不同应力条件下硬岩强度与破裂特性试验研究

深部工程围岩内的岩石可能处于一维、二维和三维应力状态下,分别对应室内单轴压缩、双轴压缩和真三轴压缩试验中岩样的应力状态.通过开展单轴、双轴和真三轴压缩试验,系统研究了不同应力状态和水平下岩石非常规破坏的发生机制.不同高宽比和宽厚比岩样的单轴压缩试验结果表明:随着岩样厚度的增加,单轴抗压强度单调增加;随着岩样高度的增加,...     

含预制缺陷类岩体模型破断试验与分析

为了探究内部缺陷形状由裂隙至圆孔的变化对类岩体脆性材料破断模式与特征的影响,构建了含缺陷的单轴压缩力学模型,并利用水泥砂浆材料制作类岩体试样,系统地研究了缺陷形状由裂隙至圆孔变化过程中含缺陷试件的强度变化特征和裂纹演化扩展机制。结果表明:当荷载方向与缺陷长轴垂直时,缺陷周边应力集中在长短轴端点处且与缺陷无关;缺陷对试样峰值强度影响较为明显,在缺陷形状由裂隙向圆孔变化的过程,峰值强度降低幅度逐渐增大;缺陷变化对试样的裂纹起裂与裂纹扩展的影响不显著;缺陷试样的最终破坏模式可划分为剪切破坏和拉-剪混合破坏,当m值大于0.60时破坏模式为剪切破坏,当m值小于0.33时破坏模式为拉-剪混合破坏。     

含齿形裂隙类岩石材料单轴压缩试验研究

为研究含齿形裂隙岩石在单轴压缩下的破坏特征及强度特性,制作了含不同裂隙倾角和起伏角的齿形裂隙类岩石材料试件,并采用岩石力学伺服试验机进行单轴压缩试验。试验结果表明：（1）试件主要产生拉伸、剪切和拉剪复合裂纹,且根据裂纹的扩展路径可划分为A型（拉伸破坏）、B型（剪切破坏）、C型（复合破坏）3种破坏模式,裂隙倾角对试件最终破坏模式影响显著;（2）当裂隙倾角较小时,试件应力—应变曲线为多峰曲线,随着裂隙倾角的增大,曲线呈单峰形式,表现为延性减弱,脆性增强,而裂隙倾角相同但起伏角不同的试件应力—应变曲线大致相同;（3）当裂隙起伏角相同时,试件当量峰值强度随裂隙倾角的增大呈先减小后增大的规律,且裂隙起伏角对试件当量峰值强度的影响小于裂隙倾角。     

循环扰动荷载作用下花岗岩中裂隙萌生扩展过程的颗粒流模拟

从细观角度、采用颗粒离散元法开展了预制裂隙花岗岩循环加卸载的数值模拟试验。首先,使用图像处理技术识别花岗岩中的不同细观组分、结合室内单轴压缩试验结果对细观力学参数进行了标定。然后,通过编制颗粒流代码追踪裂隙的类型和扩展过程,分析岩石破坏过程中裂隙发展的阶段性特征。结果表明:不同倾角裂隙岩石的新生裂隙走向与预制裂隙贯通方向基本一致;根据新生裂隙的优势倾向分组得到裂隙起裂角与预制裂隙倾角的关系:倾角β≤45°时剪切和张拉裂隙的起裂角单调递减,倾角β≥60°时剪切和张拉裂隙的起裂角单调递增;循环扰动荷载增加了裂隙岩体的轴向变形,轴向累积残余应变曲线呈反S形、提高扰动荷载应力上限促使曲线进入加速阶段;试件峰值强度随裂隙倾角增大表现出先减小后增大的趋势,峰值强度为实验室完整岩石单轴抗压强度的63% ~ 89%,反映了较为明显的劣化现象;在循环荷载作用下,剪切裂隙和张拉裂隙增长曲线表现出明显的变化特点,在裂隙不稳定扩展阶段中张拉裂隙数目增长速率显著大于剪切裂隙,对分析岩石变形破坏过程具有一定的参考意义。      

