DVD循轨重复控制器的设计及参数优化

在DVD循轨伺服控制系统中,碟片的偏心会对循轨误差信号TE(tracking errors)产生周期性的扰动.随着光盘转速的大大提高,该周期扰动会降低激光光头循轨的性能.为了有效的抑制该干扰,DVD循轨伺服控制系统引入了重复控制器.本文在稳定性条件的基础上设计重复控制器并提出参数优化的办法,通过仿真验证重复控制器能显著有效地抑制频率已知周期干扰信号.     

大口径天线伺服控制系统的扰动观测器设计

针对大口径天线伺服控制系统在风扰动较大的情况下跟踪目标会产生较大的指向误差,为达到跟踪精度和指向精度的要求,在PID控制器的基础上加入扰动观测器,使得天线的指向精度和跟踪精度等都得到了很大的提升.仿真结果表明,加入扰动观测器后,伺服系统的性能得到了优化,系统对风扰动的抑制能力显著增强,跟踪高速目标的指向精度明显提高.     

DVD循轨伺服控制系统设计及参数优化

在DVD循轨伺服控制系统中,碟片的偏心会对循轨误差信号TE(Tracking Errors)产生周期性的扰动.为了有效抑制该干扰,DVD循轨伺服控制系统引入了重复控制器.在稳定性条件的基础上设计重复控制器并提出参数优化的办法,通过仿真验证重复控制器能显著有效地抑制频率已知周期干扰信号.     

基于模型的伺服系统自适应滑模控制研究

在伺服系统优化控制设计问题的研究中,对于伺服转台控制系统,当系统进行低速跟踪时,由于摩擦力矩的存在,会使系统出现低速爬行现象.针对伺服电机运行时产生的摩擦扰动,进行理论分析与研究,提出一种补偿摩擦力矩的控制器,使系统满足高精度要求.在MATLAB仿真平台上,建立滑模自适应控制器的控制系统仿真模型,仿真结果表明滑模自适应控制器不仅对模型参数的随机性具有自适应的能力,而且对摩擦扰动和其他扰动信号具有鲁棒稳定性.采用滑模自适应控制器的伺服系统可以获得较高的跟踪精度的同时具有一定的鲁棒稳定性,且系统抖振较小.     

电液位置伺服系统内模鲁棒控制器的设计

针对电液位置伺服系统存在一定的参数不确定性和较大的负载扰动等问题,建立了电液位置伺服线性系统的数学模型,并将其转化为H∞性能准则问题.利用H∞鲁棒控制理论,设计了电液位置伺服控制系统的鲁棒状态反馈控制器;基于内模原理的设计方法,设计了跟踪控制器.仿真结果表明,该位置鲁棒跟踪控制系统不仅对于伺服系统的参数不确定性有较好的控制效果,而且可以有效地抑制位置伺服系统负载扰动的影响,并有效地提高系统的跟踪特性,使系统具有良好的动态性能.     

基于改进自适应趋近率的永磁同步电机无模型控制系统设计

传统的速度环控制在永磁同步电机负载突变时,会引起转速波动较大从而影响电机运行的稳定性,为了抑制转速波动,并实现电机转速的快速响应,采用了一种基于扩展滑模扰动观测器（Extended Sliding-mode Disturbance Observer,ESMDO）的改进型趋近率控制方法;新算法通过引入含有外部扰动的电机运动方程,并将扰动进行扩展分析,建立了扰动观测器的数学模型,增加扰动观测的准确性;为了减少滑模控制器的抖振,提高响应速度,提出了一种改进型的滑模趋近率,新控制器采用增益自适应、幂次自适应的方法,实现动态调节控制增益的目的;将新算法分别与基于传统指数趋近律的无模型算法和PI控制策略进行仿真对比,仿真结果验证了所提控制策略在提高系统响应速度以及抗干扰能力方面的优异性能。     

扰动自适应模型预测控制的频域特性分析

扰动模型的准确性对模型预测控制算法的扰动抑制能力有重要影响,当前模型预测控制广泛采用的阶跃扰动模型不能准确描述进入系统的不可测扰动,扰动抑制能力有限.自适应扰动模型可以较好的描述不可测扰动,提高对扰动的预估和抑制能力.本文对采用自适应时间序列扰动模型的预测控制进行分析,研究了扰动自适应预测控制(DMCA)的闭环结构以及带宽、灵敏度函数等频域指标与控制器抗扰性能的关系.带宽大的系统抑制扰动的速度快,灵敏度函数幅值越小则对扰动的抑制能力越强.理论分析和仿真结果表明与动态矩阵控制(DMC)相比,采用自适应扰动模型的DMCA算法能够更好的预测和抑制扰动,被控变量偏离设定值的最大幅度降低60％,带宽是DMC的1.5倍、调节速度更快,在低频段有较小的灵敏度函数值.自适应扰动模型提升了DMCA控制器的扰动抑制性能,对保障系统安全平稳运行和增加效益有重要意义.     

静电悬浮的NARX网络自适应逆控制

静电悬浮控制系统中存在建模不准确及对象扰动,传统控制器只能在动态控制精度和扰动消除性能之间折衷;为了克服其对控制器精度的影响,研究了带扰动消除的自适应逆控制算法.以非线性自回归动态神经网络进行正模型、逆模型以及扰动消除控制器的实时辨识,利用基于遗传算法的改进粒子群算法进行神经网络的更新,以提高自适应收敛速度和精度.设计了基于DSP与PC的仿真环境,分别部署静电悬浮虚拟被控对象和自适应逆控制算法,实现对控制算法的实时验证.结果表明所设计的控制结构与算法可以实现对静电悬浮的稳定控制与扰动消除.利用PC和相应的I/O接口,以及所部署的实时控制算法可以实现快速控制原型,为控制器的工程实现提供基础.     

基于自适应模糊控制的智能车控制系统研究

在基于CMOS传感器的自主循迹智能车的基础上,设计实现了一种自适应模糊控制器;该控制器与传统的模糊控制器相比,在结构上有了很大的改进;该控制器采用了前后两级的复合结构,在增加少量运算量的情况下,达到四输入两输出的能力,同时加入了自适应算法,通过对路况信息的判断来调整模糊控制器的参数,在不损失智能车系统稳定性的情况下提高了系统的动态性能,使智能车适应于各种复杂的路况.     

永磁同步电动机自适应超螺旋控制仿真

为优化永磁同步电动机的转速控制精度,使其达到需求标准,提出一种自适应Super-Twisting控制方法.基于构建的三相永磁同步电动机数学模型,架构超螺旋控制算法与超螺旋滑模观测器增益条件,利用电动机电磁转矩与定子磁链,分别设计自适应超螺旋滑模磁链控制器与自适应超螺旋滑模电磁转矩控制器,将符号函数替换成准滑动模态的激励函数,完成超螺旋磁链控制器与超螺旋转矩控制器优化,经添加坐标变换模块,令自适应超螺旋控制器的输出电压与空间矢量调制模块的输入电压相一致,采用二阶滤波环节平滑转速指令,转换速度追踪问题为速度调节问题,实现自适应控制.仿真结果表明,所提方法在不同扰动作用下均具有快速、稳定的参考转速跟踪效果、精确的扰动估计以及较好的抗扰动性与自适应性.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).