12种广西地区茶叶的水提物活性成分测定及其抗氧化活性研究

对12种广西地区茶叶的水提取物活性成分及其抗氧化活性进行测定并比较分析。采用热水浴提取法制备茶叶水提物,测定水提物中的总黄酮、总多酚、总糖、儿茶素和表儿茶素含量,通过DPPH自由基、ABTS+自由基的清除率和铁离子还原能力评价茶叶水提物的体外抗氧化活性,并对茶叶水提物的活性成分和抗氧化活性之间的相关性进行比较分析。绿茶和白茶的总多酚含量相对较高,其中三江春总多酚含量最高;红茶的总黄酮含量高于绿茶和白茶,其中梅红的总黄酮含量最高;绿茶总糖的含量相对较高,其中最高的为小叶种香茶。绿茶中三江早春侗坡仙茗和昭平乌牛早的儿茶素含量显著高于其它样品,红茶除三江梅红外其余样品均未检出,绿茶和白茶的表儿茶素较红茶高。绿茶和白茶对DPPH自由基、ABTS+自由基的清除率和铁离子还原能力均较红茶高。总多酚、总糖和表儿茶素与体外抗氧化活性呈正相关,且相关性较高。而总黄酮和儿茶素与体外抗氧化活性的相关性较差,并呈现负相关。综合表明广西地区12种茶叶中,绿茶中总多酚和儿茶素、表儿茶素含量相对较高,且抗氧化活性较好;红茶中总黄酮含量较高,但总多酚、儿茶素含量、抗氧化活性均低于绿茶和白茶。     

4种植物提取物的体外抗氧化活性比较

为探究和比较分心木、赶黄草、青蒿和代代花4种植物的抗氧化活性,以4种植物的提取物为试验材料,采用福林酚法和三氯化铝比色法测定总黄酮和总酚含量。以DPPH自由基清除率、ABTS+自由基清除率和总抗氧化能力为指标,进行抗氧化活性评价。研究结果表明,4种植物提取物的总黄酮和总酚的含量、抗氧化活性差异显著。其中,分心木提取物的总黄酮含量最高,可达（21.87±0.55）mg RT/g,且DPPH自由基清除能力、总抗氧化能力最强;赶黄草提取物的总酚含量最高,可达（14.78±0.95）mg GAE/g,且ABTS+自由基清除能力最强。4种植物提取物均具有一定程度的抗氧化能力,赶黄草和分心木提取物的抗氧化活性明显高于青蒿和代代花提取物,抗氧化能力与其总黄酮含量呈正相关。     

木槿花瓣中的总黄酮成分及抗氧化能力分析

为阐明木槿花瓣中总黄酮的成分及其抗氧化性,本研究利用液质联用技术,通过DPPH、ABTS+自由基清除实验,对木槿花瓣中的总黄酮成分及抗氧化能力进行分析。结果表明:木槿花瓣中含有芹菜素-C-二葡萄糖苷、芹菜素-7-O-芸香糖苷、牡荆苷、山奈酚-O-六碳糖-C-六碳糖苷、圣草酚-7-O-葡萄糖苷、山奈酚-3-O-丙二酰葡萄糖苷-7-O-葡萄糖苷、木犀草素-7-O-葡萄糖苷、麦黄酮-O-丙二酰基-己糖苷、木犀草素-7-O-6-丙二酰基半乳糖苷这9种黄酮类化合物;‘红心’、‘紫色法国酒馆’、‘红色法国酒馆’、‘蓝莓冰沙’和‘牡丹’5个品种的木槿花均具有较好的抗氧化性,以DPPH自由基清除率和ABTS+自由基清除率为指标其等效Trolox当量分别为35.51、49.13、50.28、49.99、49.34 mg Trolox/g（干重）和20.23、27.83、44.11、29.79、35.53 mg Trolox/g（干重）;在影响抗氧化能力因素方面,总黄酮含量是影响木槿花抗氧化性的主要因素,在具体成分中牡荆苷、山奈酚-O-六碳糖-C-六碳糖苷、圣草酚-7-O-葡萄糖和麦黄酮-O-丙二酰基-己糖苷是影响木槿花抗氧化性主要的总黄酮成分。本研究表明木槿花中含有多种生物活性成分和抗氧化能力。     

