‘赤霞珠’干红葡萄酒发酵过程中氨基酸的转化与利用

奉研究利用高效液相色谱和气相色谱一质谱联用技术分析了哧霞珠’干红葡萄酒酒精发酵和苹果酸哥L酸发酵过程中氨基酸及相应的生物胺和高级醇的变化。结果表明,生物胺主要在酒精发酵后期及苹一乳发酵期间产生,其与所对应的前体氨基酸的变化没有显著负相关;5种高级醇含量在整个发酵过程中呈现先升后降的变化趋势,其含量高峰在苹一乳发酵中期,而它们所对应的前体氨基酸在酒精发酵初期显著降低;除天冬酰胺外,其他3种酵母优先利用的氨基酸（天冬氨酸、谷氨酸和谷氨酰胺）在酒精发酵初期含l量呈快速下降。以上结果表明,葡萄酒发酵过程中氨基酸的转化与利用依种类而异,其含量变化趋势并不完全对应其转化产物的积累。     

新疆赤霞珠葡萄酒发酵过程中生物胺含量的变化

利用高效液相色谱技术分析葡萄酒发酵过程中8种生物胺含量的变化。结果表明,葡萄酒发酵过程中8种生物胺总含量整体呈上升趋势。色胺含量最高,最高可达到98.03 mg/L;腐胺和组胺含量较低,含量均不超过2.48 mg/L;精胺和亚精胺含量变化相对平稳,波动范围在1.81～3.07 mg/L之间,除色胺外,其他生物胺含量均不超过4.50 mg/L。苯乙胺、尸胺、酪胺等在酒精发酵后期和苹果酸-乳酸发酵初期大幅上升,在苹-乳发酵后期,酪胺和亚精胺含量有所下降,其他生物胺含量均有一定程度上升。     

应用邻苯二胺比色法测定葡萄酒中的双乙酰

双乙酰是啤酒、葡萄酒等发酵酒的重要风味物质之一,是酵母酒精发酵和乳酸茵苹乳发酵时产生的副产物。本研究首先建立了适用于葡萄酒体系双乙酰含量检测的邻苯二胺比色法。在此基础上,分析了葡萄酒发酵和陈酿过程中双乙酰含量的变化。结果表明,随酒精发酵进程,双乙酰含量逐渐增加,在发酵高峰达到最大值;苹乳发酵初期双乙酰含量下降,但后期有所增加;在不锈钢罐陈酿过程中双乙酰含量变化不大。     

葡萄酒中生物胺含量的影响因素研究

研究了葡萄酒生产过程中影响生物胺产生量的主要因素,结果表明,葡萄酒酒精发酵和苹果酸．乳酸发酵过程均有牛物胺的产生,影响葡萄酒中生物胺产生的主要因素是乳酸菌中氨基酸脱羧酶的活性,本研究添加了氨基酸脱羧酶辅酶的样品与对照相比,生物胺含量提高了90．6％。酵母菌和乳酸菌种类、酒精发酵温度,生物胺前体物质也是影响生物胺含量的主要因素,发酵温度越高、生物胺产生量越;在一定范围内,氨基酸的浓度越大产生物胺越多。但酵母菌和乳酸菌的添加量对生物胺浓度的影响较小。     

赤霞珠葡萄酒苹果酸-乳酸发酵过程中香气成分动态变化

为了研究苹果酸-乳酸发酵过程对葡萄酒香气的影响,采用顶空固相微萃取（HS-SPME）结合气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）对赤霞珠葡萄酒苹乳发酵过程中香气物质动态的变化进行了监测。结果表明：在葡萄酒苹乳发酵过程中共检出55种不同的香气成分,包括22种酯类、10种醇类、8种酸类、7种醛类、4种酮类、3种萜烯类和1种酚类,其中酯类、醇类和酸类化合物为苹乳发酵过程中主要香气成分。相比于发酵起始阶段（0 d）,发酵末期（18 d）葡萄酒中的酯类和酸类化合物的质量分数由20.7%和1.08%上升至25.61%和2.33%,主要包括乙酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、月桂酸等,这类香气物质能够赋予葡萄酒浓郁的果香,而由于酯化反应醇类化合物的质量分数由42.89%下降至29.01%,主要变化为异戊醇等高级醇质量分数的降低。由此看出,葡萄酒经过苹乳发酵不仅增强了酒体的水果类香气还提高了葡萄酒的安全性。     

