实验动物眼动的视频测量

设计了一种基于视频图像的实验动物眼动测量方法。该方法对猕猴观察不同注视点时的眼睛进行成像,通过图像处理得到瞳孔在眼睛中的相对位置数据,从而计算出所观察的注视点的位置。由瞳孔中心位置确定眼睛实际注视点的标定算法,并对系统性能进行了分析。     

眼动跟踪研究进展与展望

眼动跟踪是指自动检测瞳孔中心位置或者识别三维视线方向及注视点的过程, 被广泛应用于人机交互、智能驾驶、人因工程等. 由于不同场景下的光照变化、个体眼球生理构造差异、遮挡、头部姿态多样等原因, 眼动跟踪的研究目前仍然是一个具有挑战性的热点问题. 针对眼动跟踪领域,首先概述眼动跟踪研究内容, 然后分别论述近年来瞳孔中心检测及视线估计领域的国内外研究进展, 综述目前眼动跟踪主要数据集、评价指标及研究成果, 接着介绍眼动跟踪在人机交互、智能驾驶等领域的应用, 最后对眼动跟踪领域的未来发展趋势进行展望.     

面向多设备交互的眼动跟踪方法

当前,越来越多的人机交互应用需要依靠多个设备共同完成,传统针对单个设备的眼动跟踪方法已很难适应多设备交互的需求.为此,提出一种面向多设备交互的眼动跟踪方法.针对用户眼球运动幅度显著变大给图像识别带来的影响,采用待选瞳孔区域和瞳孔中心识别相结合的方法识别瞳孔;同时对普洱钦斑位置进行预测,插补识别过程中丢失的普洱钦斑;在此基础上,建立瞳孔-普洱钦斑反射向量.另一方面,利用边缘检测方法识别设备屏幕,并通过建立不同设备屏幕的顶点位置列表,比较屏幕形状和面积以区分不同设备;再根据瞳孔-普洱钦斑反射向量进行眼动注视点坐标拟合计算,并结合头部运动误差补偿方法提高多设备之间眼动注视点坐标的计算精度.最后设计开发了头戴式眼动跟踪系统Multi Gaze,用户测试结果表明,文中方法在多设备交互环境下能有效地提高注视点计算精度.     

用于增强现实手术导航系统的光学-惯性混合跟踪方法

针对手术导航系统中光学跟踪容易受到遮挡影响的问题,提出一种将光学和惯性跟踪信息进行融合的方法.该方法利用有较高精度的光学跟踪系统对惯性传感器的偏置误差进行估算,使用FIR滤波器对惯性传感器测量噪声进行滤波,该方法通过Kalman滤波器完成数据融合得到目标姿态.当出现部分光学遮挡时,混合跟踪系统将未被遮挡的标志点位置信息与目标的姿态信息进行融合得到完整的6自由度位姿信息.实验结果表明,通过融合光学和惯性跟踪信息,能够在部分遮挡条件下得到准确的位置和姿态信息,并将虚实融合手术导航图像准确地反馈给用户.     

用于移动设备人机交互的眼动跟踪方法

传统眼动跟踪设备构造复杂、体积和重量大,通常只能以桌面固定方式使用,无法支持普适计算环境下的移动式交互.为此,提出一种面向移动式交互的眼动跟踪方法,包括眼动图像处理、眼动特征检测、眼动数据计算和眼动交互应用4个层次.首先对眼球红外图像进行滤波、二值化处理,进而基于瞳孔-角膜反射法,结合二次定位和改进的椭圆拟合方法检测瞳孔,设计缩放因子驱动的模板匹配法检测普洱钦斑;在此基础上,计算注视点坐标等眼动数据;最后设计与开发了一个基于单个红外摄像头的头戴式眼动跟踪原型系统.实际用户测试结果表明,该系统舒适度适中,并具有较高精度和鲁棒性,从而验证了文中方法在移动式交互中的可行性和有效性.     

