青海亚麻籽油甘三酯指纹图谱构建及掺伪识别的研究

利用高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射检测器（HPLC-ELSD）法对青海亚麻籽油中的甘三酯（TAG）组分进行了定性、定量研究,并运用中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统建立其TAG标准指纹图谱,利用指纹图谱鉴别掺入5%~50%的大豆油、玉米油、菜籽油、花生油、葵花籽油、芝麻油的掺伪模型。结果表明：亚麻籽油中主要的TAG为OLnLn（29.40%）、LnLnLn（23.71%）、OLnO（15.10%）、OLLn（13.43%）、LLnLn（13.32%）;指纹图谱鉴别结果与真实掺伪量的相对误差表明所建立的指纹图谱可以较好地鉴别掺入5%~50%的大豆油、葵花籽油、芝麻油的掺伪模型,对花生油掺伪量10%的掺伪模型的鉴别相对误差较高（9.15%）,未能实现对菜籽油掺伪量5%掺伪模型的鉴别。试验构建的青海亚麻籽油TAG指纹图谱可为青海省亚麻籽油质量监控和掺伪识别提供理论依据。     

青海亚麻籽油脂肪酸指纹图谱 构建及掺伪识别

以青海省不同产地的亚麻籽为原料,采用索氏抽提法提取亚麻籽油,通过气相色谱法分析亚麻籽油脂肪酸组成,并运用中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统建立青海亚麻籽油脂肪酸指纹图谱,利用指纹图谱鉴定掺伪量分别为10%、20%、30%、40%、50%的大豆油、玉米油、花生油、菜籽油、葵花籽油、芝麻油的掺伪模型。结果表明：构建的指纹图谱符合指纹图谱研究的技术要求,可在一定程度上代表青海亚麻籽油样品的整体性;该指纹图谱可以鉴别掺伪量20%及以上大豆油、葵花籽油掺伪模型,10%及以上玉米油、花生油和菜籽油掺伪模型,而对芝麻油掺伪识别效果欠佳,掺伪量大于30%时才能鉴定。     

近红外光谱结合蒙特卡洛交互验证奇异样本筛选的橄榄油掺伪定性定量分析

采用基于蒙特卡洛交互验证(MCCV)奇异样本筛选的近红外光谱技术结合支持向量机(SVM)对橄榄油掺伪进行定性和定量分析。应用近红外光谱仪采集将大豆油、菜籽油、玉米油、葵花籽油掺入橄榄油中的188个掺伪样本光谱图。采用蒙特卡洛交互验证(MCCV)方法剔除橄榄油掺伪样本光谱数据中的奇异样本,剔除3个奇异样本。利用多元散射校正(MSC)、去趋势技术(DT)、标准正态变量变换和去趋势技术联用算法(SNV-DT)分别对奇异样本筛选前后的掺伪样本光谱数据进行预处理,选择网格搜索算法(GS)对模型参数组合(C,g)进行寻优,确定最优参数组合。应用支持向量机分类(SVC)方法建立掺伪油的品种定性分类校正模型;采用竞争性自适应重加权算法(CARS)选择奇异样本筛选前后的掺伪样本光谱数据的特征变量,应用支持向量机回归(SVR)建立掺伪油含量快速预测的定量校正模型。试验表明,采用MCCV方法剔除奇异样本后,建立的掺伪油品种鉴别模型的预测准确率达到100%,而建立的GS-SVR模型能够快速预测橄榄油掺伪量,特别是建立SNV_DT-CARS-SVR模型的校正集和预测集相关系数R分别达到99.80%、99.13%,均方误差(MSE)分别为0.0142、0.0535,综合性能最好。结果表明,采用激光近红外光谱分析技术可以实现橄榄油掺伪的定性-定量分析。     

气相色谱法测定脂肪酸含量判定山茶油纯度

利用气相色谱法,对山茶油掺入大豆油、菜籽油、玉米油和葵花籽油的掺伪油进行脂肪酸组成分析。结果表明:油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸可作为鉴别山茶油中掺伪大豆油和菜籽油的特征脂肪酸,棕榈酸、油酸和亚油酸可作为鉴别山茶油中掺伪玉米油和葵花籽油的特征脂肪酸;回归预测模型相关系数(R^2)较高(> 0. 99),可分别检出掺伪量4%的大豆油和菜籽油,掺伪量8%的玉米油和葵花籽油,回收率在96. 56%~112. 88%之间。该方法灵敏度高,定量准确,可为掺伪山茶油纯度鉴别及调和山茶油配比的定量分析提供科学依据。     

基于甘三酯指纹图谱及化学计量学的青海亚麻籽油掺假识别研究

采用HPLC-RID测定青海省亚麻籽油甘三酯组成,并利用指纹图谱相似度评价系统及判别分析对亚麻籽油进行掺伪识别分析。结果表明,亚麻籽油中共检测出8种甘三酯,其中主要甘三酯为OLnLn(22.82%)、LnLnLn(20.40%)、OLnO(14.81%)、OLLn(13.59%);运用指纹图谱相似度评价系统构建亚麻籽油甘三酯标准指纹图谱以鉴定亚麻籽油中掺入菜籽油、大豆油、花生油、葵花籽油、玉米油、芝麻油(10%、20%、30%、40%、50%)的掺伪样品,当掺入植物油质量分数达10%以上时,可以准确判别纯亚麻籽油和掺伪亚麻籽油。为进一步识别亚麻籽油中掺假的植物油种类,对掺伪油样进行判别分析,建立的判别模型适用于亚麻籽油中掺入大豆油质量分数大于10%、掺入菜籽油、花生油、葵花籽油、玉米油、芝麻油浓度大于20%时的掺伪油种类的识别鉴定。     

