A Flux-Density-Based Electromagnetic Servo System for Real-Time Magnetic Servoing/Tracking

The goal of this paper is to develop an electromagnetic servo system for two kinds of multiaxis motion control, namely magnetic servoing and magnetic tracking. Based on the proposed space vector expression that is a function of magnetic flux density for estimating the relative position from a magnet to a Hall probe, the magnetic servoing can achieve a contouring control with respect to a fixed magnet, and the magnetic tracking can track a moving magnet. The proposed flux-density-based feedback control is a fully closed-loop scheme, which involves an inner position control loop and an outer magnetic control loop. Experiments are presented to demonstrate the validity of the space vector expression in terms of flux density and the feasibility of the electromagnetic servo system using flux density feedback control.     

一种用于氪原子的环形永磁体塞曼减速器

基于激光冷却与囚禁原理的原子阱痕量分析技术,可以对氪的放射性同位素进行高灵敏度检测,在地球物理与环境科学领域具有广泛应用。塞曼减速器可用于产生连续低速的原子束流,是原子阱痕量分析系统中的关键部件之一。采用永磁体设计的塞曼减速器组装和调试方便,磁场强度稳定,且不需要恒流电源和冷却装置,因此获得了越来越多的关注和研究。文中基于环形永磁体设计了一种用于氪原子的塞曼减速器,通过有限元分析得到了减速器磁场的空间分布,根据设计参数制造了环形永磁体塞曼减速器,测量了轴线上的磁场分布。减速器长度51.2 cm,有效减速区域长度46.9 cm,实测磁场与理论减速磁场最大偏差小于3.6 G,平均偏差1.3 G。进一步模拟了原子束流在设计磁场和实测磁场下的减速过程,并分析了磁场的径向变化对于原子束流减速的影响规律,结果表明:当原子束流直径小于20 mm时,该塞曼减速器可将初速度最大为250 m/s的氪原子减速至50 m/s。     

Modeling of prosthetic limb rotation control by sensing rotation of residual arm bone

We proposed a new approach to improve the control of prosthetic arm rotation in amputees. Arm rotation is sensed by implanting a small permanent magnet into the distal end of the residual bone, which produces a magnetic field. The position of the bone rotation can be derived from magnetic field distribution detected with magnetic sensors on the arm surface, and then conveyed to the prosthesis controller to manipulate the rotation of the prosthesis. Proprioception remains intact for residual limb skeletal structures; thus, this control system should be natural and easy-to-use. In this study, simulations have been conducted in an upper arm model to assess the feasibility and performance of sensing the voluntary rotation of residual humerus with an implanted magnet. A sensitivity analysis of the magnet size and arm size was presented. The influence of relative position of the magnet to the magnetic sensors, orientation of the magnet relative to the limb axis, and displacement of the magnetic sensors on the magnetic field was evaluated. The performance of shielding external magnetostatic interference was also investigated. The simulation results suggest that the direction and angle of rotation of residual humerus could be obtained by decoding the magnetic field signals with magnetic sensors built into a prosthetic socket. This pilot study provides important guidelines for developing a practical interface between the residual bone rotation and the prosthesis for control of prosthetic rotation.      

W波段三次谐波回旋振荡管的模拟与设计

研究了影响毫米波谐波回旋管互作用效率的多个因素,通过采用三次谐波工作,94 GHz回旋管的工作磁场降低到了1.185 T,使采用永磁体取代超导磁体成为可能.利用自洽非线性计算和粒子模拟研究了回旋振荡管的注-波互作用过程,发现了腔体品质因数与互作用效率的内在联系,研究了工作电压和电子注横纵速率比对耦合强度的影响,考虑了磁场渐变及电子注速度离散对互作用效率的影响,通过选择合理的工作模式和系统参数,当工作电压为40 kV、工作电流为12 A、电子注横向速度离散为3%时获得了95 kW的输出功率及19.7%的效率.当采用单级降压收集极后,效率可以进一步提高到39.2%.     

