩性检测中的应用与分析

通过对岩石点荷载试验方法的阐述,分析了岩石点荷载强度指数和标准岩石单轴抗压强度之间的关系,利用宣城几个工程基桩岩石持力层岩块的点荷载试验和标准抗压强度试验数据的相关关系分析,得出了宣城市泥质砂岩的点荷载强度和标准抗压强度之间的相关关系,确立了岩石点荷载试验在我市基桩持力层岩性鉴别中的应用可行性。     

岩石点荷载试验成果的统计方法及应用

通过对岩石点荷载和室内抗压强度试验的对比分析,总结出了点荷载强度指数Is(50)的统计方法,分析了强度转化系数K的特点,并对由点荷载试验得到的岩石单轴压强度的应用作了一定的探讨,这些对岩石点荷载试验在实际工作中的推广应用有一定的参考价值。     

强度破坏点后岩石应力-应变曲线荷载速率依存性研究

利用3种试验方法对在强度破坏点之后处于低应力下的岩石应力-应变曲线的荷载速率依存性进行研究。首先,对三城目安山岩、稻田花岗岩和田下凝灰岩进行交替变换荷载速率试验,按一定应变间隔Δε,对同一个试样交替施加高低2种不同的荷载速率,得到对应于2种荷载速率的应力-应变曲线。试验结果表明,在破坏点之后仍可以清楚地观察到应力-应变曲线的荷载速率依存性。其次,对三城目安山岩和稻田花岗岩在恒定速率下进行循环加载卸载试验,得到了应力-应变曲线上很多点处的卸载曲线。将在交替变换荷载速率试验中得到的对应于低荷载速率的应力-应变曲线沿着卸载曲线平移,可以与高荷载速率对应的应力-应变曲线重合。最后,对三城目安山岩、稻田花岗岩和田下凝灰岩进行组合试验,即对一个岩石试样施加2种交替变换荷载速率和循环加载卸载。结果表明组合试验具有操作简单性和很强的适应性,可以用来研究岩石强度破坏点处以及强度破坏点之后领域的荷载速率依存性,强度破坏点之后的应力变化率与强度点处的基本一致。     

Assessment of brittleness using rock strength and density with punch penetration test

Brittleness fracturing of rock is one of the most popular research areas in rock engineering, since some rocks show brittle fractures under loads. Direct standard testing method for measuring rock brittleness have not available yet. Therefore, rock brittleness is indirectly obtained as a function of rock strength. The aim of this study is not only to introduce direct method to measure rock brittleness as an index via punch penetration test, but also to investigate the relationship between intact rock properties (uniaxial compressive strength, Brazilian tensile strength, and density of rock) and the brittleness measured from the test. To obtain these objectives, rock cores were gathered from 48 tunnel projects throughout the world. Followings the sampling, the samples were prepared and relevant rock tests were carried out to establishment of dataset at the Earth Mechanics Institute of Colorado School of Mines in the USA. Consequently, using generated dataset, new brittleness index (BI_m) and rock brittleness classification was introduced base on type, strength and density of rock together with result of punch penetration test. Further, the rock brittleness index was predicted as a function of the uniaxial compressive strength, Brazilian tensile strength and density of rock with correlation coefficient of 0.94.     

2种岩石直接拉压作用下的力学性能试验研究

 利用Instron1342液压伺服机对2种典型硬岩和软岩试样进行单轴试验,包括单轴压缩试验和直接拉伸试验,研究这两种岩石在直接拉压作用下的力学性能,对比2种岩石的单轴抗压强度和单轴拉伸强度。试验过程中监测岩石试样的轴向应变和水平应变,并记录岩石试样的声发射特征,得到2种岩石在单轴拉压下的应力–应变曲线和声发射计数率曲线,对比2种岩石在单轴拉压下的声发射变化规律。试验发现,直接拉伸下2种岩石在加载初期较大范围内基本无声发射事件发生,直到破坏前声发射事件数才突然增大。讨论2种岩石在不同加载模式下的弹性模量和泊松比变化关系,发现单轴压缩下,硬岩的弹性模量随载荷变化先增大而后趋于稳定,当载荷超过单轴抗压强度的80%时又变小;而单轴拉伸下,硬岩的弹性模量初始较大,随后随着载荷增大而逐渐减小。单轴压缩下2种岩石的泊松比为0.2～0.3,而单轴拉伸下岩石的泊松比很小,几乎可以忽略。比较2种岩石的破坏角、内摩擦角以及黏聚力,讨论2种岩石在直接拉压作用下的不同破坏模式。利用三维表面形貌扫描仪对直接拉伸试样的破坏断面进行三维扫描,得到破坏面细观结构图和裂纹面表面粗糙度曲线。     

