制样方法对非饱和土力学特性的影响

以一种非膨胀性黏土为试验材料,对孔隙比相近的非饱和压实试样和预固结试样进行一系列等吸力控制下的等向压缩试验和三轴剪切试验,研究了制样方法对非饱和土的压缩特性和剪切特性的影响。由等吸力等向压缩试验结果表明:初始孔隙比相近的预固结样和压实样在等向净应力20 k Pa条件下进行等吸力平衡,平衡过程中预固结试样的孔隙比明显减小而压实样的变化不大;其原因是两种试样的初始吸力和土结构存在差异。此外,预固结样和压实样在吸力150 k Pa条件下,预固结样的含水率随着等向净应力的增大而减小,而压实样的含水率几乎不变。上述变形特性可用SFG弹塑性模型说明。在净围压和吸力相同条件下对剪切前孔隙比相同的两种试样进行了三轴剪切试验,试验结果表明:在剪切前的密度、剪切时的吸力和净围压相同条件下,预固结样的偏应力–应变曲线和强度明显高于压实试样的曲线和强度。其原因可用两种试样的孔隙尺寸分布不同来解释。     

红黏土的土水特性及其孔隙分布

以桂林红黏土为研究对象,采用压力板法、滤纸法和饱和盐溶液蒸气平衡法3种方法研究在全吸力范围内原状样和压实样的土水特性,并结合压汞试验研究其孔隙分布。试验结果表明:当吸力约小于10 MPa时原状样的土水特征曲线略低于压实样,主要原因是原状样内部裂隙随吸力的增加而不断发展;当吸力约大于10 MPa时两者的土水特征曲线几乎重合。原状和压实桂林红黏土样的土水特征曲线与典型的土水特征曲线不同,即在过渡段均不是单一直线。此外,原状样为单峰孔隙结构,压实样则为双峰孔隙结构,原状样的最终收缩变形量比压实样大。不同干密度的压实样内部颗粒间孔隙分布几乎相同,而积聚体间孔隙或积聚体内孔隙相对较大孔隙存在差异;由此可解释在高吸力范围内不同干密度压实样的含水率与吸力关系土水特征曲线几乎重合;以饱和度与吸力关系表示时,干密度越大,土水特征曲线越高。     

游离氧化铁对红黏土持水特性的影响

分别以红黏土去铁前后的原状样为研究对象,采用压力板仪和饱和盐溶液蒸气平衡法测得全吸力范围内的土水特征曲线并同时量测体变;利用压汞试验测量不同吸力下的孔径分布,以探讨去铁前后红黏土的孔隙结构,并解释宏观持水特性。试验结果表明:低吸力范围(0～1MPa),去铁前原状样的持水曲线下降较为明显,而去铁后原状样的持水曲线较平缓,尤其是吸力–饱和度的关系,到1MPa时基本上仍为饱和状态,所以去铁后土样进气值增大;去铁后的原状样随着吸力的增大收缩明显,而原状样的收缩相对较缓,主要原因是游离氧化铁以包膜和桥的形式分布在颗粒表面,加强了颗粒之间的连接和包裹作用,使得土骨架抵抗变形的能力增强。高吸力范围(9～367MPa),去铁前后红黏土持水和收缩特性相差不大,此时游离氧化铁的作用不明显。去铁前后的红黏土原状样基本上存在单峰孔隙结构,主要原因是在自然经过无数次胀缩变形,相对较大的孔隙收缩,最终使孔径分布相对均匀;随着吸力的增加,这两种土样孔隙结构基本上不变。     

全风化泥岩持水特性研究及其预测

以全风化泥岩为研究对象,采用压力板法、滤纸法和饱和盐溶液蒸气平衡法3种方法研究在全吸力范围内压实样的脱湿阶段持水特性;压汞试验测试土样的孔径分布,来解释宏观持水现象,并用此分布曲线推算持水曲线;利用瞬态吸湿脱湿系统(TRIM)快速测量土水特征曲线;以BrooksCorey、Van Genuchte和FredlundXing模型为基础进行预测,比较了拟合结果。试验结果表明:全风化泥岩压实样的进气值约为75 k Pa;与经典的持水曲线不同,过度段不是一条直线,中间出现了水平台阶状。基于瞬态理论的TRIM测试方法可以较好地对持水性进行预测。此外,饱和样为单峰孔隙结构,经受过吸力38 MPa的土样为双峰孔隙结构;饱和样孔隙的孔径主要集中在102~103 nm左右,随着吸力的增加,这个孔径范围的孔隙量减少最大。Van Genuchte和FredlundXing模型拟合曲线能很好地与试验数据吻合;其它预测持水曲线在很干和近饱和的状态与试验数据有一定的偏差。     

