不同添加物对羟丙基木薯淀粉流变特性的影响

淀粉糊流变特性是影响淀粉类食品加工品质的主要因素。利用流变仪测定了不同添加物质对羟丙基木薯淀粉流变特性的影响,结果表明:添加不同的物质均未改变羟丙基木薯淀粉糊的流体类型,各流变参数经Herschel-Bulkley模型进行拟合,拟合系数接近1。单甘酯、食盐、柠檬酸使羟丙基木薯淀粉糊的剪切应力不同程度降低,黏稠系数减小,流变特性指数增加;蔗糖酯、酪朊酸钠、黄原胶、CMC、瓜尔豆胶、蔗糖使羟丙基木薯淀粉糊的剪切应力明显提高,黏稠系数增加,流变特性指数减小。     

羟丙基木薯淀粉流变特性的研究

利用C-LTD80 RheolabQC流变仪,研究了不同质量浓度、温度、加热时间和pH值条件下羟丙基木薯淀粉糊的流变性。结果表明:羟丙基木薯淀粉糊是假塑性非牛顿流体,流变特性服从Herschel-Bulkley模型。随着质量浓度增大,非牛顿性增强,黏稠系数k增大;随着温度升高,非牛顿性减弱,黏稠系数k减小;随着加热时间延长,非牛顿性呈现先增强后趋于平稳的趋势,黏稠系数k先增大后减小;在pH2.5～11.5范围内,非牛顿性呈现先增强后减弱的趋势,黏稠系数k先增大后减小。     

不同亲水胶体对百合淀粉糊化及流变学特性的影响

通过向龙牙百合鳞茎淀粉中添加不同来源的亲水胶体(瓜尔豆胶、黄原胶、阿拉伯胶、果胶、魔芋胶、羟丙基甲基纤维素),测定其黏度、热力学及流变学特性的变化,探究不同亲水胶体对百合淀粉糊化及流变学特性的影响。结果表明:不同亲水胶体与淀粉的混合体系表现出不同的糊化及流变学特性。添加瓜尔豆胶后的混合体系峰值黏度、谷值黏度和最终黏度均提高,而添加其余胶体后均降低。差示扫描量热结果表明:羟丙基甲基纤维素使混合体系的峰值温度和终止温度降低,添加其余胶体后混合体系糊化温度升高;添加亲水胶体后,糊化温度范围减小,热焓值降低。百合淀粉及添加不同亲水胶体后的淀粉混合物均随剪切频率增大呈现剪切稀化现象,均为假塑性流体。添加瓜尔豆胶后混合体系弹性模量(G′)、黏性模量(G″)和稠度系数(K)显著提高,流动系数(n)降低,假塑性增强;而其余胶体混合体系的G′和G″的变化规律不同。明确不同种类亲水胶体对百合淀粉糊化和流变特性的影响,可为百合淀粉与亲水胶体复配在食品中的应用提供参考。     

黄原胶对莲藕淀粉糊化性质及流变与质构特性的影响

为探究亲水性胶体对淀粉性质的影响,将不同比例的黄原胶添加到莲藕淀粉中,研究两者复配后莲藕淀粉的糊化、流变、质构特性及微观结构的变化。结果表明：黄原胶提高了淀粉糊终值黏度、糊化峰值时间并降低淀粉的崩解值和回生值,复配体系有更好的热稳定性和抗老化性。添加不同比例的黄原胶使莲藕淀粉糊的剪切应力不同程度降低,稠度系数K增大,流体指数n降低,加入黄原胶后的淀粉糊仍为假塑性流体,但是具有更好的增稠作用;加入黄原胶提高了淀粉的贮能模量、损耗模量,降低了损耗角正切值tanδ,体系的黏弹性和稳定性增强,其中莲藕淀粉与黄原胶配比为8.0∶2.0（g/g）的复配体系增稠效果、黏弹性、稳定性最好。复配体系的硬度、内聚性、黏着性、咀嚼性降低,弹性略有增大,添加黄原胶形成的凝胶质地更柔软。扫描电子显微镜观察到添加黄原胶后淀粉内部形成更加均匀稳定的结构。     

加热过程对马铃薯淀粉糊流变特性的影响研究

为探讨马铃薯淀粉糊在加热过程中的流变特性,利用DV-I型旋转式黏度计对马铃薯淀粉糊进行流变性测定,并对其流变特性进行分析.结果表明:在讨论的加热温度范围内马铃薯淀粉糊是假塑性非牛顿流体,其流变特性服从幂律指数模型,随着加热温度的升高其稠度系数k减小,流变指数n基本上没有变化,随着浓度的增大其稠度系数k增大,流变指数n减小.     