预制裂隙花岗岩的强度特征与破坏模式试验

为了探究单轴压缩条件下裂隙岩石的强度特性、裂纹起裂规律及破坏模式, 采用水刀切割技术预制裂隙花岗岩试件, 利用GAW2000刚性试验机对单裂隙花岗岩试样进行单轴压缩试验.试验结果表明: 与完整试样相比, 裂隙岩石试样单轴抗压强度明显降低, 降低幅度与预制裂隙和外荷载方向的夹角β密切相关, β=75°时, 强度最低, 降幅达到84.5%, 基于最大畸变能准则计算了裂隙花岗岩的峰值抗压强度与裂隙倾角的关系, 试验结果与数值解吻合; 裂隙的存在改变了岩石的破坏模式, 裂纹起裂角随裂隙倾角的增加而单调增大, 岩石试样的破坏模式由剪切破坏为主转变为张拉破坏占主导.真实裂隙岩石试样的力学性质及裂纹起裂特征更准确地揭示了单裂隙花岗岩的强度变化规律和破坏模式, 为岩土工程设计和巷道裂隙围岩体的支护提供科学依据.      

单轴压缩试验中减弱端部效应新型方法研究

为了减弱端部效应对单轴抗压强度测量的影响,提出一种新型的单轴压缩试验方法.该方法采用与试件材质相同的岩石作为垫块进行单轴压缩试验,设置了(25+50+25)mm和(20+60+20)mm 2种试件高度组合进行试验,并与高度为50 mm、60 mm的单一试件的试验结果进行对比.结果表明:该新型试验方法可以降低单轴压缩试验...     

Characterization of Strength and Deformation of Jointed Rock Mass Based on Statistical Analysis

This paper deals with the statistical analysis of the uniaxial compressive strength and of the elastic modulus of jointed rock masses under different confining pressures. Properties of the rock masses with different joint fabric, with and without gouge have been considered in the analysis. A large amount of experimental data of jointed rock masses from the literature has been compiled and used for this statistical analysis. The uniaxial compressive strength of a rock mass has been represented in a nondimensional form as the ratio of the compressive strength of the jointed rock to the intact rock. In the case of the elastic modulus, the ratio of elastic modulus of jointed rock to that of intact rock at different confining pressures is used in the analysis. The effect of the joints in the rock mass is taken into account by a joint factor. The joint factor is defined as a function of joint frequency, joint orientation, and joint strength. Several empirical relationships between the strength and deformation properties of jointed rock and the joint factor have been arrived at via statistical analysis of the experimental data. A comparative study of these relationships is presented. The effect of confining pressure on the elastic modulus of the jointed rock mass is also considered in the analysis. These empirical relationships are incorporated in a nonlinear FEM code to carryout the equivalent continuum analysis of jointed rock masses. The method presented in this paper recognizes that the jointed rock mass will act both as an elastic material and a discontinuous mass. The results obtained by the model with equivalent properties of the jointed rock mass predict fairly well the behavior of jointed rock mass.     

不同应力路径下岩石细观力学性能离散元研究

岩体工程中的应力状态对围岩的稳定性具有重要影响。为研究地下巷道中岩体应力状态对围岩稳定性的影响规律,基于离散元理论,对地下巷道开挖过程的应力状态进行分析,开展了围压卸载—轴压增加、围压卸载—轴压不变和围压卸载—轴压减少3种不同卸载路径下的三轴压缩数值模拟试验,并与常规三轴压缩试验进行对比,分析了不同应力路径下的岩石宏观强度特征及细观损伤过程差异性。结果表明：强度准则和应力张量状态不受卸载路径的影响,但不同应力路径下岩体的损伤过程不同,围压卸载—轴压不变应力路径下的微观裂纹发育最密集,而围压卸载—轴压增加应力路径下的裂纹丛集速度最快。研究结果可为地下巷道开挖过程中的围岩应力卸载破坏分析提供参考。     