基于Kinect传感器的瞳孔定位算法

传统算法通常需在头部稳定或光线明亮的情况下进行,较难在自然条件下对多姿态头部运动时的人眼进行跟踪。针对该问题,提出基于Kinect传感器的瞳孔定位算法,使用三维主动表观模型（ AAM）对眼轮廓匹配得到眼部特征点,粗定位分割出眼睛,再对瞳孔进行精确定位。实验表明：在多姿态与头部带有遮挡物的情况下仍能较好地跟踪和定位人眼。     

光学头部姿态跟踪的多传感器数据融合研究

精确的头部姿态跟踪是室内增强现实系统实现高精度注册的关键技术之一. 本文介绍了使用传感器数据融合原理实现高精度的光学头部姿态跟踪的新方法. 该方法使用多传感器数据融合中的扩展卡尔曼滤波器和融合滤波器, 将两个互补的单摄像机Inside-out跟踪和双摄像机Outside-in跟踪的头部姿态进行数据融合, 以减小光学跟踪传感器的姿态误差. 设计了一个典型实验装置验证所提出的算法, 实验结果显示, 在静态测试下的姿态输出误差与使用误差协方差传播法则计算得到的结果是一致的; 在动态跟踪条件下, 与单个Inside-out或Outside-in跟踪相比, 所提出的光学头部姿态数据融合算法能够使跟踪器获得精度更高、更稳定的位置和方向信息.     

移动设备交互环境下的注视点感知计算方法

为了提高移动设备上眼动跟踪的精度和效率、降低硬件成本,提出基于注视点回忆的眼动数据感知计算方法.首先利用人的短时记忆特性建立注视点回忆和自我报告机制,要求用户点击移动设备屏幕来提交注视点位置数据;然后基于支持向量回归方法建立注视点数据误差补偿模型,对用户回忆和提交的注视点数据进行校正,进一步提高数据精度.为了验证数据误差补偿模型的效果,设计并开展了用户实验,结果表明,使用数据误差补偿模型后,对于不同类型的测试任务和测试图片,注视点回忆数据精度提高15%～40%.     

基于头部姿态分析的摄像头视线追踪系统优化

实时视线跟踪技术是智能眼动操作系统的关键技术。与基于眼动仪的技术相比,基于网络摄像头的技术具有低成本、高通用性等优点。针对现有的基于摄像头的算法只考虑眼部图像特征、准确度较低的问题,提出引入头部姿态分析的视线追踪算法优化技术。首先,通过人脸特征点检测结果构建头部姿态特征,为标定数据提供头部姿态上下文;然后,研究了新的相似度算法,计算头部姿态上下文的相似度;最后,在进行视线追踪时,利用头部姿态相似度对校准数据进行过滤,从标定数据集中选取与当前输入帧头部姿态相似度较高的数据进行预测。在选取不同特征人群的数据上进行了大量实验,对比实验结果显示,与WebGazer相比,所提算法的平均误差降低了58~63 px。所提算法能有效提高追踪结果的准确性和稳定性,拓展了摄像头设备在视线追踪领域的应用场景。     

基于头部姿态分析的摄像头视线追踪系统优化

实时视线跟踪技术是智能眼动操作系统的关键技术。与基于眼动仪的技术相比，基于网络摄像头的技术具有低成本、高通用性等优点。针对现有的基于摄像头的算法只考虑眼部图像特征、准确度较低的问题，提出引入头部姿态分析的视线追踪算法优化技术。首先，通过人脸特征点检测结果构建头部姿态特征，为标定数据提供头部姿态上下文；然后，研究了新的相似度算法，计算头部姿态上下文的相似度；最后，在进行视线追踪时，利用头部姿态相似度对校准数据进行过滤，从标定数据集中选取与当前输入帧头部姿态相似度较高的数据进行预测。在选取不同特征人群的数据上进行了大量实验，对比实验结果显示，与WebGazer相比，所提算法的平均误差降低了58~63 px。所提算法能有效提高追踪结果的准确性和稳定性，拓展了摄像头设备在视线追踪领域的应用场景。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于QTE的蒙古文显示机制研究与实现

蒙古语言是中国蒙古族使用的通用语言,由于蒙古文区别于其他文字的书写方式和其自身变形机制等特点,在很多通用的文字处理引擎中都不被支持。在嵌入式产品开发与应用领域中Linux加QTE已经成为流行方式。该文给出了一种在QTE环境上实现基于标准Unicode的蒙古文点阵显示和变形算法, 并自定义了支持蒙古文的QTE组件,扩展了QTE功能,为在Linux加QTE方式的嵌入式体系结构中处理蒙古文提供了一种解决方法。     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。