桑葚酸奶发酵贮藏过程中活性成分和抗氧化活性变化特征

以新鲜桑椹和牛奶为原料制备桑椹酸奶,测定其发酵24 h和储藏21 d总酚、总黄酮、铁离子还原能力、DPPH自由基清除能力、ABTS自由基清除能力指标,以期探明桑葚酸奶发酵贮藏过程中活性成分和抗氧化活性变化特征。结果显示：桑椹酸奶发酵期,其体系内活性成分和抗氧化活性均得到提高;储藏前段（1～10 d）,桑葚酸奶体系各指标呈小幅度下降但差异不显著,后期（11～21 d）则呈快速下降;相关性分析显示发酵期和贮藏期桑葚酸奶体系中的总酚、总黄酮含量与铁离子还原能力、DPPH自由基清除能力、ABTS自由基清除能力呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）。结果表明：发酵可有效提高桑葚酸奶体系中的活性成分含量和抗氧化活性,且这部分活性物质和活性可以维持10 d。     

红凤菜抗氧化成分提取分离研究

目的有效地从红凤菜中提取分离抗氧化活性成分。方法以"乙醇提取-NKA大孔树脂柱层析-聚酰胺柱层析-重结晶"的方法进行分离,测定各阶段样品的DPPH IC50、ABTS IC50、总酚及总黄酮含量,并作相关性分析。结果大孔树脂的30%乙醇洗脱物抗氧化活性最高(DPPH IC50为31.5μg/m L,ABTS IC50为15.1μg/m L)、总酚含量较高(22.8%)、未检出黄酮苷元成分,50%乙醇洗脱物抗氧化活性较高(DPPH IC50为42.1μg/m L,ABTS IC50为33.2μg/m L)、总酚含量最高(26.3%)、总黄酮苷元及总黄酮含量均最高(分别为18.7%和33.7%);50%乙醇洗脱物经聚酰胺柱层析得到的黄酮苷结晶Ⅰ、Ⅱ及其母液干燥物,其抗氧化活性、总酚及总黄酮含量均提高;DPPH IC50与总酚含量间存在显著负相关(r=-0.883*)。结论红凤菜提取物清除DPPH自由基的活性与其总酚含量显著相关,依次采用NKA大孔树脂和聚酰胺柱层析可有效地富集抗氧化活性成分。     

基于陶瓷膜过滤工艺制备甘蔗红糖的多酚组成以及抗氧化研究

为研究基于陶瓷膜过滤工艺制备甘蔗红糖的多酚成分、含量以及抗氧化能力,对广西南宁市扶绥县甘蔗双高基地6个品种甘蔗制备的红糖进行研究。通过测定红糖提取液总酚、总黄酮含量以及单体酚组成,以DPPH和ABTS自由基清除能力以及亚铁离子和铜离子螯合能力为指标对红糖提取物抗氧化能力进行评价。结果表明,不同品种红糖的总酚、总黄酮含量以及抗氧化活性存在显著差异;其中红糖总酚含量范围为2846.21~4073.48 μg/g,总黄酮含量范围为1999.24~2438.63 μg/g,在单体酚分析中,没食子酸是红糖优势酚酸;在抗氧化活性测定中,红糖活性提取液的DPPH、ABTS自由基清除能力以及铜离子螯合能力均大于对照组,表现出较高的抗氧化活性,其中D（GUC23-2）在DPPH自由基清除实验、ABTS自由基清除实验、螯合亚铁离子实验中表现出最好效果;结合相关性分析发现,多酚含量与抗氧化活性具有较高相关性,因此可以初步认为多酚种类以及含量是甄别不同品种红糖抗氧化活性的主要因素。综上所述,甘蔗品种的差异性是引起红糖多酚类物质种类以及含量差异的主要因素,而多酚类物质含量以及组成的差异是造成不同品种红糖抗氧化活性差异的主要原因。     