红砂岩单轴压缩试验的率效应研究

利用MTS 322试验机对均质红砂岩进行了低加载（应变）率范围内不同量级的单轴压缩试验，考察了加载率对压缩强度、切线弹模和破坏应变的率效应影响规律。试验过程中采用位移控制加载，对应的加载量级分别为0.12，1.2，12，120 mm/min。研究结果表明：位移控制加载率与试样实际加载率、应变率之间均存在良好的线性关系。不同加载速率下岩石材料的单轴压缩强度、切线弹模随着加载率的增加呈现增加趋势，单轴压缩强度增加了11%，切线弹模增加了13%，率效应显著。通过试验数据发现，破坏应变与应变率（加载率）之间无相关性，不具有率效应规律，故强度准则应该是应力准则而不是应变准则。     

含端部裂隙大理岩单轴压缩破坏及能量耗散特性

对含端部双裂隙?50 mm×50 mm的圆柱体大理岩试样进行单轴压缩试验,并利用高速摄影仪实时记录试样破坏过程,研究了端部裂隙长度和倾角对大理岩力学特性及裂纹扩展规律的影响。研究表明,当裂隙长度达到门槛值前,试样的单轴抗压强度的弱化程度较低,弹性模量、峰值应变的变化较小。相对垂直裂隙,相同长度的倾斜裂隙对大理岩的影响更加显著。试验结果与理论分析均表明,裂纹一般不从端部垂直裂隙尖端起裂,试样的起裂裂纹大多发展为主裂纹,扩展过程中较少产生分支与分叉,试样表面会产生局部剥落,倾斜裂隙试样宏观上呈剪切或拉剪复合破坏,垂直裂隙试样呈劈裂拉伸破坏。试样能耗参数与单轴抗压强度的变化趋势一致,试样总应变能和其单轴抗压强度有较好的正相关关系。最后,比较了动、静载荷作用下含端部裂隙大理岩力学响应与裂纹扩展过程的差异。      

我国大变形锚杆研究现状及发展趋势

系统地介绍了我国大变形锚杆的研发现状。通过总结分析现有锚杆设计方案,提出了基于作用机理的大变形锚杆类型划分建议;选取5种典型的设计方案解析了各类型大变形锚杆的优缺点;在此基础上,进一步总结了现有技术方案存在的主要问题,据此对大变形锚杆未来发展趋势提出了几点认识。研究认为:我国大变形锚杆可划分为结构型、材料本质型和其他类型三大类;结构型大变形锚杆包含摩擦型、剪切型和活塞型3个亚类;为进一步促进大变形锚杆的发展,针对结构型锚杆应进一步优化结构、优选锚杆材料、优化制造工艺并保证产品质量稳定性;加大新型杆体材料的开发与应用研究力度;发展具有监测功能的大变形锚杆,将监测技术与大变形锚杆设计相融合,拓展大变形锚杆的应用前景。     

基于DIC的含3D打印起伏节理试样破裂特性及损伤本构

受地质构造的影响,岩体工程中经常赋存起伏结构面(如扭转皱褶),由于形态复杂,目前起伏节理岩体的破裂及损伤本构研究仍不充分. 采用3D打印技术制作不同倾角的起伏节理模型,通过单轴压缩试验和数字图像相关技术(DIC)对起伏节理试样的力学及破裂特性进行研究,并基于断裂力学原理,首次提出采用DIC位移场求解节理尖端应力强度因子(SIF:一型SIF,K_I;二型SIF,K_II)进而探究损伤本构特性的思路. 结果表明:通过分析最小强度确定了起伏节理对试样的损伤上限为46.6%,起伏节理试样单轴强度对倾角的敏感性大于平直节理试样;起裂发生在峰值应力附近,破裂过程可分为破裂路径上微裂隙的产生和同步贯通,破裂模式表现为多条裂隙张剪组合模式;峰前SIF随荷载增加而增加,峰后同一荷载下K_II>K_I,节理左右两端均匀以剪切裂隙形式扩展;起伏节理对试样的损伤与倾角呈正弦关系,节理和荷载对试样的总损伤与应变均大致呈“S”型曲线.      

