Rapid molecular methods for enumeration and taxonomical identification of acetic acid bacteria responsible for submerged vinegar production

The aim of the present study was to search for a rapid and reliable method to enumerate viable acetic acid bacteria (AAB) and to identify to genera and species level AAB isolates from vinegars in full acetic fermentation elaborated by the submerged method from cider, wine and spirit ethanol in industrial bioreactors. Results showed that the rapid epifluorescence staining method using the LIVE/DEAD BacLight bacterial viability kit and direct counts in Neubauer chamber rendered consistent and reliable data for viable cell counts of bacteria in all the studied vinegars. A linear correlation was shown between viable cell counts and fermentation rates. The highest fermentation rates and viable cell counts were found in cider vinegars, whereas spirit vinegars showed the lowest values for both parameters. Eighty-four AAB pure isolates were recovered from 41 different vinegar samples and were submitted to DNA extraction. PCR amplification of the 16S–23S intergenic spacer region of rDNA and subsequent sequencing were carried out to identify isolates to species level. Results showed that Gluconacetobacter europaeus was the predominant cultivable species, appearing in 79% of the total isolates. This was the unique species found in spirit vinegars, and this is the first time that AAB from spirit vinegars are taxonomically identified. Ga. europaeus was as well the predominant cultivable species in white wine vinegars. Cider vinegars presented the highest variability of species: Ga. europaeus (35.3% appearance among cultivable isolates), Ga. xylinus (35.3%), Acetobacter pasteurianus (17.6%) and Ga. hansenii (11.8%). Red wine vinegars showed cultivable isolates of the species Ga. xylinus (71.4%) and Ga. europaeus (28.6%). Summarising, both described methods for AAB enumeration and taxonomical identification proved to be fast and reliable methods, and results revealed Ga. europaeus as the cultivable major species in vinegars in full fermentation conducted by the submerged method, suggesting that Ga. europaeus strains can constitute excellent starter cultures for the elaboration of vinegars by the submerged method.     

Evidence of mixed wild populations of Oenococcus oeni strains during wine spontaneous malolactic fermentations

Two hundred and four bacterial isolates from Rioja red wines undergoing spontaneous malolactic fermentation (MLF) were studied. Bacterial species was determined both by microbiological identification methods and by specific PCR analysis. Oenococcus oeni was shown to be the predominant species (98.5% of total isolates). Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of chromosomal DNA digested with SfiI was used to differentiate individual strains of O. oeni. A wide variety of restriction digest patterns were detected, which indicated a rich biodiversity of indigenous strains. Most fermentations (37 out of 41) showed from 2 to 6 clones growing in the same tank. Five O. oeni strains were the most frequently found, appearing in more than three of the 13 studied wineries, and most times in combination with other less frequently found strains. PFGE was shown to be a suitable method for strain differentiation, for monitoring individual strains and determining which strains actually survive and carry out MLF. A high genotypic heterogeneity of wild O. oeni strains was demonstrated and 90% of the studied wines showed mixed populations of O. oeni strains during MLF.     

Using RFLP-mtDNA for the rapid monitoring of the dominant inoculated yeast strain in industrial wine fermentations

The analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphism of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA-RFLP) has been applied as a test to monitor the abundance of the starter yeast strain during industrial wine fermentations without previous isolation of yeast colonies. For white wine fermentations, we performed a rapid assay consisting in taking a sample of fermenting must, purifying the DNA from harvested cells, and obtaining the restriction patterns by digestion with the endonuclease HinfI. The same protocol, but adding an overnight cultivation step before DNA purification, was also applied to red wine fermentations. The results were compared with those obtained from the subsequent characterisation of strains, for the same samples, by analysis of the electrophoretic karyotype of isolated yeast colonies. In all cases, when the inoculated strain was dominant within the yeast population, the rapid assay anticipated the result by showing the coincidence between the restriction profiles obtained from both total cells and the inoculated strain. The results were obtained at 11 or 23 h after sampling for white- or red-wine fermentations respectively. This method allows a rapid intervention of the wine-producer if the presence of the inoculated yeasts has suffered a sudden decrease in any phase of the fermentation process.     

