薄膜蒸发器内流体流动特性的数值模拟

建立了薄膜蒸发器的计算模型,采用大型计算流体力学(CFD)分析软件CFX4.4模拟了薄膜蒸发器内水及粘性料液的流动过程,得到了各种速度分布. 结果表明,刮板转速、进料量对流体流动状态影响显著. 提高刮板转速,可明显促进液膜和圈形波内流体的物质交换. 在任一转速下,各料液均存在同一最佳进料量,此时其圈形波截面内平均速度达到最大值. 对纯物质水,最佳进料量对应的流动边界层厚度与膜厚之比最小. 粘性料液和水的轴向速度分布存在差异,且在液膜厚度内未形成明显的流动边界层.     

氯化钠水溶液膜蒸馏过程的传质传热数值模拟

利用自制管式煤基炭膜开展膜蒸馏氯化钠溶液(模拟海水)的研究。在实验的基础上,采用计算流体力学方法进行模拟,用C语言编写UDF后代入FLUENT软件,结合实验数据计算得到相关传质过程参数。二维传质模拟结果表明,沿流体流动方向,管内浓差极化因子逐渐增大、传质系数降低;在料液入口温度为60℃、浓度10 g/L时,随着流量的增加,传质系数增大。三维传热模拟结果表明,在料液流量40 L/h、温度60℃、质量浓度20 g/L情况下,沿流动方向,膜管内压力降低,管中心速度增加,温度降低;边界层充分发展后,管内速度分布基本保持不变。     

CA和CTA膜分离MeOH/MTBE混合物渗透汽化性能研究

分别研究了甲醇(MeOH)和甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)纯纽分在二醋酸纤维素(CA)和三醋酸纤维素(CTA)膜内的吸着性能、扩散系数及渗透通量.结果表明,活度在0.2～1.0范围内,MeOH在CA和CTA膜内的平衡吸着质量分数分别为0.018～0.172和0.032～0.175,远大于MTBE,而组分在2种膜中的溶解度无明显差别,2种组分在CTA膜中的扩散系数和渗透通量均大于CA膜.考察了进料温度在25℃、32℃和40℃下,料液中MeOH质量分数为5%～35%时,MeOH/MTBE混合物在CA膜中的渗透通量和分离系数,结果表明,随着进料温度和料液中MeOH浓度的升高,通量增加,分离系数减小.     

基于浓度/速度场测量的吸收过程液相传质系数

针对矩形流道内气、液流体的并流吸收传质过程,分别应用实时激光全息干涉术和激光多普勒速度仪对不同气、液流速下液相内近界面浓度分布与速度分布进行了实验观测.结果表明,边界层内浓度分布呈指数下降,流速越大梯度越陡,且速度边界层厚度要大于浓度边界层厚度.建立了通过物料衡算求算液相传质系数的方法.得到了不同条件下平均液相传质系数,并与Whiteman’s双膜理论的计算结果进行了比较.     

液隙式热泵膜蒸馏海水淡化系统的热力性能分析

热泵膜蒸馏是一种新型的膜分离技术,在处理高浓度盐水方面具有很大的优势,而目前的热泵膜蒸馏系统存在渗透量较低、冷却水消耗量大等问题。为提高渗透量、减少冷却水的消耗,设计了一种新型液隙式热泵膜蒸馏的海水淡化系统,通过在Aspen Plus中自定义膜模块建立经过实验验证的系统仿真模型,研究了进料液温度、渗透侧温度及进料流量对系统膜通量及能效比等热力参数的影响。结果表明,渗透侧温度降低可引起渗透量增加和能效比减小,且在低渗透侧温度情况下渗透侧温度的改变对能效比影响更大。随着渗透侧温度变化,存在一个渗透侧温度使造水比最大且吨水能耗最小,研究工况下最大造水比可达3.42,最小吨水能耗为463 MJ/t,且该最佳渗透侧温度随进料液温度增加而增加。进料液流量增加可引起渗透量和能效比增加,引起吨水能耗升高和造水比降低,当进料液流量小于3 L/min时,进料液流量增加对吨水能耗和造水比的负面影响较显著,进料液温度为50℃时,料液流量从1.5 L/min增至3 L/min,造水比的降低幅度可达33.5%;料液流量从4.5 L/min增至6 L/min时,造水比的降低幅度降至10.6%。     