三种羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯对木薯淀粉特性的影响

为了研究三种羟丙基取代度相同、交联程度不同的羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯（HDP）对木薯淀粉（TS）特性的影响，本文测定了三种羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯的交联度，进行了淀粉糊液状态观察，在木薯淀粉中分别添加三种羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯后，测定淀粉体系的冻融稳定性，并通过透明度测定、质构分析（TPA）和差示扫描量热法（DSC）对三种羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯的添加对木薯淀粉老化性质的影响进行了研究。研究发现，添加三种羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯均降低了木薯淀粉的析水率；在4℃储存过程中，添加羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯后，木薯原淀粉的硬度有所改善，其透明度下降速率变缓，熔融焓值（ΔH）降低。三种羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯的添加均改善了木薯淀粉的冻融稳定性，抑制了木薯淀粉的老化，而交联度较高的两种羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯效果更佳。     

添加剂对莲藕淀粉糊流变特性的影响

测定了不同添加物对莲藕淀粉糊剪切应力和表观黏度的影响,结果表明:添加剂不改变莲藕淀粉糊的流体类型;单甘酯、蔗糖、磷酸盐使莲藕淀粉糊的剪切应力不同程度降低,表观黏度也相应降低;CMC、食盐、黄原胶使莲藕淀粉糊的剪切应力明显提高,表观黏度稍有增大。     

羟丙基交联木薯淀粉对面团特性及挂面品质的影响

研究了羟丙基交联木薯淀粉对面团特性及挂面品质的影响,结果表明,羟丙基交联木薯淀粉可有效改善面团的面筋特性、粉质、拉伸和糊化特性,使面团的吸水率增大,提高糊化黏度和峰值时间,降低糊化温度、回生值和衰减值;添加0％～ 1.2％的羟丙基交联木薯淀粉可有效提高面团的面筋指数、稳定时间、拉伸能量、延伸度和拉伸阻力,降低弱化度;添加0％～0.8％的羟丙基交联木薯淀粉可有效延长面团的形成时间;添加羟丙基交联木薯淀粉可提高挂面的白度和亮度,增加挂面的弹性、硬度,改善挂面的烹煮品质;添加0％～1.2％的羟丙基交联木薯淀粉可有效改善生挂面的断裂强度,提高感官品质.综合分析,在本试验条件下,确定羟丙基交联木薯淀粉的最佳添加量为1.2％.     

羟丙基化对木薯淀粉糊性质的影响

羟丙基化对改善木薯淀粉糊的性质具有重要作用。作者用不同醚化程度的羟丙基木薯淀粉进行试验，测定其Ｂｒａｂｅｎｄｅｒ粘度性质、冻融稳定性和糊透明度。结果表明，羟丙基化能大大提高淀粉糊的热粘、冷粘稳定性和抗剪切性能，使糊的透明度和冻融稳定性增加，当分子取代度大于０．１时，冻融稳定性高达３５次以上。作者还发现，深度羟丙基化木薯淀粉具有特殊的絮凝性质，能溶于冷水，当水溶液加热到一定温度时，溶液发生浑浊，进而絮凝成为胶状物质。胶状物质可从热水中取出，并复溶于冷水，在热水中再絮凝成胶，重复多次。     

高取代度羟丙基木薯淀粉流变特性研究(I)流变特征及羟丙基取代度的影响

研究了高取代度羟丙基木薯淀粉溶液（分子取代度ＭＳ＝１．６～４．５）的流变特性及羟丙基取代度对流变特性的影响规律。结果表明，高取代度羟丙基木薯淀粉呈现假塑性流体特征，符合幂定律τ＝Ｋγｍ。ｍ值在０．７～０．８范围，表明羟丙基化使木薯淀粉偏近牛顿流体。高取代度羟丙基木薯淀粉具有触变性和剪切稀化性质，并随溶液浓度升高而增大。羟丙基取代度对木薯淀粉流变特性有很大影响，当ＭＳ≤３．５时，溶液的表观粘度和剪切稀化现象随ＭＳ的增高而减小，当ＭＳ＞３．５时，溶液的表观粘度和剪切稀化现象随ＭＳ的增高而增大。这种变化规律符合羟丙基化反应机理。     