一维阵列电子注平面聚焦系统磁场分布特性

针对平面集成行波管对一维阵列电子注聚焦的应用需求,设计了4通道电子注平面磁聚焦系统。将各通道磁场轴向和横向分量沿轴分布特征计算结果与测试结果进行对比,确认了Opera软件计算磁场分布特征的准确性。为与轴对称周期永磁(PPM)聚焦系统电子注通道内磁场分布特性进行对比,建立了轴对称PPM聚焦系统模型,测试结果与计算结果一致性较好。通过平面聚焦系统与轴对称PPM聚焦系统电子注通道内的磁场纵向和横向分布特性对比表明,两种聚焦系统电子注通道内纵向和横向磁场具有相同的分布特征,在离轴相同位置的圆周上横向磁场分量与轴向分量的比值均为B_x/B_z≈0.11,该平面聚焦系统可实现一维阵列圆形电子注的良好聚焦。     

A 5-by-5 element coupled oscillator-based phased array

Design, fabrication, and test of a 25-element planar coupled oscillator based phased array is described. The array operates at S-band and is shown to produce an agile beam which is steerable via adjustment of the perimeter oscillator tuning biases only. A phase diagnostic system is described which displays the aperture phase distribution during the far field measurements of the radiated beam. Measured results are presented both with and without the diagnostic system present. Without the diagnostic system, the beam pointing was achieved by setting the perimeter oscillator biases to be values previously used in the measurements with the diagnostic system present. The far field was then measured without the benefit of a knowledge of the aperture phase distribution. Finally, the results of far field measurements are described in which the beam position was incremented from a position previously measured with the diagnostic system in place to a new position by incrementing the perimeter oscillator biases by a fixed amount.     

X波段低磁场相对论返波管振荡器实验研究

基于现有永磁磁体的参数,并结合高功率微波器件的优点,设计了一个X 波段低磁场相对论返波管振荡器,当引导磁场强度为0. 48T、二极管束压和束流分别为530 kV 和7. 0 kA 时,通过粒子模拟软件得到频率9. 42 GHz、功率1. 11GW 的模拟微波输出,器件束波转换效率30%。在强流电子束加速器平台上进行实验研究,当二极管电压500kV、电流6. 2kA、引导磁场强度0. 46T 时,得到频率为9. 40GHz、功率为900MW、脉宽为32ns 的微波输出。该实验结果为低磁场器件实现高功率、高效率微波输出及永磁包装打下了良好的基础。     

轻便型钐镨钴永磁迴路

正 (一)引言 本文介绍3cm波段速调管上使用的均匀场聚焦钐镨钴(Sm Pr Co)永磁迴路。它的磁间隙长度Lg=67.3mm,间隙处均匀区最强场强Bmax=2700 Gs,均匀区的场强波动为4％。SmPrCo磁钢重5kg,磁系统总重量为8.6kg,用于峰值功率为50kw的速调管,获得了满意的结果。电子束通过率达9899％。(二)磁迴路的设计和结果 聚焦磁场决定于电子枪的光学系统、高频互作用区和进入     

The design and performance of grid-controlled, high-perveance electron guns

The focusing electrode and a probe projecting through the cathode serve as control electrodes for the current from a convergent-beam electron gun. The principal advantage of this type of "grid" is that there is no interception of the high-current-density beam by the probe-grid. This paper presents the design procedure and experimental results for typical probe-gridded guns. The design procedure is used to obtain the desired perveance, beam diameter, and approximate laminar electron flow. The probe geometry that results in a minimum beam distortion is discussed. The range of values of amplification factor obtainable and the influence of probe geometry on this factor are discussed. The magnetic field required for focusing the beam from a probe-gridded gun is compared with that required for perfect laminar flow and for focusing the beam from a nongridded gun of similar design. An electrolytic tank in conjunction with an analog computer was used to plot electron trajectories, with the effect of space charge included, for the probe-gridded gun and a similar nongridded gun. A comparison of the electron optics of the gridded and nongridded gun is made. Electrical breakdown and beam current during the interpulse time are problems considered. Methods used to minimize electrical breakdown and interpulse beam current are presented. Several models of probe-gridded guns were constructed. The measured characteristics of these guns demonstrate that the advantages of grid control can be obtained with only a minor effect on gun perveance and beam focusing.     