Genetic typification by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) of wild <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lactobacillus plantarum</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oenococcus oeni</Emphasis> wine strains

Genetic typification of 120 bacterial isolates of Lactobacillus plantarum and Oenococcus oeni from different Rioja musts and wines was performed by numerical analysis of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns with endonuclease SfiI, and 46 of them were also studied by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR. A comparative study of both typification methods applied to L. plantarum and O. oeni oenological strains was performed. Bacterial species was determined both by biochemical identification methods and by specific PCR analysis. A wide variety of restriction digest patterns were detected by PFGE among L. plantarum strains (36 unrelated patterns and one closely related pattern, out of 48 isolates), as well as among O. oeni strains (18 unrelated patterns out of 72 isolates). PFGE was shown to be a suitable method for strain differentiation and to determine which strains are present in wine fermentations, with a discriminatory power to type L. plantarum and O. oeni strains higher than that of RAPD-PCR.     

Genetic characterization of commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolates recovered from vineyard environments

One hundred isolates of the commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain Zymaflore VL1 were recovered from spontaneous fermentations carried out with grapes collected from vineyards located close to wineries in the Vinho Verde wine region of Portugal. Isolates were differentiated based on their mitochondrial DNA restriction patterns and the evaluation of genetic polymorphisms was carried out by microsatellite analysis, interdelta sequence typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Genetic patterns were compared to those obtained for 30 isolates of the original commercialized Zymaflore VL1 strain. Among the 100 recovered isolates we found a high percentage of chromosomal size variations, most evident for the smaller chromosomes III and VI. Complete loss of heterozygosity was observed for two isolates that had also lost chromosomal heteromorphism; their growth and fermentative capacity in a synthetic must medium was also affected. A considerably higher number of variant patterns for interdelta sequence amplifications was obtained for grape-derived strains compared to the original VL1 isolates. Our data show that the long-term presence of strain VL1 in natural grapevine environments induced genetic changes that can be detected using different fingerprinting methods. The observed genetic changes may reflect adaptive mechanisms to changed environmental conditions that yeast cells encounter during their existence in nature.     

Use of Lactobacillus strains to start cassava fermentations for Gari production

Two Lactobacillus strains, Lactobacillus plantarum BFE 6710 and Lactobacillus fermentum BFE 6620, were used to start cassava fermentations in a pilot study under field production conditions in Kenya, to determine their potential to establish themselves as predominant lactobacilli during the fermentation. Predominant strains from three fermentations were isolated throughout the 48 h fermentation period. The use of these strains in high numbers clearly resulted in 1 to 2 log higher lactic acid bacteria (LAB) counts over the course of the fermentation when compared to the uninoculated control. 178 predominant LAB isolates were grouped based on their phenotypic characteristics, and were characterised to strain level by RAPD-PCR, followed by PFGE strain typing. Overall, L. plantarum strains represented the majority of the isolates, followed by Weissella confusa and Lactococcus garvieae strains. The results of RAPD-PCR and PFGE strain typing techniques indicated that L. plantarum BFE 6710 was successful in asserting itself as a predominant strain. In contrast, L. fermentum BFE 6620 failed to establish itself as a predominant organism in the fermentation. The success of the L. plantarum strains to predominate in the cassava fermentation demonstrates the potential for development of Lactobacillus starter cultures to industrialise the Gari production process.     

广西香港海鸥菌分离菌株脉冲场凝胶电泳分子分型研究

目的 探讨香港海鸥菌分子分型方法,了解广西水产品监测所分离的香港海鸥菌的相关性.方法 以NotⅠ限制性内切酶对2005年分离的香港海鸥菌酶切后进行脉冲电泳,用BioNumerics 5.1聚类分析获得电泳图谱.结果 7株香港海鸥菌分为6个分子型,其中从南宁分离的与从河池分离的2株香港海鸥菌高度同源,相似度达100％.结论 PFGE可应用于香港海鸥菌分子分型,有助于发现香港海鸥菌流行规律和传播途径,水鸟可能是香港海鸥菌传播环节的一种重要媒介.     

