365 nm光刻照明系统中变焦系统的设计及公差分析

照明系统是投影光刻曝光光学系统的重要组成部分,它实现的功能是为掩模面提供高均匀性照明、控制曝光剂量以及不同照明模式。变焦系统作为光刻照明系统的重要组成部分,对提高整个光刻机的性能起着至关重要的作用。文中针对紫外光刻照明系统的特点,采用CODE V软件完成了波长365 nm,入瞳直径Φ33 mm,像方远心度≤10 mrad,畸变≤±2%近紫外光刻照明系统中变焦系统的设计,分析了变焦系统的误差源对系统光瞳性能的影响,结合变焦系统的设计方案和实际加工能力,给出单面厚度公差需小于20 μm,动件移动精度小于0.5 nm,各透镜偏心公差小于0.02 mm,各透镜倾斜公差控制在1′之内。制定公差合理、可行,满足了紫外光刻照明系统高均匀性、高能量利用率的要求。     

浸没式光刻系统中光束传输系统的设计

为实现浸没式光刻照明系统掩模面上高均匀照明性和不同照明模式,对照明系统中的光束传输系统进行了研究。浸没式光刻照明系统中的激光光束传输系统是光刻机中的重要组成部分,直接影响光刻机性能。针对浸没式光刻照明系统特点,提出了采用球面镜和柱面镜组合的光学结构,进行了激光准直扩束系统的光学设计与仿真分析。此外,对设计的准直扩束系统进行了公差分析,以保证在加工和装调完成后光束的发散角和口径均满足设计要求。最后,在系统完成的基础上对不同位置处的光斑尺寸进行测量。设计结果表明,系统能够满足光束在5~20 m传输光路范围内,不需要进行透镜间隔的调节,实现光斑大小和发散角满足设计要求,保证目标光束口径在(28.5±0.5)mm范围内,X方向发散角为1.2 mrad,Y方向发散角为1.84 mrad。通过分析发现,设计结果能够很好地满足指标的精度要求,具有重要的应用价值和实用意义。     

用于辅助驾驶汽车的红外照明系统

为了解决在现有道路照明条件下，因环境照度不够、环境光强快速变化等原因，造成车辆对周边物体自动识别的准确率低的问题，本文通过软件仿真，设计了一种车载红外补充照明系统。使用红外LED作为光源，光源发出的光线经抛物面反射镜准直后，通过单排复眼透镜，在距离光源25 m处得到均匀性大于90%的矩形光斑，系统的辐射能利用率达到98%，通过30个照明模块组成平面阵列，目标照明面的平均辐照度大于0.8 W/m²。结果表明，采用单排复眼透镜实现匀光，其结构简单，装配公差宽松；本设计方法适用于其他照明系统。     

硅基液晶投影系统的LED光源照明系统设计

硅基液晶(LCOS)空间光调制器件的特点是反射光成像,要求照明光束发散角小,均匀性好。对此,设计了由抛物型反光碗、复眼透镜、偏振分光棱镜、聚光镜等组成的用于LCOS的照明系统,对抛物反光碗以及复眼透镜各参数的设计原理做了详细分析,具体包括光源出射角度,光源的总体长度,所需均匀照亮的尺寸,抛物反光碗各参数对出射角度的影响,其实现原理主要包括复眼透镜匀光理论。设计要求光源出射角度小于10°,总体长度为220 mm,均匀照明面积为20 mm×20 mm,最后给出聚光透镜组的设计结果,使光线聚焦到LCOS表面,照度值要达到0.35 lx/m2,其不均匀度在15%以内。进一步使用Lighttools软件,对其进行仿真,由照度曲线图和照度栅格图可知,设计结果满足设计要求。     

光刻照明系统中新型均匀性补偿器的设计

在超大规模集成电路中,为了满足波长193 nm数值孔径为1.35的45 nm节点紫外光刻曝光光学系统对高分辨率的要求,设计了一种新型的均匀性补偿器件,用于提高照明系统的出射光均匀性从而实现光刻线条的高度均一性。该照明均匀性补偿器的主要功能是实现对照明视场的能量分布进行微调,从而减小系统的残余不均匀性,保证系统在掩膜面及硅片面上的能量分布均匀性达到更高指标的要求。此外,使用CODE V软件对该照明系统的均匀性进行仿真分析,研究发现采用新型均匀性补偿器可以在传统照明和离轴照明模式下同时的光刻照明系统对掩膜面的非均匀性均低于0.5%。与传统匀光单元相比,该新型均匀性补偿器在不增加光刻照明系统机械设计和控制难度的基础上可明显提高光刻照明系统的均匀性,故该器件具有更好的应用价值和实用意义。     