Strength classification of some nigerian limestones using the point load testing technique

The point load testing machine has been used to establish certain strength relationships obtained from the results of tests carried out on irregular lump specimens of some Nigerian limestones. The parameters used in the derivations of the relationships include the point load strength index (Is), shape factor (L/D), specimen thickness and the reduction ratio. The methods of rock classification by Deere and Miller and that proposed by Turk and Dearman have been slightly modified for the purpose of rock classification in the field. Based on the intact strength and Rock Mass Rating, the rock mass quality of some limestones from Southern Nigeria have been estimated.     

Evaluation of the block punch index test with particular reference to the size effect, failure mechanism and its effectiveness in predicting rock strength

Measurement of rock strength requires testing which must be carried out on test specimens of particular sizes in order to fulfill testing standards. Often, the coring process breaks up the weaker core pieces, and they are too small to be used in either conventional strength tests or index tests such as point load test. The block punch index (BPI) test, which requires flat disc specimens without special treatment has been developed during the last decade. This paper presents the results of a study of BPI test device to provide new contributions to previous works on size effect in BPI test using a wide range of rock types, in addition, to assess the effectiveness of the test in predicting rock strength by an experimental way. About 2600 disc specimens were tested, and the results were combined with those from previous works and analyzed using statistical and graphical methods. Finite element modeling was also conducted to evaluate the stress distribution created within the rock specimen by punching action of the test device. The test results suggested that size correction in the BPI test was indispensable. Using a very large test database, the size-correction factors suggested by previous workers were modified in the present study. The finite element modeling indicated that the failure surface initiated at the top of the specimen and propagated into the specimen. This demonstrated that failure was not produced by a true shearing. It was also noted that cohesion values predicted from BPI tests were greater than those obtained from conventional tests. Both of these results suggested that the BPI test was not an accurate device for directly determining shear strength of the rock specimen and should only be used as a strength index. The experimental results showed that the corrected BPI values led to lower errors in determining uniaxial compressive and tensile strength when compared to those from point load testing. Possible uses of the BPI in rock mass classification were also briefly reviewed and a strength classification based on BPI was suggested.     

基于组合权重–理想点法的应变型岩爆五因素预测分级

基于理想点法的基本理论,综合考虑了岩爆发生机理,选取围岩洞壁最大主应力与岩石单轴抗压强度的比值、围岩洞壁最大切向应力与岩石单轴抗压强度的比值、岩石单轴抗压强度与岩石单轴抗拉强度比值、岩石弹性能指数以及岩体完整性系数作为评判预测指标,通过层次分析法和熵权理论计算主客观权重,综合确定各个指标的权重系数,构建了应变型岩爆组合权重–理想点法预测分析模型。通过统计相关工程案例,利用模型进行工程实例分析,验证了该模型的可行性与适用性。基于岩爆预测分级模型,开发了相应程序,可以为类似工程岩爆预测与等级划分提供重要支撑。     

Assessment of relationships between drilling rate index and mechanical properties of rocks

This paper examines the relationships between drilling rate index (DRI) and some mechanical properties of rocks in order to evaluate the effect of strength and indexes of rock on rock drillability. For this purpose, some index properties (in situ Schmidt rebound hardness (SRH), Shore scleroscope hardness (SSH), and point load strength (PLS)) and strength properties (uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and Brazilian tensile strength (BTS)) values of 32 sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rock samples were determined. The relationships between DRI and both strength and indexes properties were evaluated using regression analysis and statistical methods. As a result, decreasing linear relationships were found between DRI and uniaxial compressive strength, Schmidt rebound hardness, Shore scleroscope hardness, diametral and axial point load strength.     