Isolation and molecular characterization of Escherichia coli O157 isolated from cattle,pigs and chickens at slaughter

From 1999 until 2001, 3625 food samples were examined for the presence of Escherichia coli O157. Samples were from bovine origin (ground beef, n=549; carcasses, n=2452), calves (carcasses, n=147), chicken (breast, n=203; carcasses, n=71) and pigs (carcasses, n=85; trimmings, n=118). Vidas ECO detected 451 (12%) samples positive, but from only 27 (0.74%) samples was E. coli O157 isolated. One strain was isolated from bovine ground beef (0.18%), one from a pig carcass (1.17%) and all others were isolated from bovine carcasses (1.02%). All strains possessed the attaching-and-effacing gene, the enterohemorrhagic plasmid and verotoxin (VT) genes, except the strain isolated from the pig carcass that was therefore eliminated. Six of the strains were urease-positive. Strains were typed by two DNA fingerprinting methods: random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). PFGE revealed a similarity of 71.05%, while RAPD was 77.36% similar. None of the typing methods were able to classify all urease-positive strains to one pattern. Strains in the same PFGE cluster did not belong to one RAPD cluster. This paper highlights that Belgian fresh meat at retail level can be contaminated with E. coli O157 and that two different typing methods divide strains into different types.     

High-resolution genotyping of Listeria monocytogenes by fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis compared to pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis, ribotyping, and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis

The purpose of this study was to evaluate fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis for the inter- and intraspecies differentiation of a collection of 96 strains of Listeria monocytogenes and 10 non-L. monocytogenes strains representing six other Listeria species of different origin. The AFLP technique was compared with three other molecular typing methods--ribotyping, random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis (RAPD), and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE)--in terms of discriminatory ability. PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism was included for virulence gene allele characterization. The 96 L. monocytogenes strains were divided into two major clusters by AFLP fingerprinting at a similarity level of 82% in concordance with the results of PFGE, RAPD, and ribotyping. One main cluster consisted of all of the 24 L. monocytogenes hly allele 1 strains, while another main cluster consisted of all of the 72 L. monocytogenes hly allele 2 strains. This indicates the existence of two distinct phylogenetic divisions. Isolates of the remaining Listeria species were not included in the clusters. AFLP, PFGE, and RAPD typing were highly discriminatory methods, with discrimination (D) indices of 0.974, 0.969, and 0.954, respectively, whereas ribotyping had a lower D index of 0.874. AFLP, PFGE, and RAPD typing showed some level of agreement in terms of strain grouping and differentiation. However, all three methods subdivided types of strains grouped by the other methods. Isolates with identical DNA profiles were distributed across the spectrum of origin. It was not possible to associate certain types with specific food sectors or clinical cases, which is indicative of the spread of L. monocytogenes clones across species. Overall, AFLP fingerprinting was suitable for the high-resolution genotyping of L. monocytogenes and had an equally high or higher differentiation power compared to PFGE or RAPD typing.     

Comparison of two AFLP methods and PFGE using strains of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from environmental and food samples obtained from Piedmont, Italy

Listeria monocytogenes ranks among the most frequent causes of death due to foodborne illness (20-30% case fatality rate).Discriminative subtyping methods are important to detect the relatedness of isolates and verify epidemiologic associations. AFLP analysis is a DNA fingerprinting technique based on the selective amplification of genomic restriction fragments. In this study, two AFLP methods and PFGE were compared in regard to discriminatory power, typeability and concordance.A total of 103 unrelated L. monocytogenes strains isolated from different environmental and food sources were analyzed. Strains were isolated from samples obtained from food-production plants, supermarkets and small food markets in Piedmont, Italy.All methods clustered L. monocytogenes strains into two genetic lineages, Lineage I and II. The three methods were compared using the 82 isolates which were typeable with all techniques. The calculated pair-wise Pearson's correlation coefficients (r) showed close agreement between all three methods.Our findings suggest that the AFLP II method can be successfully used to subtype L. monocytogenes strains isolated from foods and food processing facilities.     