采用双自由曲面整形的无掩模光刻照明系统

为了实现无掩模光刻系统所需求的矩形准直平顶激光光束照明,提高照明系统的能量利用率,提出了一种利用双自由曲面整形的照明系统设计方法。根据光程守恒原理和折射定律,推导了积分形式的双自由曲面面形方程;采用数值解法求解积分方程,分别设计了含有双自由曲面的双透镜整形单元和单透镜整形单元的照明系统,使用光学设计软件对两种照明系统进行模拟,得到两种照明系统的照明均匀性在93%以上,能量利用率大于91%。结果表明,两种照明系统均能实现无掩模光刻系统的高均匀性、高能量利用率照明。     

光学参数配置对ArF光刻性能影响研究

针对分辨力100nm的ArF光刻机,在环形照明和四极照明下,对4种曝光图形结构光刻性能进行了仿真研究。仿真结果表明,如果光刻物镜在加工装调后的光波像差为6nm,杂散光为2%,工件台运动标准偏差为8nm,曝光量控制在10%,CD≤±10%CD,利用四级照明,可以在较大的焦深范围内(DOF≥0.4～0.5μm)实现满足器件要求的100nm密集线条、半密集线条的光刻成像。当曝光剂量更精确控制到7%,可以在较大的焦深范围内(DOF≥0.4～0.5μm)实现满足器件要求的100nm孤立线条的光刻成像。     

复眼透镜在激光二极管阵列光束整形中的应用

在回顾复眼透镜对单光束光源的均匀化机制基础上,分析了复眼透镜对激光二极管(LD)阵列光源的光束均匀化机制。即对子光束分割叠加破坏相似性,对所有分割叠加后的子光斑进行叠加获得均匀性。在此基础上,以抽运薄片或者板条激光器需要高功率密度的均匀抽运光为需求,设计了基于复眼透镜的LD阵列光束整形系统,并给出了其中复眼透镜和积分透镜这两个关键部件的结构形式和相关参数。最后根据所设计的复眼透镜LD光束整形系统搭建了相应的实验光路并测试了整形后光斑不均匀性,测试表明不均匀性为9.8%,验证了对复眼透镜LD阵列光束整形的分析。     

产品放送

新颖镀膜的球状透镜和鼓形透镜镀有增透膜的新型球状透镜和鼓形透镜在６００nm～１０５０nm近红外区具有≥９９．５％的透射率。这种透镜具有均匀的膜层，排除了取适当方向固定这些透镜的问题。这种透镜均采用BK７和LaSFN９光学玻璃制作。鼓形透镜尺寸为２．０mm×２．５mm～４．０mm×５．０mm，长度公差为±３μm，直径公差为＋０μm／－５０μm；BK７玻璃球状透镜的折射率为１．５７，表面质量为４０～２０，透镜直径达到１０mm，能够将光聚焦到光纤中去。高折射率球状透镜的折射率为１．８５０，直径公差为＋０μm／－３μm，透镜直…     

一种用于高斯光束远场整形的小型双透镜系统设计

为了实现高斯光束的远场均匀投射,利用Zemax 优化设计了一种由双凹、平凸双透镜组成的小型匀 光组件。基于理想均匀光斑在其径向上的照度积分与半径呈线性关系的原理,首先利用双凹 透镜缩短光路, 然后对平凸透镜进行约束优化。该组件长度为24mm,可对波长1064nm、腰斑直径400μm 的激光束实现 发散角为6.6°的远场均匀投射。经过设计模型在10m、30m 和40m投射距离处的模拟仿真,结果 显示在4个投射距离处的光斑均匀度都大于93.9%,能量利用率均高于 90%。该匀光组件仅由2个球面和 1个二次曲面构成,结构简单,间隔和厚度公差可达±0.03mm,拥 有良好的可加工性和实用性,在激光通信、激光干涉照明等领域中具有潜在的使用 价值。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Call for Papers

正Wireless Body-area Networks The last decade has witnessed the convergence of three giant worlds:electronics,computer science and telecommunications.The next decade should follow this convergence in most of our activities with the generalization of sensor networks.In particular with the progress in medicine,people live longer and the aging of population will push the development of wireless personal networks