Flow properties of fruit fillings

The flow properties of the fluid portion of fruit fillings were assessed to investigate the effects of gums. Results indicated that the shear rate–shear stress relations of the fluid portion of commercial fruit fillings and the model fillings made of waxy corn starch, fructose, citrate buffer, and a gum which could be guar gum, locust bean gum, CMC, xanthan gum or κ-carrageenan, fit well into the Herschel–Bulkley equation for pseudoplastic fluids. The fluid portion of the commercial fruit fillings was characterized with a yield stress between 39–51 Pa, a consistency index between 52–104 Pa·sⁿ, and a flow index (n) around 0.4. In addition, the shear rate–shear stress relations could be fitted into a modified Herschel–Bulkley equation with a flow index fixed at 0.4. Addition of guar gum, locust bean gum and CMC increased while xanthan gum and κ-carrageenan decreased the consistency and flow indices in the modified Herschel–Bulkley equation. The effect of gum addition on the apparent viscosity of model fillings varies with the type of gum, amount of addition, and shear rate.     

沙蒿籽胶对马铃薯淀粉凝胶的热学性能、质构特性、流变特性的影响

为探究沙蒿籽胶的提取工艺,并研究沙蒿籽胶对马铃薯淀粉凝胶特性的影响,采用超声波辅助水提法提取沙蒿籽胶,利用正交试验得出其最优条件,将其得到的沙蒿籽胶添加至马铃薯淀粉凝胶中,通过差示扫描量热仪、扫描电镜等研究其对淀粉糊各项性能的影响。结果表明:料液比为1:40,温度50 ℃,时间1.5 h,沙蒿籽胶得率最高,达20.7%;添加沙蒿籽胶后马铃薯淀粉凝胶的糊化起始温度和糊化终止温度升高,焓值ΔH增大;微观结构观察表明,添加较低水平（0.1%～0.5%）沙蒿胶量的淀粉糊网络结构越来越致密,孔洞分布均一,空隙较小;同时观察淀粉糊的质构特征发现硬度、弹性等均增大;动态流变实验表明,在较低水平（0.1%～0.5%）沙蒿籽胶添加量下,G'、G'值明显升高,马铃薯淀粉糊的粘弹性提高,tanδ值明显降低,随后在较高水平（1.0%）沙蒿籽胶添加量下,G'、G'值明显下降;静态流变实验表明,添加沙蒿籽胶处理的马铃薯淀粉均为假塑性流体,并且淀粉糊稠度系数K增大,流体指数n减小,沙蒿籽胶添加量为0.3%的马铃薯淀粉糊,触变环面积减少,体系的剪切稳定性提高。因此,添加较低水平（0.1%～0.5%）沙蒿籽胶能够增强马铃薯淀粉凝胶质构性能,过高添加量（1.0%）反而对其凝胶质构性能产生不利影响。     

纤维素纳米晶体对甘薯淀粉糊化特性和流变特性的影响

采用快速黏度分析仪以及流变仪分析纤维素纳米晶体对甘薯淀粉短期回生的影响。结果表明:随着0.03、0.06、0.09、0.12、0.15 g的纤维素纳米晶体添加到1.5 g甘薯淀粉中,其回生值明显低于纯淀粉。静态剪切流变测试结果表明,复合体系符合幂定律模型,是一种假塑性流体,剪切应力随着纤维素纳米晶体添加量增加而呈现降低趋势,稠度系数K减少,流体指数n增大。动态黏弹性测试结果表明,纤维素纳米晶体增强了体系的流体性。纤维素纳米晶体是一种有前景的淀粉短期回生抑制剂。     

湿热处理对甘薯淀粉流变特性的影响

目的:采用HAAKE MARSⅢ型流变仪研究不同湿热处理条件下甘薯淀粉的流变性。方法:通过控制湿热处理的水分(10%~30%)、温度(90~130 ℃)和时间(4~12 h)对甘薯淀粉进行湿热改性。结果:原淀粉与湿热改性淀粉的糊具有明显的剪切稀化行为,其流变曲线也服从Herschel-Bulkley模型。不同湿热处理条件下得淀粉糊浓度系数K、屈服应力τ₀均低于原淀粉(K_原=14.816 Pa·sn,τ_0原=10.322 Pa),流动特性指数n高于原淀粉(n_原=0.47)。随着湿热处理水分、温度与时间的增加,淀粉糊的K逐渐减小,τ₀则先增后减,湿热处理水分20%,温度110 ℃,时间8 h的屈服应力最大(τ_0上行线=5.683 Pa,τ_0下行线=12.423 Pa)。动态流变学特性表明:不论湿热改性与否,甘薯淀粉糊的储能模量(G')均大于损耗模(G″)。并且相对于原淀粉,湿热改性甘薯淀粉糊的黏弹性明显增加。结论:经过湿热处理,甘薯淀粉糊的浓度系数与屈服应力下降,非牛顿性减弱,黏弹性显著提高,更适合作为食品加工的辅料和添加剂。     