河北地区食源性单核细胞增生李斯特菌脂肪酸的分型研究

对脂肪酸分型方法在单核细胞增生李斯特菌(LM)菌株鉴定、菌株相似性分析等方面的应用价值进行评价。本研究选取2005~2007年从河北地区六大类食品中分离到的90株LM菌,提取脂肪酸,利用MIDI公司Sherlock系统进行菌体脂肪酸成分分析,使用SPSS 19.0软件对获得的数据资料进行统计分析及聚类分型,并将脂肪酸分型与传统的血清分型和分型金标准PFGE分型进行比较。结果表明,脂肪酸分析法判定LM菌的符合率为96.67%,所有菌株共检出20种脂肪酸成分,主要脂肪酸成分有3种,分别为脂肪酸15:0anteiso、17:0 anteiso和15:0 iso。各血清型间脂肪酸含量存在一定差异,血清1/2c型菌株与血清1/2a、1/2b和4b型菌株相比,有2种主要脂肪酸含量差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。与PFGE分型相比,在对结构简单的小样本资料的菌株亲缘关系鉴定中脂肪酸分型更具优势。将脂肪酸分型与血清学分型和PFGE分型相结合能够更好的分析LM菌菌株之间的相关性。     

Genetic procedures for identification of enterotoxigenic strains of Staphylococcus aureus from three food poisoning outbreaks

Three food poisoning restaurant outbreaks due to Staphylococcus aureus, occurring during June-October 2002 in the Principality of Asturias (PA), Spain, provided the basis for investigating some aspects of the molecular epidemiology of this organism. The methods applied to identify strains and lineages included multiplex-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect nine enterotoxin (se) genes, and three DNA fingerprinting procedures: pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) with SmaI, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) with two selected primers, and plasmid restriction analysis with HindIII. Thirty-two isolates were differentiated into three non-se and 12 se strains, which were outbreak-specific, except for one that was represented in two of the outbreaks. In outbreak 1, the 16 food isolates analyzed had sec, seg and sei genes and generated a distinctive DNA fingerprint, being assigned to a single strain. This strain could be categorized as endemic in the PA and associated to manually handled dairy products and nasal carriers. In outbreak 2, the four food isolates analyzed fell into three strains, each one displaying a different se-gene profile (sea, sec and seg-seh-sei) and a distinctive DNA fingerprint. In outbreak 3, the five food isolates tested fell into four seg-sei strains generating identical RAPD but different PFGE and plasmid profiles, and one sea strain also collected from two nasal carriers. This last strain had also been found in manually handled vegetables in outbreak 2, and it belongs to a not very frequently found sea lineage in the PA. Multiplex-PCR to detect se genes together with the three applied DNA fingerprint typing procedures proved therefore to be useful tools in subclassifying S. aureus for epidemiological purposes.     

Molecular typing of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates from the middle-east coastline of China

The occurrence of outbreaks of Vibrio parahaemolyticus gastroenteritis in China highlights the need for strain characterization and subtyping of this pathogenic species. A total of 56 epidemiologically-unrelated strains of V. parahaemolyticus were isolated from clinical samples, seafood and various environmental sites in the middle-east coastline of China from 2006 to 2008. The isolates were characterized using four molecular typing methods, including ribotyping, enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence PCR (ERIC-PCR), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and sequence analysis of the gyrB gene. Genetic profiles of cluster analysis from these molecular typing tests clearly showed that there were differences in potential pathogenicity among isolates from seafood and its environments. Genetic characterization of two isolates (F13 and QS2) that originated from seafood demonstrated that they were potentially pathogenic. Discriminatory indices of four typing methods for the 56 V. parahaemolyticus isolates were differentiated by Simpson's Index of Diversity. The discriminatory index of ERIC-PCR typing was maximal (D = 0.942), while that of sequence analysis of the gyrB gene was minimal (D = 0.702). The discriminatory ability was greatly enhanced (D = 0.966) when ERIC-PCR was coupled with sequence analysis of the gyrB gene. These results suggest that ERIC-PCR combined with sequence analysis of gyrB gene may be a reliable, rapid typing strategy for V. parahaemolyticus strains.     