Focusing of an Electron Beam from a Low-noise Gun with Different Magnet Systems†* Part IV. Trajectories of the Outermost Electron in a Beam Focused by a Periodic Permanent Magnet

This paper deals with the traces described by the outermost electron in a beam produced by a magnetically immersed electron gun and focused by a periodic permanent magnet in the drift region. The beam profiles have been computed by use of a fast computer for three types of magnetic flux density distribution in the transition interval between the gun and the drift regions.

In the first series of solutions, the uniform magnetic field over the gun region connects directly "with the rising part of the sinusoidally varying magnetic field. With the period of the alternating flux held constant, proper and improper flux densities in the gun and helix regions produce, respectively, acceptable or runaway electron beams. In the second series of computations, a compensating field in the form of a dent is introduced over the intervening space between the gun and drift regions. Variations are made in the magnitude of the gun field and the amplitude and period of the alternating field. Satisfactory profiles are obtained when these parameters have optimum values; incompatibility between high flux densities and large period of the magnets is indicated by the ever-growing beam ripples. In the third series, beam profiles are computed for the cases when optimum spatial period of the magnet is used and the magnitudes of flux densities in the gun, transition, and helix regions are altered. Very high gun fields are not conducive to producing good electron transmission, while judicious choice of compensating field leads to smooth beams even with comparatively low flux densities in both the gun and helix regions.

There are other modes of flux distribution over the gun and the transition regions which also provide both good electron transmission and noise performance, but these are not considered here.     

基于线性霍尔传感器的角度测量的非线性校正方法研究

本文提出了一种基于线性霍尔传感器的角度测量的非线性校正方法,在固定磁铁上绕制一定匝数的线圈,线圈产生的磁场与磁铁产生的磁场垂直,空间磁场为上述两个磁场的叠加,固定霍尔传感器的位置,同时保持控制电流不变,让磁铁绕霍尔传感器旋转产生角度的变换,霍尔传感器输出电压也将产生变化。对增加线圈和不增加线圈两种结构进行理论分析和仿真,从仿真结果看,霍尔电压与夹角的关系曲线明显线性增加,测量范围扩大,在角度测量中具有独特的优点。同时设计了传感器硬件电路,进行了实验测量,仿真和实测结果表明：该方法具有电路简单、实时性好、频率相应快、抗干扰能力强、安装调试方便等特点。     

低磁场S波段相对论返波振荡器模拟与实验

为实现高功率微波(HPM)系统的小型化,设计一个S波段较低磁场相对论返波管(RBWO)振荡器.针对低磁场特点,分析慢波结构、引导磁场、束压、束流等对输出微波的影响,通过模拟软件(PIC)优化结构.以此设计引导磁场为0.24 T,电子束束压为725 kV,束流为6 kA,频率为3.53 GHz,输出微波功率为1.22 G...     

行波管中周期永磁聚焦系统的研究

主要讲述了电子注在周期永磁聚焦系统中的运动和磁场选择不当时电子注的脉动情况以及电子注流通率与磁场强度的关系.实验发现,磁场强度并不是越大越好,磁场只在一定范围内才能实现电子注的聚束,电子注流通率与磁场强度成抛物线关系,磁场范围的选取应根据实际情况选择合适的范围.     

Electron-beam flow in superimposed periodic and uniform magnetic fields

Theoretical and experimental results are presented on the focusing of an electron beam by means of a magnet structure which produces, along the axis of the beam, a periodic magnetic field superimposed on a uniform field. The relation between space-charge and magnetic-field parameters for minimum ripple is derived. The flow in superimposed uniform and periodic magnetic fields is shown to be degraded from the flow of electrons in a magnetic field which has a sinusoidal variation along the axis. The results indicate the flow conditions to be expected, where such combined fields are unavoidable. The focusing of electron beams in this type of superimposed magnetic field and in Brillouin flow are compared.     