基于L型回弹仪的岩石力学特性试验研究

通过开展岩石静力学试验获取岩石力学参数对于优化露天台阶爆破方案和改善爆破效果具有重要意义。以国内某露天铜矿矿岩为研究对象,使用冲击动能为0.735 Nm的HM-82L型回弹仪对岩体的力学特性开展原位试验研究。此外,在现场钻取岩芯制备标准试样,使用SET-PLT-02型声波测试仪进行波速测试,并基于MTS-322液压伺服力学试验机开展系列力学试验。现场回弹试验结果表明：矿区南端斑岩的回弹值大于北端矽卡岩的回弹值,且回弹值随岩体风化程度的增大而逐渐减小;室内物理力学试验结果表明岩体波速、单轴抗压强度、弹模与回弹值之间的变化规律基本一致,拟合曲线表明波速、单轴抗压强度与回弹值之间呈线性正相关关系,而弹模与回弹值之间呈指数相关关系,拟合相关系数说明利用回弹值估测岩体波速和基本力学参数是可靠的。研究成果为快速可靠地获取该露天铜矿矿区岩体的基本物理力学指标提供了可靠的技术途径。     

Masonry Confinement with Fiber-Reinforced Polymers

The application of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) as a means of increasing the axial capacity of masonry through confinement, a subject not addressed before, is investigated in this study. Four series of uniaxial compression tests, with a total of 42 specimens, were conducted on model masonry columns with these variables: number of layers, radius at the corners, cross-section aspect ratio, and type of fibers. It is concluded that, in general, FRP-confined masonry behaves very much like FRP-confined concrete. Confinement increases both the load-carrying capacity and the deformability of masonry almost linearly with the average confining stress. The uniaxial compression test results enabled the development of a simple confinement model for strength and ultimate strain of FRP-confined masonry. This model is consistent with the test results obtained here but should attract further experimental verification in the future to account for types of masonry materials other than those used in this study.     

Three-Dimensional Hoek-Brown Strength Criterion for Rocks

A great number of rock strength criteria have been proposed over the past decades. Of these different strength criteria, the Hoek-Brown strength criterion has been used most widely, because: (1) it has been developed specifically for rock materials and rock masses; (2) its input parameters can be determined from routine unconfined compression tests, mineralogical examination, and discontinuity characterization; and (3) it has been applied for over 20?years by practitioners in rock engineering, and has been applied successfully to a wide range of intact and fractured rock types. The Hoek-Brown strength criterion, however, does not take account of the influence of the intermediate principal stress, although much evidence has been accumulating to indicate that the intermediate principal stress does influence the rock strength in many instances. In this paper, a three-dimensional (3D) version of the Hoek-Brown strength criterion has been proposed. The original Hoek-Brown strength criterion is just a two-dimensional (2D) version of the proposed 3D strength criterion. The 3D strength criterion not only inherits the advantages of the original Hoek-Brown strength criterion, but can take account of the influence of the intermediate principal stress. Polyaxial or true triaxial compression test data of intact rocks and jointed rock masses has been collected from the published literature and used to validate the proposed 3D Hoek-Brown strength criterion. Predictions of the proposed 3D Hoek-Brown strength criterion are in good agreement with the test data for a range of different rock types. The proposed 3D Hoek-Brown strength criterion is also compared with a simplified 3D Hoek-Brown strength criterion proposed by Pan and Hudson. The Pan-Hudson criterion cannot be considered a true 3D version of the Hoek-Brown criterion, because it does not reduce to the form of the original Hoek-Brown criterion at either triaxial or biaxial state. The Pan-Hudson criterion underpredicts the strength at the triaxial state, but overpredicts the strength at the biaxial state.     