2014~2018年北京市人源性肠产毒性大肠埃希菌耐药性与PFGE分子分型研究

目的 分析北京市门诊腹泻病例肠产毒性大肠埃希菌(enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, ETEC)分离株抗生素敏感性及分子分型特征。方法 采用微量肉汤稀释法对2014~2018年北京市门诊腹泻病例ETEC分离株进行8大类14种抗生素敏感性检测。参照PulseNet中非O157大肠埃希菌脉冲场凝胶电泳(pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, PFGE)分型方法, 对不同区县不同采样时间分离的菌株采用随机抽样原则, 对178株菌基因组经限制性内切酶Xba I酶切后进行分子分型和聚类分析。结果 578株2014~2018年北京市门诊腹泻病例ETEC菌株总耐药率为94.29%, 对萘啶酸、氨苄西林、头孢唑林耐药率较高, 分别为61.58%、60.38%、36.19%。578株菌分为152个耐药谱, 耐3种及3种以上抗生素的菌株数达340株(59.00%), 有1株菌对12种抗生素耐药。常见耐药谱为耐喹诺酮类的萘啶酸, 占20.18%, 其次为耐β-内酰胺类的氨苄西林-头孢唑林-头孢噻肟, 占12.29%, 再次为耐β-内酰胺类的氨苄西林-喹诺酮类的萘啶酸-大环内酯类的阿奇霉素, 占6.79%, 且耐药谱种类逐年缓慢上升。其中178株菌共产生153种PFGE带型, 带型分布较为分散, 无优势带型, 菌株之间的相似系数为31.60%~100.0%。结论 2014~2018年北京市腹泻病例肠产毒性大肠埃希菌耐药情况严重, 耐药谱复杂广泛, 多重耐药菌株占比呈逐年缓慢上升趋势。PFGE带型呈多态性分布。     

Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of salmonella Enteritidis isolated from two consecutive Food-Poisoning outbreaks in Sichuan,China

Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis (SE) is a primary pathogen that causes foodborne diseases in humans. Although whole-genome sequencing (WGS) -based typing analyses have been increasingly used to investigate food-poisoning outbreaks, they are rarely applied to the epidemiology of multiple Salmonella outbreaks in Sichuan, China. This study therefore isolated SE from patients and food of two consecutive food-poisoning outbreaks during 2020 in Sichuan, China. We tracked outbreak origin using epidemiological investigation, serotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and WGS. We also determined phylogenetic relationships using PFGE, whole and core genome multilocus sequence typing (wg/cgMLST), and whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphism (wgSNP) analyses. Epidemiological investigations identified a correlation between cake consumption and food poisoning. Thirteen strains isolated from patients and one strain isolated from the cake were confirmed as SE. Among the 14 strains, only six shared the same AST pattern (AMP-AMS-Sul-STR). Isolates from patients and cakes were indistinguishable in PFGE results. All four methods, namely PFGE, wgMLST, cgMLST, and wgSNP were appropriate for bacterial typing in SE-related outbreak investigation. However, wgSNP can assign 12 SE strains from the first outbreak to one cluster and assign two SE strains from the second outbreak to another cluster, while PFGE, wgMLST, cgMLST did not successfully distinguish the SE strains from different outbreaks. Thus, we conclude that SNP-based phylogenetic analysis might be a viable method for differentiating SE strains at the outbreak level.     