苦荞红曲保健酒的抗氧化活性

为研究苦荞红曲保健酒的总黄酮和总酚的体外抗氧化活性,测定其对DPPH自由基、ABTS自由基的清除能力和铁离子还原/抗氧化能力（FRAP值）,并且与市售黄酒、VC、Trolox进行对比。结果表明,苦荞红曲保健酒有一定DPPH自由基清除率、ABTS自由基清除率和铁离子还原力。被测样品的抗氧化活性与总黄酮、总酚的含量有显著的相关性（P〈0.01）。     

3 种梨果实发育过程中酚类物质及其抗氧化能力分析

为进一步了解新疆主要栽培品种梨生长发育期果实酚类物质和抗氧化能力的变化规律,选取‘库尔勒香梨’‘早酥梨’及其杂交后代‘新梨7号’果实为试材,对其总酚、总黄酮、酚类物质含量以及1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基清除能力和2,2’-联氮-双-3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸（2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid),ABTS）阳离子自由基清除能力进行分析。结果表明：3 种梨果实总酚含量、总黄酮含量、DPPH自由基清除能力在整个生长发育过程中总体呈逐渐降低的变化趋势,ABTS阳离子自由基清除能力呈先降低后升高再降低的变化趋势,花后50 d‘早酥梨’果实中总酚和总黄酮含量、DPPH自由基清除能力最高,分别达23.10、32.25 mg/g和29.12 μmol/g;花后80 d,‘早酥梨’果实ABTS阳离子自由基清除能力最高,达80.74 μmol/g。不同生长发育期同品种梨果实的酚类物质含量均存在明显差异,果实中的熊果苷、儿茶素、绿原酸、表儿茶素、槲皮葡萄糖苷、山柰酚-3-O-葡萄糖苷含量总体逐渐降低,其中熊果苷含量最高,平均值为5 797.82 μg/g,其次是绿原酸含量,平均值为1 781.02 μg/g。梨果实中总黄酮、总酚、熊果苷、儿茶素、绿原酸、表儿茶素含量与DPPH自由基清除能力呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）。3 种梨幼果期（花后50 d）酚类物质及抗氧化能力较高,‘早酥梨’总酚含量、总黄酮含量、DPPH自由基清除能力和ABTS阳离子自由基清除能力均比‘库尔勒香梨’和‘新梨7号’高。     

体外消化对银杏果酚类物质含量及其抗氧化活性的影响

银杏果富含多种营养成分,具有良好的抗氧化活性。研究探讨了体外模拟消化处理对银杏果酚类物质含量及其抗氧化活性的影响。采用福林酚和氯化铝-亚硝酸钠比色法考察消化处理对银杏果总酚和总黄酮含量的影响,通过FRAP铁离子还原能力和ABTS自由基清除能力考察消化处理对银杏果抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明,模拟胃液消化处理能增加银杏果总黄酮含量,但对总酚含量影响不显著,然而模拟肠液消化处理会增加银杏果总酚和总黄酮的含量。模拟胃液处理能显著提高银杏果的FRAP抗氧化能力与ABTS抗氧化能力,模拟肠液处理能显著提高其FRAP抗氧化能力,但对其ABTS抗氧化能力影响不显著,抗氧化活性可能与其酚类物质含量和组成有关。研究为银杏果的开发利用提供了技术支撑和理论依据。     

黑莓籽总多酚、总黄酮含量及其抗氧化活性

采用清除DPPH自由基、ABTS自由基及铁离子还原能力法评价黑莓籽体外抗氧化活性,Folin-Ciocalteau法测其总多酚含量,Na NO2-Al Cl3比色法测定其总黄酮含量,相关系数法分析其总多酚、总黄酮与抗氧化活性间的相关性。结果显示,乙酸乙酯部位和正丁醇部位具有强的DPPH自由基[IC50=(41.93±4.05)、(64.75±5.89)μg/m L]和ABTS自由基[IC50=(2.91±0.46)、(3.18±1.01)μg/m L]清除活性,较强的铁离子还原能力[Trolox当量=(2348.73±2.78)、(1262.55±31.58)μmol/g],石油醚部位具有ABTS自由基[IC50=(21.85±0.61)μg/m L]清除活性和较弱的铁离子还原能力[Trolox当量=(123.59±10.01)μmol/g]。3个部位总多酚、总黄酮含量与清除ABTS自由基能力之间存在一定的相关性(R2分别为0.6832、0.2596);总多酚含量与还原铁离子能力(Trolox当量)之间存在一定的相关性(R2=0.990)。可见,黑莓籽具有良好的抗氧化活性。     