制样方法对粉土力学特性及孔隙特征的影响

以郑州粉土为研究对象,分别采用静力压实法和动力击实法制取试样,并进行三轴剪切试验与压汞试验测定其力学特性和孔隙分布曲线,研究制样条件对粉土力学特性及孔隙结构分布的影响。结果表明:制样方法及制样含水率对土样应力–应变曲线形态的影响和围压有关。动力击实样应力–应变关系由低围压和低含水率下的应变软化型向较大围压和较大含水率下的应变硬化型过渡,而静力压实样则始终呈应变硬化特性。2种制样方法所得试样的剪切强度和黏聚力均在最优含水率时最大,但对于相同的制样含水率,击实样剪切强度和黏聚力均高于压实样,而制样方法对粉土残余黏聚力的影响可忽略。另外,制样条件对土样的内摩擦角和残余内摩擦角影响均很小。压汞试验表明,与击实样相比,压实样的孔径分布曲线整体呈向右平移趋势,峰值孔径及分布密度增大,且团粒内较大孔隙含量较多。这一定程度上可以解释静力压实样和动力击实样力学性状的演化规律。     

风化花岗岩土的持水特性研究

以不同风化程度的花岗岩双层土质边坡土体为研究对象,利用压力板法和饱和盐溶液蒸汽平衡法,研究了在全吸力范围内压实样的持水特性。实验结果表明,全风化土的进气值和残余吸力值均低于残积土的,且过渡区呈线性有较大的坡度。花岗岩风化程度差异产生不同的风化产物,影响土体的矿物成分与孔隙结构进而控制土体的持水特性。通过X-射线衍射实验分析土样的黏土矿物成分,采用硅酸盐化学全分析土体的化学成分和风化成矿情况,研究矿物成分对土体持水特性的影响;最后通过扫描电镜与压汞实验,验证分析孔隙结构与分布对持水特性的影响。     

应力路径试验前后黄土孔隙变化及与力学特性的联系

应用压汞试验研究了不同应力路径试验前后原状和重塑黄土孔隙分布的变化,探讨了宏观力学特性与孔隙分布的联系。压汞测试结果表明：试验前两种土具有相近孔隙分布的双孔隙结构;两者w＝15%试样等含水率试验后孔隙分布接近,两者饱和试样固结不排水试验后孔隙分布差异较大;应力作用主要对粒间孔隙分布产生影响;常规和减围压三轴等含水率试验后粒间孔隙体积分别减小和增大,相同固结压力下固结不排水减围压三轴试验后粒间孔隙体积比常规三轴试验后的大。原状黄土（w＝15%）在低围压常规三轴试验后未出现剪切带,试样内不同部位孔隙分布未呈较大差异性。根据原状和重塑黄土相同应力路径试验后的孔隙分布差异,探讨了试样宏观力学特性的微观机理,研究结果表明胶结作用、基质吸力和粒间孔隙比对试样的强度和变形起主要作用。     

双孔结构非饱和红黏土土水特征曲线模型

为了真实反映土体内部双孔结构和变形对土持水特性的共同影响,推导建立了考虑变形的双孔结构非饱和土土水特征曲线模型。模型提出以双孔土水特征曲线中的“相接点”作为“双孔”结构非饱和土大小孔隙尺度分界点,并针对不同区间的土水特征曲线分别建立方程。在各分段方程中引入体变参数用来反映不同初始孔隙比下SWCC的变形。采用桂林红黏土压实样,在全吸力范围内开展了土水特征曲线试验,在各级吸力平衡后对土样进行压汞试验,对所建立模型进行验证。结果表明,所建立考虑双孔结构非饱和土土水特征曲线模型对红黏土干化与湿化过程均具有良好的适用性和良好的预测效果,可以反映不同初始孔隙比和不同结构土样在相同水力路径下的水力行为。     