膜蒸馏过程的CFD模拟

文章基于膜蒸馏热质传递机理建立了二维CFD模型。利用商用CFD软件FLUENT模拟了平板膜组件中的膜蒸馏过程,模拟结果与文献实验值较吻合,相对平均偏差为6.0%。利用所建CFD模型,模拟了不同料液温度、浓度及流速下的膜蒸馏过程。通过分析不同操作条件下的渗透通量变化、膜组件内的温度场和浓度场分布及过饱和度分布,确定了膜蒸馏过程的适宜操作条件:对于较低浓度进料(即料液侧进口Na Cl质量分数为0.15),可采用低流速(0.02~0.06 m/s)操作条件;而较高浓度料液的浓缩(即Na Cl质量分数为0.25)时,应采取高料液侧流速操作(≥0.07 m/s)以避免膜表面Na Cl过饱和结晶析出影响膜蒸馏正常进行。     

板框式渗透汽化膜组件中薄层流动的CFD模拟

采用计算流体力学(CFD)的FLUENT软件,对GFT型、THU型和SCU型三种不同结构的板框式渗透汽化膜组件的料液薄层流动行为进行模拟和比较。结果显示,THU型膜组件相对GFT型膜组件的料液分布较为均匀,但存在入口射流造成料液发展区较长的缺点;SCU型膜组件的薄层流道由于通过均布的入口折流进料,料液流动的发展更快、分布更均匀。结构分析表明在阻力损失要求不高的工作系统中,SCU型结构具备一定优势。     

格拉斯霍夫数物理意义的一种解释方法

格拉斯霍夫数是将影响对流传热膜系数因素进行量纲分析得到的无量纲数。国内外几乎所有《化工原理》教材均将其解释为表征自然对流的影响,但解释过程均较为模糊。本文以一垂直平板与大空间液体的自然对流传热过程为例,将流体在垂直平板附近的热边界层内流动等效到圆管内流动,直接用泊稷叶公式计算出热边界层内流体流动为层流时的环流速度,取等效圆管的当量直径为特征尺寸,明确得到格拉斯霍夫数是雷诺数的一种变形,表征自然对流时惯性力与黏性力之比。     

格拉斯霍夫数物理意义的种解释方法简

格拉斯霍夫数是将影响对流传热膜系数因素进行量纲分析得到的无量纲数。国内外几乎所有《化工原理》教材均将其解释为表征自然对流的影响,但解释过程均较为模糊。本文以一垂直平板与大空间液体的自然对流传热过程为例,将流体在垂直平板附近的热边界层内流动等效到圆管内流动,直接用泊稷叶公式计算出热边界层内流体流动为层流时的环流速度,取等效圆管的当量直径为特征尺寸,明确得到格拉斯霍夫数是雷诺数的一种变形,表征自然对流时惯性力与黏性力之比。     

真空膜蒸馏法处理含甲醛废水试验研究

采用聚四氟乙稀(PTFE)膜和聚偏氟乙稀(PVDF)中空纤维微孔膜组件对含甲醛废水进行膜蒸馏处理,研究影响甲醛通量的诸因素,如料液温度、浓度、流速等,通过试验得出用PTFE膜和PVDF膜处理甲醛废水的最佳条件,即PVDF膜的膜分离效率在50℃达到最大值,为86.27%,而PTFE膜在60℃达到最大值,为97.1%.由于PTFE膜的疏水性较PVDF膜强,因此在相同进料条件下,PTFE膜分离效率和离子去除率都较PVDF膜高.料液温度为60℃,PTFE膜的膜通量约为24×10-3 kg·m2·h-1.采用膜蒸溜法,浓度高达0.9mg·mL-1的甲醛废水溶液经处理后可降至0.03mg·mL-1以下,达到国家规定的排放标准.     