贺兰山东麓不同子产区赤霞珠葡萄自然发酵对葡萄酒香气的影响

为探究宁夏贺兰山东麓不同子产区自然发酵对葡萄酒香气的影响,利用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术对青铜峡、红寺堡及银川3个子产区自然和接种发酵的赤霞珠葡萄酒中挥发性成分进行了定性定量测定,并采用显著性分析、主成分分析及聚类分析的统计学方法进行了分析。结果表明,3个子产区的挥发性化合物以酯类和醇类为主。银川产区挥发性化合物的总量在3个子产区中最高,自然酒精发酵和接种酒精发酵后挥发性化合物的含量分别为339.05和453.90 mg/L,自然苹乳发酵和接种苹乳发酵后挥发性化合物的含量分别为307.01和379.08 mg/L。青铜峡产区自然酒精发酵的葡萄酒中挥发性化合物的总量(312.8 mg/L)显著高于接种发酵(296.1 mg/L),自然苹乳发酵的葡萄酒中的挥发性化合物的总量(215.78 mg/L)显著高于接种发酵(202.10 mg/L)。对3个子产区葡萄酒中挥发性成分的聚类分析发现,对葡萄酒中挥发性化合物影响程度从高到低依次为产区、发酵阶段和发酵方式。     

前体氨基酸对赤霞珠干红葡萄酒中生物胺含量的影响

以新疆地产赤霞珠果实为原料,在葡萄汁中分别加入不同浓度的7种前体氨基酸,进行酒精发酵与苹果酸-乳酸发酵。通过高效液相色谱法的分析检测,了解前体氨基酸对葡萄酒中8种生物胺含量的影响。结果表明,前体氨基酸对葡萄酒中生物胺的含量产生一定的影响,当加入质量浓度为40 mg/L和100 mg/L的组氨酸时,组胺含量由1.04 mg/L减少为0.20 mg/L和0.35 mg/L;而当加入色氨酸、精氨酸和鸟氨酸时,会使色胺和腐胺的含量有所降低,当加入300 mg/L质量浓度的精氨酸时,腐胺含量由1.45 mg/L减少至0.63 mg/L。当葡萄酒中加入同一种氨基酸时,对葡萄酒中不同的生物胺含量的影响也不尽相同。     

酿酒工艺对葡萄酒中生物胺的影响

探讨了不同酿酒工艺对葡萄酒中生物胺(组胺、苯乙胺、酪胺、色胺、腐胺、尸胺、精胺和亚精胺)含量的影响。结果显示,葡萄酒酿造过程中生物胺主要在酒精发酵和苹果酸-乳酸发酵过程产生。酒精发酵过程生成量较少,主要产生腐胺和精胺,果胶酶的使用、酵母接种量、发酵温度等因素可以调节酒精发酵过程生物胺的生成量;乳酸菌是葡萄酒生物胺最主要来源,在苹果酸-乳酸发酵过程中会产生大量的组胺和色胺。     

葡萄酒中生物胺的研究进展

生物胺是一类低分子量的含氮化合物,普遍存在于葡萄酒和其他发酵食品中。葡萄酒中的生物胺主要是由相关微生物对氨基酸脱羧而产生,并且与诸多因素相关。利用多重PCR和实时定量PCR技术可以实现对葡萄酒中生物胺产生菌的快速定量检测。高效液相色谱法（HPLC）、薄层色谱法（TLC）、离子色谱法（IC）、毛细管电泳法（CE）、气相色谱法（GC）可以定量测定葡萄酒中的多种生物胺,其中,以高效液相色谱法最为常用。通过接种优良的酵母菌和无氨基酸脱酶活性的乳酸菌,及时终止苹-乳发酵（MLF）,并避免产生污染菌,可实现对葡萄酒中生物胺的控制。     