全吸力范围红黏土干湿循环土–水特征曲线

采用轴平移法、滤纸法以及饱和盐溶液蒸汽平衡法3种方法相结合,对单峰(泥浆土)和双峰(压实土)孔隙结构的重塑红黏土土样进行了一系列室内试验,研究了全吸力范围内(0～286.7 MPa)孔隙结构和初始孔隙比对土–水特征曲线(SWCC)的影响,分析了干湿循环下两种土的滞回性及体积变化规律。试验结果表明:不论泥浆土还是压实土,初始孔隙比对SWCC的影响均主要体现在低吸力阶段;孔隙结构对SWCC影响显著,压实土和泥浆土的SWCC分别呈现"双台阶"和"单台阶"特征;初始孔隙比相同时,泥浆土的进气值更大,持水性能更好;干湿循环下压实土的滞回性明显小于泥浆土,但泥浆土的体变更大。     

用于获取三轴土样局部水力特性的孔压量测新方法

土体孔隙水压力的量测对于研究其水力特性至关重要。土体的散粒体结构特性使其内部细颗粒极易在水流作用下发生迁移而改变孔压分布，进而影响土体内部的局部结构和水力特性。为捕捉颗粒迁移导致的土体结构局部化响应，提出一种适用于三轴土样可量测局部孔压的新方法。新方法能满足带导管式乳胶膜受应力作用时的密封需求，由此可沿土样轴向和径向布设孔压传感器量测不同位置的孔压，进而研究土体局部水力特性。渗蚀试验结果表明，新方法在应用时具有较好的响应效果，土体局部渗透系数的时空演变揭示了细颗粒迁移具有显著的局部性和不均匀性。     

Effects of void ratio and grain size distribution on water retention properties of compacted infilled joint soils

The effects of the initial void ratio and the grain size distribution (GSD) on the water retention properties of a compacted infilled joint soils from Beihetan (China) were investigated. Three initial void ratios (0.3, 0.4, and 0.5) and three GSDs were selected based on the in situ soil states. A total of nine drying water retention curves (WRCs) was established with the filter paper method. The microstructure of the specimens was also studied to better understand the water retention properties. It was found that the denser samples underwent smaller volume changes, and that the volumetric strain increased with the increasing clay size fraction. The void ratio had a significant effect on the WRCs in terms of the degree of saturation; however, the WRCs were independent of the void ratio in terms of the gravimetric water content. In terms of the degree of saturation, the WRCs were seen to shift upwards with the increase in clay size fraction, indicating an increase in the water retention capacity. The results from mercury intrusion porosimeter (MIP) tests revealed that the difference in the inter-aggregate pores is the main reason for the different shapes of the WRCs. Moreover, the infilled joint soils with lower void ratios and coarser particles were found to be more suitable for MIP-based evaluations of water retention properties.     

非饱和黄土初始剪切模量与孔径分布试验研究

土的初始剪切模量G_0是地震、爆破响应中一个非常重要的土动力学参数,对预测地表沉降、土工建筑物周围土体变形等具有重要作用。黄土在中国及世界各地分布广泛,且现场常处于非饱和状态。对非饱和黄土的压实试样进行了吸力控制的共振柱试验以及压汞试验,研究非饱和黄土初始剪切模量G_0与孔径分布的关系。试验表明:干湿循环过程中,试样的G_0随吸力的增大而增大,再随吸力的减小而减小。主要原因是试样内孔隙密度最大的孔径大小随吸力的增大而减小,试样内大孔隙减少,小孔隙增多,导致毛细水所占比例增加,土颗粒接触更加紧密。同一吸力作用下,湿润段试样的小孔隙比例比干燥段大,故毛细水作用更显著,从而湿润段试样的G_0大于干燥段。     

Mechanical performances and microstructural characteristics of reactive MgO-carbonated silt subjected to freezing-thawing cycles