Arsenic content of some edible mushroom species

The arsenic contents of 162 fruit body samples of 37 common edible mushroom taxa were analyzed. The samples were gathered from different habitats of Hungary (mainly from mountains) between 1984 and 1999. The arsenic content of the samples was measured by the inductively coupled plasma spectrometry method. Very low [lower than 0.05 mg/kg dry matter (DM)] concentrations were found in the samples of 13 taxa, while higher (or very high) contents were quantified in other common taxa (the highest arsenic content was recorded in the fruit body of Laccaria amethysthea at 146.9 mg/kg DM). The species of eight genera (Agaricus, Calvatia, Collybia, Laccaria, Langermannia, Lepista, Lycoperdon, Macrolepiota) belong to the so-called accumulating taxa, and this tendency is evident on all habitats. This arsenic accumulation capability is found in two orders of Basidiomycetes (Agaricales and Gasteromycetales), which is to say this phenomenon occurs in the families Agaricaceae, Tricholomataceae and Gasteromycetaceae. The accumulating taxa found all have a saprotrophic type of nutrition; arsenic accumulation is not detectable in xilophagous or in mycorrhizal species. The consumption of the accumulating species found has only a low toxicological risk for three reasons: the consumed fresh fruit bodies contain about a tenfold lower arsenic level than the dried ones, the majority of arsenic occurs not in poisonous inorganic, but in less dangerous (or not poisonous) organic forms, and the frequency of consumption is low.     

Susceptibility of stored product insects to high concentrations of ozone at different exposure intervals

Ozone is a highly reactive gas with insecticidal activity. Past studies have indicated that ozone technology has potential as a management tool to control insect pests in bulk grain storage facilities. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of short periods of exposure to high ozone concentrations to kill all life stages of red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), and Indianmeal moth (Plodia interpunctella (Hübner)) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), adult maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.)) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and adult rice weevil (S. oryzae (L)) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Insects were treated with six ozone concentrations between 50 and 1800 ppm. The specific objective was to determine minimal time needed to attain 100% mortality. The most ozone-tolerant stages of T. castaneum were pupae and eggs, which required a treatment of 180 min at 1800 ppm ozone to reach 100% mortality. Eggs of P. interpunctella also required 180 min at 1800 ppm ozone to reach 100% mortality. Ozone treatments of 1800 ppm for 120 min and 1800 ppm for 60 min were required to kill all adult S. zeamais and adult S. oryzae, respectively. The results indicate that high ozone concentrations reduce the treatment times significantly over previously described results. Our results also provide new baseline information about insect tolerance to ozone treatment.     

Organization and localization of the dnaA and dnaK gene regions on the multichromosomal genome of Burkholderia multivorans ATCC 17616

The Burkholderia multivorans strain ATCC 17616 carries three circular chromosomes with sizes of 3.4, 2.5, and 0.9 Mb. To reveal the distribution and organization of the genes for fundamental cell functions on the genome of this bacterium, the dnaA and dnaK gene regions of ATCC 17616 were cloned and characterized. The gene organization of the dnaA region was rnpA-rmpH-dnaA-dnaN-gyrB with a single consensus DnaA-binding box (TTATCCACA) between the rmpH and dnaA genes. This intergenic region, however, did not work as an autonomously replicating sequence in ATCC 17616. On the other hand, the gene organization of the dnaK region was grpE-orf1 (gene for thioredoxin homologue)-dnaK-dnaJ-pabB (gene for p-aminobenzoate synthetase component homologue). A putative heat-shock promoter that showed good homology to the sigma32-dependent promoter consensus sequence in Escherichia coli was found upstream of the grpE gene, suggesting that these five genes constitute an operon. In M9 succinate minimal medium the dnaJ mutant grew more slowly than the wild-type strain, indicating that this operon is functional. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and Southern blot analyses indicated that both the dnaA and dnaK gene regions exist as single copies on the 3.4 Mb chromosome.     