八公山腐乳工业发酵过程中生物胺的变化规律

为探究八公山腐乳在工业发酵过程中生物胺变化,对各发酵阶段的生物胺、游离氨基酸、主要理化指标(氨基态氮、总酸、pH、食盐和水分)以及微生物群落变化进行检测,并分析生物胺与各指标间的相关性。结果表明,腐乳样本中共检测到组胺、腐胺、亚精胺、尸胺和酪胺5种生物胺,发酵过程中总生物胺呈先升后降趋势,含量为54.05～641.03 mg/kg,以组胺为主。氨基态氮和总酸在发酵过程中呈增加趋势,到后发酵中期趋于稳定。谷氨酸、天冬氨酸、亮氨酸、精氨酸为腐乳主要游离氨基酸,总游离氨基酸含量呈升降交替变化。细菌总数、霉菌/酵母菌总数在腐乳前发酵及盐坯阶段均有显著变化,均在盐坯阶段显著降低(P<0.05),后发酵阶段细菌总数呈增加趋势,霉菌/酵母菌数无显著变化。宏基因组分析腐乳中微生物群落结果显示,各发酵阶段共有优势细菌门为厚壁菌门、变形菌门,优势细菌属为不动杆菌属、乳球菌属;毛霉菌门为优势真菌门,放射毛霉菌属为优势真菌属,其他菌群随发酵进行有明显差异。通过Pearson和冗余分析发现,组胺和总生物胺与氨基态氮和总酸呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),总生物胺与总游离氨基酸呈显著正相关(P<0...     

Biogenic amine production by Oenococcus oeni during malolactic fermentation of wines obtained using different strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Twenty-six wild Oenococcus oeni strains were investigated for their ability to form biogenic amines during malolactic fermentation in synthetic medium and in wine. Eight strains produced histamine and tyramine in screening broth at concentrations of 2.6-5.6 mg/L and 1.2-5.3 mg/L, respectively. Based on their ability to form biogenic amines, five strains were selected to inoculate three wines obtained by the fermentation of three different Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains (A, B, and C). All bacterial strains could perform malolactic fermentation for short periods in wine C, whereas only one strain performed complete malolactic fermentation in wines A and B. Two O. oeni strains (261 and 351) produced histamine and tyramine in wine C. Time-course analysis of these compounds showed that for both strains, histamine and tyramine production began at day 10 and finished on day 25, after the end of malolactic fermentation. These results indicate that the ability of O. oeni to produce histamine and tyramine is dependent on the bacterial strain and on the wine composition, which in turn depends on the yeast strain used for fermentation, and on the length of bacteria-yeast contact time after the completion of malolactic fermentation.     

Biogenic amines and the importance of starter cultures for malolactic fermentation

Biogenic amines are compounds produced mainly by microorganisms from the decarboxylation of some amino acids which may cause several health issues in susceptible people. In the winemaking process, one of the factors with the greatest impact on the final concentration of biogenic amines in wine is the malolactic fermentation, which mainly involves the action of lactic acid bacteria. This article gathers scientific literature on the importance of the use of inoculation in winemaking, especially for the potential formation of biogenic amines in spontaneous fermentations, with emphasis on malolactic fermentation. It establishes the set of attributes that influence the formation of biogenic amines in winemaking and aspects related to their toxicity, especially histamine and tyramine. With the growing interest of the market in products with less chemical appeal, the safety of wines, whether from non‐conventional or traditional winemaking, must increasingly be observed. Therefore, the importance of using cultivated starter cultures is discussed, along with the safety of organic wines and the presentation of articles that seek to reconcile the production of organic wine with the preservation of the ‘microbiological terroir’ in a safe way, using selected wild yeasts and lactic acid bacteria.     