水平管油气两相段塞流及其传热特性

海底油气管道的冷却传热过程是结蜡、水合物等海洋石油工业流动保障问题的关键控制因素。采用电容探针与热电偶、热电阻等流动及温度测量手段对不同冷却条件下空气-油段塞流的流动参数和传热参数进行实验测量,分析了空气-油段塞流流动参数对传热特性的影响,并与空气-水对流换热进行对比。结果表明,空气-油段塞流对流传热系数主要受液相折算速度的影响,且冷却液温度越低,管底热流体黏度越大,导致热边界层越厚,传热系数降低;受黏性力及边界层影响,对流传热系数远小于空气-水;沿管壁周向,从管顶到管底的对流传热系数不断增大。提出了适用于冷却条件下的油气段塞流传热关联式和传热模型。     

聚合釜传热性能的实验研究及数值模拟

基于CFD模拟与传热实验相结合的方法对5 L夹套聚合釜的传热性能进行研究。建立聚合釜的液固耦合稳态传热模型,获得釜内流体、夹套内流体及金属固体域内温度分布。开展传热实验对模拟结果进行验证,各对比点温度的最大相对误差在1%~5%范围内。通过模拟获得釜内外壁面传热系数及总传热系数,并关联出釜侧及夹套侧 Nu的经验式。结果表明：釜内流体温度分布方差始终在0.002以下,固体域内和传热边界层温度梯度较大,传热边界层厚度约3.8 mm;实验范围内,入口温度和反应放热量对釜内温度的影响显著,入口流速次之,搅拌转速影响最弱;夹套侧传热系数远小于釜侧传热系数,提高夹套侧传热系数是提升传热性能的关键;实验用聚合釜外表面散热量与内外温差呈正比,比例系数约为3.031 W·K ^-1。     

传热模型对近临界工况CO2干气密封温压分布和稳态性能影响

干气密封流体膜与密封环间传热模型的合理选取对于准确求解密封温压分布和稳态性能至关重要。在CO₂近临界工况下,对比研究了密封环等温模型、绝热模型和共轭热传递模型对超临界CO₂干气密封端面温度、压力分布和开启力、泄漏率等稳态性能的影响,探讨了不同膜厚和转速条件下密封环等温模型和绝热模型的适用性,并基于共轭热传递模型研究了超临界CO₂和空气介质干气密封的温压分布和稳态性能差异。结果表明：以共轭热传递模型计算结果为基准,密封环等温模型假设适用于小膜厚低速流动工况,不过开启力偏低而泄漏率偏高,绝热模型假设适用于大膜厚高速流动工况;相较于空气介质干气密封,超临界CO₂干气密封在小膜厚下的温度分布和大膜厚下的压力分布基本接近,不过小膜厚下的温度更低,而在大膜厚下的压力更高。     

CONJUGATE HEAT TRANSFER IN FALLING LAMINAR LIQUID FILMS

An analysis is presented for the heat transfer characteristics of a falling liquid film flow over a fin by the conjugate convection-conduction theory. Numerical results are presented for the dimensionless heat transfer coefficients, local and overall heat fluxes and temperature distribution of the fin by a simultaneous solution of the convective boundary layer equations of the fluid and the energy equation of the fin.     

Effect of wall temperature modulation on the heat transfer characteristics of droplet-train flow inside a rectangular microchannel

The numerical studies of water–oil two-phase slug flow inside a two-dimensional vertical microchannel subjected to modulated wall temperature boundary conditions have been discussed in the present paper. Many researchers have contributed their efforts in exploring the characteristics of Taylor flows inside microchannel under constant wall heat flux or isothermal wall conditions. However, there is no study available in the literature which discusses the impact of modulated thermal wall boundary conditions on the heat transfer behavior of slug flows inside microchannels. Hence, to bridge this gap, an effort has been made to understand the heat transfer characteristics of the flow under sinusoidal wall temperature conditions. Initially, a single phase flow and heat transfer study was performed in microchannels, and the results of the fully developed velocity profile and heat transfer rate were validated with benchmark analytical results. Then an optimal selection of the combination of sinusoidal thermal wall boundary conditions has been made for the two-phase slug flow study. Later, the effects of amplitude(0 b ε b 0.03) and frequency(0 b ω b 750π rad·s~(-1)) of the sinusoidal wall temperature profile on the heat transfer have been studied using the optimal combination of the wall boundary conditions. The results of the numerical study using modulated temperature conditions on channel walls showed a significant improvement in the heat transfer over liquid-only flow by approximately 50% as well as over two-phase flow without wall temperature modulation. The non-dimensional temperature contours obtained for different cases of temperature modulation clearly explain the root cause of such improvement in the heat transfer. Besides,the results based on the hydrodynamics of the flow have also been reported in terms of variation of droplet shapes and film thickness. The influence of Capillary number on the film thickness as well as heat transfer rates has also been discussed. In addition, the measured film thickness has also been compared with that calculated using standard empirical and analytical models available in the literature. The heat transfer rate obtained from the numerical study for the case of unmodulated wall temperature was found to be in a close match with a phenomenological model to evaluate slug flow heat transfer having a mean absolute deviation of 7.56%.     