The characteristics of reactive magnesia(MgO)-carbonated silt in respect to long-term stability have not been well understood in severely cold climate despite the usage of reactive MgO in enhancing the engineering performances.Under the binder content of 15% and initial water content of 25%,MgO-admixed silt specimens were carbonized for 3 h and 6 h and then subjected to different numbers of freezingthawing(F-T) cycles.After different F-T cycles,the physico-mechanical properties of MgO-carbonated silt were analyzed in comparison with Portland cement(PC)-stabilized silt through physical and unconfined compression tests.Besides,a series of micro tests on MgO-carbonated specimens was performed including X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and mercury intrusion porosimetry(MIP) tests.The results demonstrate that both mass change ratio and moisture content of carbonated/stabilized silt decrease,and these values of MgO-carbonated silt are significantly lower while the density is higher compared to PC-stabilized silt.The strengths and moduli of MgO-carbonated silt are still two times higher than those of PC-stabilized specimens and the strength change ratio of keeps above0.8 after F-T cycles.There is no visible transformation between nesquehonite and dypingite/hydromagnesite,although the XRD peaks of nesquehonite decrease and the bonding and filling effects weaken slightly.After 6 and 10 F-T cycles,the pore-size characteristics changed from a unimodal distribution to a three-peak and bimodal distribution,respectively.The total,macro and large pore volumes increase obviously while the medium and small pore volumes decrease except for intra-aggregate pore.The findings show better F-T durability of MgO-carbonated silt,which would be helpful for facilitating the application of MgO carbonation in the soil treatment.     

Hydraulic conductivity characteristics of carbonated reactive magnesia-treated silt

Carbonation of reactive magnesia (MgO) has recently received increasing attention in the area of soil stabilization and ground improvement. However, as a critical parameter in terms of long-term seepage behavior in the geotechnical analysis, the hydraulic conductivity of carbonated reactive MgO-stabilized silt has not been fully studied. In this context, the effect of water-MgO ratio (ratio of initial water content to MgO content, w₀/c) and carbonation time on hydraulic conductivity (or permeability) characteristics was systematically investigated. Serial microstructural tests including mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses were applied to elucidate the intrinsic mechanisms. The obtained results indicate that as the initial water-MgO ratio decreases, the void ratio gradually decreases and the reduction of hydraulic conductivity becomes less prominent because of the little presence of flow paths. The hydraulic conductivity of carbonated MgO-admixed silt similar to that of PC-treated silt is mainly governed by the porosity, and its correlation with void ratio is proposed in the article. The variations of permeability with void ratio are consistent with those of the cumulative pore volume from MIP results in general, and the medium pores (3–30 μm) are substantiated to be the primary contributor in controlling the permeability. SEM and DSC analyses reveal that the cementation of soil particles and filling of hydrated magnesium carbonates marginally reduce the voids and permeability. The reasons for changes of permeability behaviors have been confirmed by the pore-size distribution and microstructure characteristics.

     

常含水率下非饱和高庙子膨润土加砂混合物的水力-力学性质

对非饱和高庙子膨润土与砂混合物击实样进行常含水率下的不排水等向压缩和不排水三轴剪切试验,研究非饱和高庙子膨润土与砂混合物的水力-力学特性,拟模拟深层地质处置工程中缓冲/回填材料在不排水状态下受力时的性状。试验研究表明:在不排水等向压缩和不排水三轴剪切试验中,固结应力和剪应力的增大引起非饱和土试样孔隙比减小,饱和度增大,吸力减小;在不排水剪切试验中,应力-应变曲线呈外凸的形状,试样发生体积收缩和侧向膨胀变形,净围压对试样的初始刚度、不排水剪切强度和变形有较大的影响。     

Suction variations and soil fabric of swelling compacted soils

This study addresses firstly the soil fabric variations of loose and dense compacted soil samples during a single wetting/drying cycle at suctions between 0 and 287.9 MPa using mainly the mercury intrusion porosimetry（MIP） tests.Two suction techniques were employed to apply this wide suction range：the osmotic technique for suctions less than 8.5 MPa,and the vapor equilibrium or salt solution technique for suctions higher than 8.5 MPa.Secondly,the soil water retention curves（SWRCs） were predicted by the MIP test results for both loose and dense soil samples.A reasonable correspondence between MIP results and SWRCs was found on the wetting path at lower suctions close to saturation and on drying path at higher suctions.