Influence of selected hydrocolloids on triticale starch rheological properties

The aim of the study was to define the influence of selected nonstarch polysaccharides (guar gum, xanthan gum and arabic gum) on several rheological properties of triticale starch pastes/gels, at constant polysaccharide concentration (6.5 g/100 g). These included pasting characteristics, flow curves at 50 °C and mechanical spectra at 25 °C. It was found that the presence of a gum in a system modified the rheological properties of triticale starch gels/pastes, depending on the type and concentration of the gums. In the case of guar and xanthan gums, higher pasting viscosity was observed and the shear stress was increased compared with native starch. The presence of guar gum reduced the degree of thixotropy hysteresis, negative values for this being found for systems with xanthan in spite of their shear‐thinning behaviour. Systems containing arabic gum displayed lower values of pasting and flow viscosity. The type and concentration of gums added to the polysaccharide influenced the viscoelastic properties of the gels.     

Time‐Independent and Time‐Dependent Rheological Characterization of Dispersions with Varying Contents of Chickpea Flour and Gum Arabic Employing the Multiple Loop Experiments

The chickpea (Cicer arietinum) flour dispersions as the model system with different contents of flour (37% to 43%) and gum arabic (0% to 5%) were subjected to multiple loop experiments for simultaneous determination of the time‐independent and time‐dependent rheological characteristics. The Herschel–Bulkley model was suitable (0.993 ≤ r ≤ 0.999) to relate the time‐independent characteristics linking shear stress and shear rate data for the individual upward and downward curves. The yield stress, consistency index, and apparent viscosity increased with the increasing flour and/or gum contents while flow behavior index (n) decreased. The yield stress generally decreased with the number of loops but n increased. In the individual loop tests, the n values for the decreasing shear stress/shear rate curves were always higher than corresponding increasing curves meaning a shift toward Newtonian characteristics. The time‐independent properties (yield stress, apparent viscosity, consistency index, and n), the time‐dependent characteristics like the area of the loop, and liquid characteristics like pourability and the nonoral sensory attributes (viscosity, spreadability, and tackiness) were individually predicted by artificial neural networks wherein the root mean square errors were between 3.6% and 17.2%. The sensory assessment indicated that the desirable parameters for a free‐flowing and easily pourable spherical chickpea batter droplets occurred when the average pourability and spreadability values were 6.9 and 5.9, respectively. The normalized indices for these 2 parameters indicated that the batter having 40% flour and 2% gum contents was most suitable exhibiting a deviation of only 10% from the ideal sensory scores; these values were 40% and 0% to 3%, and 43% and 0%, respectively exhibiting up to 20% deviation.     

THE FLOW PROPERTIES OF NATIVE, HEAT-MOISTURE TREATED, AND ANNEALED STARCHES FROM WHEAT, OAT, POTATO AND LENTIL

The effect of heat-moisture treatment (30% moisture, 100C, 16 h) and annealing (75 % moisture, 50C, 72 h) on the flow behavior of gelatinized starch pastes from wheat, oat, lentil and potato starches were studied at a concentration of 6% starch with a cone and plate viscometer (Wells Brookfield RVTDV II CP 200). The power law rheological model (σ=Kγⁿ) was used to describe the flow behavior of the above starch pastes. All native starches exhibited a non-Newtonian shear thinning behavior. A thixotropic loop was evident only in oat starches and native potato starch. Among native starches, the magnitude of the shear thinning index (n) followed the order: oat > wheat > lentil > potato, while the corresponding order for the consistency index (K) was: potato > lentil > wheat > oat. Heat-moisture treatment decreased the K value of all starches. On annealing, K decreased in wheat and lentil starches, but increased in potato and oat starches. Heat-moisture treatment and annealing increased the n value of wheat, lentil and potato starches, but decreased that of oat starch. In all starches, the modification to the flow behavior was more marked on heat-moisture treatment than on annealing.