PSD233型位置敏感元件的特性及其在AFM中的应用

给出了自制的 3mm× 3mm位置敏感元件 (PSD)的光谱响应特性 ,覆盖从紫外光、可见光到红外光 (32 0～115 0nm)的广阔区域 .采用光束偏转法对其时间响应特性和位置敏感特性进行测定 .阐述了PSD在卧式原子力显微镜 (AFM)系统中的应用 ,介绍了卧式AFM的工作原理和控制系统 ,提供了部分样品的AFM扫描图像 .结果表明 ,该AFM系统具有较高的成像效率以及良好的工作稳定性、图像重复性和对比度 ,系统的最大扫描范围为 5 μm× 5 μm ,分辨率达到 1nm量级 ,表明PSD在光谱响应、时间响应和位置敏感特性等方面具有优良性能     

An Accurate Probe for Mapping Strong HF Magnetic Fields

Design, calibration, and performance of an HF magnetic field probe based on photoammeter principles are discussed. The probe is minimally field perturbing, measures an average value of magnetic field over a 2 cm2 area, has precision to ±1 percent of full scale values, and has an accuracy of ±5 percent. The probe can measure orthogonal components of a field, and in that sense is a vector probe. Relative phases of orthogonal field components are not measured, however. The probe is useful in measuring and mapping relatively intense magnetic fields of known frequency (e.g., 80 A/m at 13.56 MHz) such as those used in hyperthermia for cancer treatment with magnetic induction techniques. Accurate magnetic field measurements permit a determination of the absorbed power densities that result in tissue heating.     

PSD安装倾斜误差对光斑定位影响的研究

针对入射光能量为高斯分布时,位置敏感探测器(PSD)安装倾斜影响光斑定位的问题,建立了光斑定位畸变误差数学模型,并进行了仿真。仿真结果表明,光斑定位畸变误差随着PSD倾斜角度、高斯光束的束腰半径和与光束束腰之间的距离的增加而增加,其中前两项的变化对PSD光斑定位精度的影响在小范围内可以忽略,最后一项影响较大。所建立的光斑定位畸变误差模型及仿真结果为PSD的实际工程应用提供了有效的理论依据。     

Transport of intense light ion beams

Theoretical and experimental research concerning two techniques for transporting intense light ion beams is described. The first technique uses the magnetic field associated with a wall-stabilized z-discharge to radially confine and guide the beam, and the second technique uses the magnetic field from a central current-carrying wire. The ion beam for the experiments is generated and weakly focused onto the aperture of the transport system using a pinch-reflex ion diode on the Naval Research Laboratory Gamble II generator. Typically 1.2-MeV, 100-kA proton beams are transported within radii as small as 1 cm. High-efficiency transport of beams has been demonstrated for both techniques over distances of a few metes. Beam charge and current neutralization were also confirmed. Nuclear diagnostics and shadowboxes were used to measure beam transport efficiency and phase space information for comparison with theoretical predictions. Particle transport efficiencies as high as 100% for the z-discharge technique and 80% for the wire-guided technique were observed     

RKA 引导磁场设计研究

本文为RKA 设计了一套秒级脉冲磁场系统,该系统主要由磁场线圈和磁场电源两部分组成,磁场线圈通过迭代 获得所需截面形状,之后进行了必要的电磁参数设计,对与之配套的磁场电源提出了主要技术要求和时序控制问题。最 后初步测试了RKA 磁场位形情况,经测试,该秒级脉冲磁场性能稳定,满足RKA 磁场约束要求。     

激光等离子体冕区自生磁场的实验研究

采用630.3nm光探针的Faraday施转法测量了激光等离子体冕区的自生磁场.实验结果证实了Colombant从理论上提出的“热力源”是产生自生磁场的重要源项之一.