鸡源大肠埃希氏菌mcr-1基因携带及分析

目的 了解在农业农村部禁止使用多黏菌素作为动物促生长使用后四川部分地区鸡源大肠埃希氏菌（E.coli）mcr-1基因的携带情况,为制定进一步防控措施提供依据。方法 采集四川部分地区市场售卖点肉鸡直肠拭子,用含有多黏菌素（终浓度4 μg/mL）的EC肉汤增菌接种含多黏菌素（终浓度4 μg/mL）的麦康凯平板,挑取可疑菌落,采用PCR方法鉴定菌株并检测mcr-1基因;微量肉汤稀释法测定mcr-1基因阳性菌株对临床常见抗菌药物耐药情况。脉冲场凝胶电泳（PFGE）对mcr-1基因阳性菌株进行同源分析。耐药基因质粒结合实验验证mcr-1基因传播途径。结果 从70份肉鸡样本中的13份检出mcr-1基因阳性大肠埃希氏菌,检出率18.57%（13/70）,对实验的13种抗生素,除13株mcr-1阳性菌株对头孢西丁有12株敏感以外,对其他抗生素都表现出不同程度的耐药,其中四环素和甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲恶唑耐药率最高,达到了100%（13/13）;其次是氨苄西林和氯霉素,耐药率为84.62%（11/13）。PFGE显示13株mcr-1阳性大肠埃希氏菌分属13个不同的型别;质粒结合实验显示mcr-1基因能够通过质粒传播。结论 mcr-1基因在鸡大肠内大肠杆菌中检测率比较高,且鸡大肠中mcr-1阳性大肠埃希氏菌的耐药情况比较严重。     

Contamination with storage fungi of human food from Cameroon

In a mycological study, a total of 95 human food samples were investigated to evaluate the incidence of fungal contamination in Cameroon by conventional identification method and partly confirmed by DNA sequencing. The isolated fungal spp. were further studied to determine their toxigenic potentials. The investigation revealed the predominance of Aspergillus and Penicillium with 96% of samples contaminated with at least one species of these fungi, whereas the incidence of co-contamination of samples was 85%. Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus (Flavi section) were the most predominant species contaminating mainly maize and peanuts. In addition, P. crustosum and P. polonicum were the most common contaminants belonging to the genus Penicillium. On the other hand, A. ochraceus (Circumdati section) registered a low incidence rate of 5%, including other members of the Aspergillus group. Other members of the genera Rhizopus and Alternaria spp. were also registered in the study. A majority of fungal strains of A. ochraceus, A. parasiticus, P. crustosum and P. polonicum isolated were toxigenic, producing the mycotoxins tested for, while none was detected in cultures of A. fumigatus. The high incidence rate of fungi contamination coupled with their potentials in producing mycotoxins gives a strong indication that the samples tested may likely be contaminated with various mycotoxins. There is need for further study to assess the incidence of mycotoxins contamination in similar food samples.     

Assessment of the microbiological safety of salad vegetables and sauces from kebab take-away restaurants in the United Kingdom

The purpose of this study was to establish the microbiological safety of salad vegetables and sauces served in kebab take-away restaurants. Comparison with published microbiological guidelines revealed that 4.7% of 1213 salad vegetable samples were of unsatisfactory microbiological quality due to Escherichia coli and/or Staphylococcus aureus levels at ≥10² cfu g⁻¹. Another 0.3% of salad samples were of unacceptable quality due to S. aureus at ≥10⁴ cfu g⁻¹ (2 samples) or the presence of Salmonella Kentucky (1 sample). Cucumber was the most contaminated salad vegetable with regards to unsatisfactory levels of E. coli (6.0%) or S. aureus (4.5%). Five percent of 1208 sauce samples were of unsatisfactory microbiological quality due to E. coli, S. aureus at ≥10² cfu g⁻¹ and/or Bacillus cereus and other Bacillus spp. at ≥10⁴ cfu g⁻¹. A further 0.6% of sauce samples were of unacceptable quality due to Bacillus spp. (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus licheniformis) at ≥10⁵ cfu g⁻¹ or the presence of Salmonella Agbeni (1 sample). More samples of chilli sauce (8.7%) were of unsatisfactory or unacceptable microbiological quality than any other sauce types. The results emphasize the need for good hygiene practices in kebab take-away restaurants handling these types of ready-to-eat products.     