Research on unloading nonlinear mechanical characteristics of jointed rock masses

Geological environments of rock mass projects are always very complicated, and further investigations on rock mechanical characteristics are needed. There are considerable distinctions in rock mechanical characteristics under unloading and loading conditions. A series of tests are conducted to study the stress-strain relationship of rock masses under loading and unloading conditions. Also, the anisotropy, the size effect, and the rheological property of unloading rock mass are investigated. The tests presented in the paper include model test and granite rheological test, which are conducted considering geological condition, rock mass structure, in-situ stress field of the permanent shiplock of the Three Gorges Project. The main differences between loading and unloading rock masses are stress paths, yield criteria, deformation and strength parameters, etc.. Different structural plane directions affect unloading rock mass evidently. With increasing size, the tensile strength, the compressive strength, the deformation modulus, the Poisson’s ratio and the anisotropy of rock mass all decrease. For sandstone samples with parallel bedding planes, the cohesion c increases but the internal friction angle ? decreases under unloading condition when compared with the values under loading condition. While for samples with vertical bedding planes, the trend is adverse. The rheological property of rocks has close relationship with the tensile stresses of rock masses. When the sandstone samples are tested under high stress condition, their rheological properties are very obvious with the unloading of confining pressure, and three typical rheological stages are shown. Rheological rate changes with the variations in axial stress and confining pressure.     

地震载荷作用下岩质边坡应力状态调整与破坏规律分析

地震载荷导致岩质边坡内部应力状态调整,引发溃崩、抛射等多种破坏形式。通过对静态与地震载荷作用下岩质边坡内部单元体及结构面应力状态分析,研究了边坡内部应力状态调整规律。以岩石抗拉强度准则和摩尔-库伦强度准则为判据,推导出用于描述完整岩石和含结构面岩体破坏规律的公式。结合地震动力学理论,得到了边坡在地震作用下坡肩拉破坏与坡脚剪破坏的破坏机制,讨论了含结构面边坡的启滑条件与动态滑移过程。地震载荷施加于单元体上的附加应力正负交替,主平面轴动态旋转,边坡不同部位岩体出现拉、压不同的应力状态,破坏形式具有成层性,地震载荷扩大了诱发滑坡的结构面倾角范围。实例分析表明,应力状态分析方法能较好地反映边坡震害演化过程,为边坡震害分析与防治提供新思路。     

The use of point load test for Dubai weak calcareous sandstones

Intact rock is typically described according to its uniaxial compressive strength(UCS). The UCS is needed in the design of geotechnical engineering problems including stability of rock slopes and design of shallow and deep foundations resting on and/or in rocks. Accordingly, a correct measurement/evaluation of the UCS is essential to a safe and economic design. Typically, the UCS is measured using the unconfined compression tests performed on cylindrical intact specimens with a minimum length to width ratio of 2. In several cases, especially for weak and very weak rocks, it is not possible to extract intact specimens with the needed minimum dimensions. Thus, alternative tests(e.g. point load test, Schmidt hammer) are used to measure rock strength. The UCS is computed based on the results of these tests through empirical correlations. The literature includes a plethora of these correlations that vary widely in estimating rock strength. Thus, it is paramount to validate these correlations to check their suitability for estimating rock strength for a specific location and geology. A review of the available correlations used to estimate the UCS from the point load test results is performed and summarized herein. Results of UCS, point load strength index and Young's modulus are gathered for calcareous sandstone specimens extracted from the Dubai area. A correlation for estimating the UCS from the point load strength index is proposed. Furthermore, the Young's modulus is correlated to the UCS.     

Numerical study on tensile failures of heterogeneous rocks

Many experimental results have demonstrated the apparent discrepancy of a rock material between its flexural tensile strength measured using various bending methods and its tensile strength measured using direct tension method or Brazil disc(BD) method.To understand the physical mechanism for such discrepancy,numerical simulation using the realistic failure process analysis(RFPA) is carried out in this work to simulate the tensile failure of heterogeneous rocks.Direct tension and semi-circular bend(SCB)tests are simulated using RFPA for rock materials with different levels of inhomogeneity,which is characterized by the homogeneity index of the Weibull distribution used in RFPA.The numerical results show that the discrepancy in the tensile strength values is caused by the inhomogeneity of the rock material.Furthermore,non-local failure criterion is adopted to calculate the characteristic length of the rock materials used in the simulation.It is shown that below a certain value of the homogeneity index,both the characteristic length and discrepancy between two types of tensile strengths of rock decrease with increase of the homogeneity index up to a critical value,at which the discrepancy disappears and the rock material is essentially homogeneous.