磁珠提取DNA结合PCR-HRM方法鉴定植物油掺伪

为有效鉴别精炼植物油掺伪，通过先富集油中核酸，然后在水相溶液中加入磁珠和特定吸附液来吸附脱氧核糖核酸(DNA),实现快速高效的磁珠DNA提取，并结合荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(PCR)扩增高拷贝叶绿体基因rbcL,对产物进行高分辨率熔解曲线(HRM)分析，获得菜籽油、大豆油、花生油、玉米油、葵花籽油、芝麻油、亚麻籽油、山茶油、稻米油和棉籽油HRM的特征曲线。通过对不同货架期的精炼大豆油和花生油掺伪样品的真实性验证，表明建立的方法可有效解决精炼植物油中掺杂其他植物油的鉴别难题。     

基于特征性脂肪酸和甘油三酯指标的油茶籽油掺伪定性鉴别模型对比分析

为解决油茶籽油掺伪其他植物油的定性鉴别问题,在油茶籽油中分别掺入大豆油、花生油、葵花籽油、棉籽油、葡萄籽油、菜籽油、棕榈油和米糠油,设置高和低两种不同掺伪梯度,基于14个特征性脂肪酸和甘油三酯指标,运用Python语言构建并对比分析了二分类决策树模型、多分类决策树模型和多层感知机人工神经网络(MLP-ANN)模型用于油茶籽油掺伪定性鉴别的效果。结果表明：高和低掺伪梯度下,二分类决策树模型对油茶籽油掺伪其他植物油的定性鉴别的准确率均达到0.95以上;多分类决策树模型的精确率和准确率在高掺伪梯度下均达到了0.95,但在低掺伪梯度下仅为0.90;在高和低掺伪梯度下,MLP-ANN模型对油茶籽油掺伪定性鉴别的平均精确率均达到0.98,准确率分别达到0.97和0.98。相比于决策树模型,MLP-ANN模型能很好地实现油茶籽油掺伪定性鉴别。     

优化基于近红外光谱的联合间隔偏最小二乘法建模检测芝麻油掺伪含量

应用近红外光谱(NIR)分析技术建立测定芝麻油中大豆油含量的定量分析模型。基于32个含量梯度共384个掺伪芝麻油样品的近红外光谱,首先采用标准正态变量变换（SNV）对光谱进行预处理,再采用无信息变量消除法(UVE)初步筛选波长变量,然后结合联合间隔偏最小二乘法(SiPLS)和带极值扰动的简化粒子群优化算法(tsPSO)建立芝麻油中大豆油掺伪含量预测模型,经特征波段选取后建立的模型变量减少,波长变量由451个减少到219个,训练集和测试集相关系数分别为0.999 8和0.991 9,均方根误差分别为4.39E-2和3.99E-2。结果表明,该方法能够作为芝麻油中大豆油掺伪含量的快速检测方法。此外,该方法也可应用到芝麻油中掺入其他低价值油的掺伪含量检测中。     

基于气相色谱法的奇亚籽油脂肪酸指纹图谱构建及其掺伪鉴别

目的 基于气相色谱法(gas chromatography,GC)构建奇亚籽油的脂肪酸标准指纹图谱, 并对奇亚籽油进行掺伪鉴别。方法 以奇亚籽为研究对象,采集30批次来自多个产地的奇亚籽油作为样本,对其脂肪酸进行GC分析,通过“中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统”建立奇亚籽油脂肪酸标准指纹图谱,据此鉴别掺伪量分别为10 %、20 %、30 %、40 %、50 %的菜籽油、玉米胚芽油、芝麻油、花生油、葵花仁油和大豆油的掺伪模型。结果 奇亚籽油所含脂肪酸以棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、花生酸、γ-亚麻酸、α-亚麻酸为主;通过相似度评价30批次奇亚籽油的相似度均＞99.5 %;聚类分析结果将30批次奇亚籽油按不同产地分为6大类;利用指纹图谱可以鉴别掺伪量10%及以上菜籽油、玉米胚芽油、芝麻油、葵花仁油、大豆油掺伪模型,20%及以上花生油掺伪模型。结论 通过分析奇亚籽油脂肪酸组成并建立气相色谱脂肪酸标准指纹图谱,为鉴别纯奇亚籽油提供了一定的试验数据支撑。     

应用近红外光谱分析判别芝麻油掺伪的研究

研究了应用近红外光谱分析技术快速、准确判别芝麻油有无掺伪的方法。主要利用近红外光谱和主成分分析结合BP人工神经网络法进行了纯芝麻油、纯大豆油、掺有大豆油的掺伪芝麻油的判别研究。试验结果表明,利用BP人工神经网络法将83个校正集样品的10个主成分数据作为BP网络输入变量,建立的三层BP人工神经网络判别模型对26个测试集样品的判别率为96.15%,表明近红外光谱分析方法对纯芝麻油、纯大豆油、掺伪芝麻油具有很好的判别分类作用,该方法能有效判别芝麻油有无掺伪大豆油。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the