Comparison of the most odour-active volatiles in different hop varieties by application of a comparative aroma extract dilution analysis

Application of a comparative aroma extract dilution analysis on the volatiles isolated from five different hops (Hallertau Perle, Hallertau Hersbrucker Spät, Slowenian Golding, Hallertau Smaragd, US Cascade) revealed linalool and myrcene with the highest Flavour Dilution (FD)-factors in all varieties, followed by 2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine, 3-methylbutanoic acid and geraniol. Some odourants, however, showed high FD-factors only in certain varieties, for example, (5Z)-octa-1,5-dien-3-one and germacrene B in Hersbrucker Spät, (3E,5Z)-undeca-1,3,5-triene in Hersbrucker Spät and Cascade and nonanal in Cascade. The overall odour profile of the Cascade sample clearly differed from the other varietes, and was dominated by a black currant like odour note. The identification experiments revealed 4-methyl-4-sulfanylpentan-2-one, so far unknown as hop constituent, as key contributor to this odour. In addition, an odour-active undecatetraene was present, in particular, in Perle and Cascade. Synthesis and structural assignment of the four stereoisomers of (3E)-undeca-1,3,5,9-tetraene allowed the identification of the fresh, pineapple-like smelling compound as (3E,5Z,9E)-undeca-1,3,5,9-tetraene. Among the four isomers synthesised, this compound showed by far the lowest odour threshold of 0.01 ng/L in air.     

Microbial profiles of frozen trimmings and silver sides prepared at Indian buffalo meat packing plants

To assess microbiological quality of buffalo meat trimmings (TT = 114) and silver sides (SS = 41), samples were collected from four different Indian meat packing plants. The aim of this study was: (i) to evaluate standard plate count (SPC), psychrotrophic count (PTC), Enterococcus feacalis count (EFC), Staphylococcus aureus count (SAC) and Escherichia coli count (ECC) and the presence of Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes; and (ii) also to determine vero toxic E. coli (VTEC) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). TT samples had significantly higher (P < 0.001) SPC, PTC, EFC, and SAC than SS, while across the meat types there was no difference (P > 0.05) in ECC. E. coli was recovered from 32.4% TT and 19.5% SS samples. The prevalence rate of Salmonella spp. and L. monocytogenes in TT was 1.75% and 0.87%, respectively. But no SS sample was found to be positive for any of these two pathogens. VTEC was found in 2.58% of all the tested samples. This finding suggests that TT contain higher microbes but only small numbers of pathogens of latent zoonotic importance. The present study confirmed the importance of maintaining good process hygiene at meat plants for microbiological status of buffalo meat.     

Developmental and population growth rates of phosphine-resistant and -susceptible populations of stored-product insect pests

Phosphine resistance positively contributes towards an individual's fitness under phosphine fumigation. However, phosphine resistance may place resistant individuals at a fitness disadvantage in the absence of this fumigant, which can be exploited to halt or slow down the spread of resistance. This study aimed to determine if there is a fitness cost associated with phosphine resistance in populations of the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)), the lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica (F.)) and the sawtoothed grain beetle (Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.)). The developmental rate and population growth of phosphine-resistant and -susceptible populations of these three species of stored-product insects were therefore determined under phosphine-free environment. The majority of the phosphine-resistant populations exhibited lower developmental and population growth rates than the susceptible populations indicating that phosphine resistance is associated with fitness cost in all three species, which can potentially compromise the fixation and dispersal of the resistant genotypes. Nonetheless, some phosphine-resistant populations did not show a fitness cost. Therefore, resistance management strategies based on suppression of phosphine use aiming at eventual reestablishment of phosphine susceptibility and subsequent reintroduction of this fumigant will be useful only for insect populations exhibiting a fitness cost associated with phosphine resistance. Therefore recognition of the prevailing phosphine-resistant genotypes in a region is important to direct the management tactics to be adopted.