温度影响下花岗岩宏、细观力学性质演化规律

在地下工程中,温度变化对岩体力学性质有着极大的影响,而宏观力学性质与细观微裂隙发育损伤密不可分。为探究在温度循环条件下岩石细观损伤机理与宏观力学性质之间的关系,对花岗岩进行不同温度下的高温水冷循环试验,并采用低场核磁系统进行细观孔隙参数检测,同时开展了单轴抗压强度试验。结果表明：（1）温度的上升和循环次数的增加均会导致花岗岩弹性模量和单轴抗压强度力学性质的降低,400℃是花岗岩性质变化的临界点;（2）核磁检测可以获取试件的孔隙分布参数,由该参数及试件宏观性质变化可以得出,200～600℃时温度循环所引起的细观损伤规律有明显差异;（3）花岗岩损伤值随着温度的升高而升高,但温度循环引起的多次损伤随温度的升高呈现出先增加后减小的趋势。微裂隙尺度、含量与试件单轴强度、应变的相关性分别为-0.943和0.935。     

复杂破碎巷道支护效果分析与评价

金川集团龙首矿为高应力复杂破碎岩体,矿区岩体流变特性显著,巷道围岩变形量大,变形持续时间长;为有效控制巷道收敛变形,矿山采用了双层喷锚网支护的支护加固措施。为探究矿山当前的巷道支护效果,进行了现场锚杆应力和巷道收敛变形监测,结果表明:巷道锚杆整体托锚力较低,一般为锚杆锚固能力的6.67%～23.33%,为此提出了增强支护效果的建议措施;巷道围岩变形量呈现缓慢增加趋势,变形速率有减缓趋势,水平方向收敛大于垂直方向收敛,平均收敛速率0.09～0.19mm/d,处于减速变形阶段,巷道整体稳定状态良好,取得了相对较好的支护加固效果。     

岩石细观损伤演化与宏观变形响应关联研究

基于岩石全息干涉图的判读和统计分析,高精度定量获取了单轴压缩变质砂岩、板岩和花岗岩岩石试样变形破坏各阶段的细观裂纹演化及其与应力应变的对应关系,分析了岩石细观损伤演化对宏观变形的贡献;在岩样裂纹演化统计值与宏观力学响应的定量研究基础上,建立了试样表面裂损度和宏观变形响应之间的关系,岩石细观损伤引起变形特性的改变可以通过计量岩石表面裂损度加以描述,直观演示了岩石细观损伤演化与宏观力学响应的关联,能够有效地为岩石工程稳定性评价提供理论支撑。     

充填物对含孔洞大理岩力学特性影响规律试验研究

为研究充填物对含孔洞岩石的力学特性及变形破坏特征的影响规律,室内预制加工了含孔洞及石膏充填物大理岩,分别对其进行单轴压缩和声发射试验,并对破坏前后试件进行CT扫描,分析其裂纹扩展规律.试验结果表明:(1)相比于含孔洞大理岩,石膏充填使试件的抗压强度提高了10.62%.二者峰前特征相似,均表现为孔周裂纹起裂引起第一次应力跌落现象,峰后特征则有所不同,石膏充填使大理岩变形的局部化特征更为明显.(2)峰后阶段,含孔洞试件声发射特征显著,裂纹扩展迅速,石膏充填试件稍慢,表明石膏充填遏制了试件的裂纹扩展.(3)含孔洞和石膏充填大理岩的破坏模型有所区别,含孔洞试件破坏裂纹较为单一,主裂纹以张拉破坏为主,翼裂纹在试件端部较多,部分从侧面贯通,形成块体掉落.充填条件下孔洞周边的裂纹更细更分散,小裂纹相互贯通,形成"X"状剪切破坏.      

Closed-Form Solutions for Flexural Response of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Beams

A constitutive law for fiber-reinforced concrete materials consisting of an elastic perfectly plastic model for compression and an elastic-constant postpeak response for tension is presented. The material parameters are described by using Young’s modulus and first cracking strain in addition to four nondimensional parameters to define postpeak tensile strength, compressive strength, and ultimate strain levels in tension and compression. The closed-form solutions for moment-curvature response are derived and normalized with respect to their values at the cracking moment. Further simplification of the moment-curvature response to a bilinear model, and the use of the moment-area method results in another set of closed-form solutions to calculate midspan deflection of a beam under three- and four-point bending tests. Model simulations are correlated with a variety of test results available in literature. The simulation of a three- and four-point bending test reveals that the direct use of uniaxial tensile response underpredicts the flexural response.