不同接种方式下小片球菌C30对‘赤霞珠’葡萄酒品质的影响

以甘肃河西走廊葡萄酒产区小片球菌C30为苹果酸乳酸发酵(malolactic fermentation,MLF)启动菌,比较以不同接种方式进行MLF后对葡萄酒品质的影响,探讨小片球菌C30用于MLF的可行性及其优势。将小片球菌C30在酒精发酵(alcohol fermentation,AF)的早、中、后期进行接种,以商品乳酸菌为对照进行酿造实验。在研究小片球菌C30的MLF动力学与酿造葡萄酒安全性的基础上,分析其对葡萄酒基本理化指标、香气成分和感官品质等的影响。结果表明,MLF后期接种小片球菌C30,完成发酵时间最短(27 d),酒样中多糖、生物胺等物质的含量和残糖、酒精度等理化指标符合国家标准,酒样的香气物质总含量显著高于商品菌株。小片球菌C30可完成MLF,且具有安全性,在AF后期接种进行MLF,性能优良,对提升赤霞珠葡萄酒品质有积极影响。     

Amino acids and biogenic amines in red varietal wines: the role of grape variety, malolactic fermentation and vintage

This work studies for the first time the amino acid and biogenic amine composition of Rioja red wines made with the red minority varieties Vitis vinífera cv. Monastel and Maturana Tinta de Navarrete, using Tempranillo as a reference variety. The role of malolactic fermentation and vintage on these compounds was also analysed, and discriminate analyses were applied to achieve a possible differentiation of the wines. Amino acid composition allowed a differentiation of wines according to grape variety. Monastel was characterised by the highest value in β-alanine and Maturana Tinta de Navarrete by its highest value in OH-proline. However, biogenic amines were no able to classify varietal wines. The malolactic fermentation had significant changes on the amino acid and biogenic amine content, and allowed distinguishing wines that underwent this process from wines without malolactic fermentation. No correlation was found between total amino acids and total biogenic amines after malolactic fermentation, suggesting that a higher initial concentration of amino acids in the medium did no affect the concentration of biogenic amines after malolactic fermentation. Vintage influenced the amino acid and biogenic amine pattern, obtaining a clear separation of wines by vintages. Monastel and Maturana Tinta de Navarrete wines showed a minor varietal character and were more influenced by the climatic conditions of each vintage than Tempranillo wines. All the wines showed histamine levels below the human physiological threshold and implemented regulations.     

汤汁辅料对腐乳发酵过程中单胺氧化酶活性及生物胺积累的影响

传统发酵腐乳中的生物胺是威胁消费者健康的潜在风险因素,为开发符合大众健康要求的低盐腐乳并降低腐乳中的生物胺含量,探讨了汤汁辅料对腐乳发酵过程中单胺氧化酶活力及生物胺积累的影响.配制不同食盐浓度、酒精浓度、pH值的腐乳汤汁,分析腐乳发酵过程中单胺氧化酶活力、生物胺含量变化.实验结果显示:当汤汁中的食盐质量分数为3％ ～7...     

Formation of biogenic amines throughout the industrial manufacture of red wine

Changes in biogenic amines (histamine, methylamine, ethylamine, tyramine, phenylethylamine, putrescine, and cadaverine) were monitored during the industrial manufacture of 55 batches of red wine. The origin of these amines in relation to must, alcoholic fermentation, malolactic fermentation, sulfur dioxide addition, and wine aging and the interactions between amines and their corresponding amino acids and pH were statistically evaluated in samples from the same batches throughout the elaboration process. Some amines can be produced in the grape or the musts (e.g., putrescine, cadaverine, and phenylethylamine) or can be formed by yeast during alcoholic fermentation (e.g., ethylamine and phenylethylamine), although quantitatively only very low concentrations are reached in these stages (less than 3 mg/liter). Malolactic fermentation was the main mechanism of biogenic amine formation, especially of histamine, tyramine, and putrescine. During this stage, the increase in these amines was accompanied by a significant decline in their amino acid precursors. Significant correlations between biogenic amine formation and the disappearance of their corresponding amino acids were observed, which clearly supports the hypothesis that malolactic bacteria are responsible for accumulation of these amines in wines. No increase in the concentration of biogenic amines was observed after SO2 addition and during wine aging, indicating that sulfur dioxide prevents amine formation in subsequent stages.