Conjugate transport in polymer melt flow through extrusion dies

A numerical study is carried out on the conjugate thermal transport in polymer and food melts flowing through extrusion dies. The simulation is performed to determine the influence of conduction through the die wall and of the thermal boundary conditions on the transport in the fluid and on the conditions at the outlet. An extrusion die with a uniform temperature or heat transfer coefficient specified at the outer surface is considered. It is found that, because of conduction in the solid wall, important physical variables such as centerline velocity, pressure drop, bulk temperature of the fluid and shear experienced by the fluid are strongly affected by the boundary conditions, as well as by the wall thermal conductivity and thickness. Channels of different geometries are used for the study. The flow in a circular straight tube with constant wall thickness is studied first. Flow and thermal transport in different, constricted, channels are studied next. Different wall materials are also considered. Comparisons with some experimental results are presented, indicating good agreement. The fluids considered in this study are highly viscous, polymer melts. Due to high viscous dissipation and temperature-dependent viscosity, the flow and heat transfer are coupled and the problem is quite complicated. The results show that, for some operating conditions, the bulk temperature can be high enough to cause significant heat transfer from the fluid to the wall. The downstream variation in the pressure and temperature are calculated. The thermal boundary conditions are found to have a strong influence on the temperature field and thus on the flow. The general dependence of pressure drop on temperature, flow rate, and geometry is investigated. Several other basic aspects of this problem are also discussed.     

考虑局部非热平衡的流体层流横掠多孔介质中恒热流平板的传热分析

对流体层流横掠多孔介质中恒热流加热的平板,应用Brinkman-Forchheime-extended Darcy流动模型和流体与多孔介质之间局部非热平衡理论建立守恒方程组,应用数量级分析和积分法,得出了速度边界层厚度、热边界层厚度、壁面黏性摩擦系数和对流传热系数、流体与多孔介质之间局部温差的计算公式。结果表明,速度边界层与光板时明显不同,其在平板前端迅速增长,之后越来越平坦,趋于一个恒定值;而热边界层则沿着流动方向不断增长,类似于光板时的情况;局部的表面对流传热系数在平板前端达最大值,之后逐渐减小,也类似于光板时的情况;多孔介质与流体间的局部温差在平板前端达最大值,之后呈现沿着流动方向逐渐减小的变化趋势。     

Comparative Investigations of Non‐adiabatic Absorption in Film Flow and Bubble Flow

Comparative non‐adiabatic absorption experiments were carried out using the ammonia–water system under different two‐phase flow regimes. Because of the small thickness of the film, the falling film as a separated two‐phase flow shows an effective dynamic and transport behavior. The hydrodynamics and heat transfer modeling is sufficiently exact and the measurement of the interface temperature allows the discussion of the axial local partial resistance of the heat transfer in the falling film.     

异型管曲率对气液膜分布及凝结换热特性的影响

基于双膜理论及边界层理论,建立了圆管、椭圆管、滴形管的管外气、液膜厚度及传热系数的数学模型。以圆管传热系数为依据进行了模型验证,计算结果与实验值的平均偏差约为6%,基本符合工程实际要求。在给定条件下,通过对不同曲率下各管型管外传热系数的计算,得到了气、液膜厚度的分布规律及换热特性。结果表明：在有效换热面积相同时,三种管型的气、液膜厚度,传热系数在一定角度下,随曲率的增大而增大;当曲率相同时,椭圆管传热系数最大,圆管最小。同时,分析了不同管型及其曲率对气、液膜排泄的影响机理和分离机理。为强化换热提供一定理论指导。