乳酸杆菌脉冲场凝胶电泳分子分型的条件优化

目的:通过将脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)方法应用于乳酸杆菌分型研究,以建立乳酸杆菌PFGE分型的最优方法。方法:针对不同内切酶、酶切浓度、酶切时间、脉冲时间等影响PFGE分型结果的重要因素进行优化,使用优化后的条件对乳酸杆菌22株标准菌株进行分型研究。结果:在乳酸杆菌的PFGE分型研究中,选择AscI为内切酶、酶切浓度为30U/150μL、酶切时间为4.5h、脉冲时间为1～15s为PFGE电泳的最优条件,在所分析的22株乳酸杆菌标准菌株中,5种乳酸杆菌的PFGE图谱各不相同,但种内不同株电泳图谱的区别并不稳定。结论:PFGE方法可用于乳酸杆菌的基因分型研究。     

2011~2018年红河州食品中沙门氏菌血清分型及脉冲场凝胶电泳分型研究

目的 了解红河州2011~2018年食品中沙门氏菌血清型分布及分子分型特征, 初步建立沙门氏菌脉冲场凝胶电泳(pulsed field gel electrophoresis, PFGE)分型的数据库。方法 使用全自动微生物鉴定系统对收集的49株沙门氏菌进行鉴定, 依据沙门氏菌White-Kauffmann-LeMinor抗原表用沙门氏菌属诊断血清确定血清型, 参照国家食源性疾病分子溯源网络(TraNet)的沙门氏菌PFGE分子分型法进行基因分型, 用Bionumerics(7.6)软件聚类分析。结果 49株沙门氏菌属于B、C、D、E和G群5个群25个血清型; 伦敦沙门氏菌是主要血清型, 占24.5%(12/49); 49株沙门氏菌分成了42个PFGE带型(P001-P042), 其中P038型包含8株菌, 其余各型分别只包含1株菌。结论 红河州食品中沙门氏菌具有不同血清型及PFGE型别, 相同血清型菌株PFGE型别聚集成簇。     

A RAPID,SIMPLE AND RELIABLE METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATING BREWING YEAST STRAINS BASED ON DNA RESTRICTION PATTERNS

DNA was isolated from polyploid brewing ale and lager yeast strains using a simple and rapid procedure which was a modification of a previously described method of Seehaus et al.¹⁴ The isolated DNA was cut with a number of restriction enzymes and subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis. Significant differences in banding patterns were observed between a Saccharomyces cerevisiae ale strain DNA and Saccharomyces uvarum (carlsbergensis) lager strain DNA, particularly with the enzyme Hpal. Differences were also observed between the banding patterns of digests from two ale strains, and from two lager strains. Use of this technique with appropriate restriction enzymes should prove useful for the rapid differentiation of brewing yeast strains.     

Application of Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) Analysis to Listeria monocytogenes: A Review of Methodology and Results

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analyses have been found to be powerful molecular methods for differentiating isolates of a given bacterial species. When applied to Listeria monocytogenes, both methods have been found highly effective in tracking isolates involved in food borne outbreaks of listeriosis and in identifying routes of contamination in food processing plants. Among the two methods, PFGE is considered somewhat superior in discriminatory power. However, the use of two or more independent random primers with RAPD is considered to result in a level of discrimination equal to that of PFGE. When results from both methods are combined, a maximum level of discrimination that exceeds that obtained with both methods independently can be achieved. Individually, both methods far exceed the discriminatory power of serotyping and phage typing of L. monocytogenes strains in that serotypes 1/2a, 1/2b, and 4b, represent over 90% of all human isolates, and phage typing at times has allowed typing of no more than about 50% of isolates. In addition, both RAPD and PFGE on occasion have been found to be superior to ribotyping, multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, and restriction enzyme analysis of L. monocytogenes isolates.     

2009—2011年上海市旺兹沃斯沙门菌的耐药分析及分子分型

目的 了解上海市2009-2011年旺兹沃斯沙门菌的耐药及分子分型特点.方法 采用WHO推荐的改良K-B纸片法,对6株旺兹沃斯沙门菌进行10种抗生素敏感性试验,采用CLSI 2010年版标准判断结果;运用脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)方法对6株旺兹沃斯沙门菌进行分子分型分析.结果 6株旺兹沃斯沙门菌中只有1株对环丙沙星中度敏感,对甲氧苄啶和四环素耐药,其他菌株对这10种抗生素均敏感;6株旺兹沃斯沙门菌共产生5种PFGE带型,其中2株表现为同一PFGE型别.结论 2009-2011年旺兹沃斯沙门菌对抗生素的敏感性较高;部分菌株之间有较高的同源性.