颗粒床-旋流耦合分离器不同操作模式下的性能分析

通过实验分别考察了满床/空床操作模式对内置颗粒床-旋流耦合分离器分离性能的影响,获得了两种操作模式下的设备压降和捕集效率。通过改变入口粉尘浓度、入口气速和粉尘颗粒种类,发现满床操作条件下的分离效率比空床操作条件下的分离效率高,且前者压降较低。通过对出口粉尘粒径的分析,含有捕集颗粒的内置颗粒床可有效提高5 μm以下的粉尘颗粒的捕集效率,弥补了离心分离的短板。引入性能指数对不同操作模式进行定量分析,验证了满床操作条件下的耦合分离设备具有更好的综合分离性能。     

错流旋转填料床脱除细颗粒物研究

细颗粒物对环境和人体都会产生较大危害, 传统除尘设备无法高效脱除。超重力旋转填料床复合了多种除尘机制, 除尘效率高, 能耗低。本文采用平均粒径为2.25μm的粉煤灰模拟细颗粒物, 错流旋转填料床为湿式除尘设备, 搭建了中试规模的实验系统。提出了使用激光粒度分析仪测量粉尘粒度分布并计算分级效率的方法, 通过实验考察了转速、液气比和气量对错流旋转填料床分级效率的影响。研究表明, 分级效率随转速、液气比、气量的增大而增大, PM_2.5的脱除效率可达到96%, 为超重力湿法除尘的工业化推广提供有力的数据支撑。对分级效率曲线进行拟合, 相关系数R=0.9808。对比发现, 错流旋转填料床的分级效率高于一般湿式除尘器, 对微米级粉尘也有很高的脱除率, 可以高效脱除气体中的细颗粒物, 应用前景广阔。     

气固并流式轴向移动床过滤器的压降特性

通过冷模实验,改变移动床表观气速、颗粒循环速率、入口气体含尘浓度等操作参数,研究了轴向移动床过滤器的压降特性和合适的操作条件,结合移动床内气固两相运动特点,修正了Ergun公式,在加尘条件下分析了床内滤饼对压降稳定性的影响。结果表明,在无尘负荷条件下(“纯”移动床操作),颗粒的循环速率由0增至2.26 kg/(m2?s)时,设备的压降减小0.03 kPa。表观气速为0.126 m/s、入口气体含尘浓度为89.10 g/m3时,移动床内滤饼形成和破损呈动态平衡,过滤500 s后,压降可稳定在0.88 kPa,此时设备具有较高的除尘性能,粉尘捕集效率可达96%以上。     

Fortschritte bei der Abscheidung von Stäuben im Elektrofilter unter Berücksichtigung der Schadgas-Adsorption

Progress in dust collection by electrostatic precipitators with due attention to adsorption of noxious gases . It is shown on the basis of the present state of the art that the stipulations of the pollution control legislation for large boilers can be met by electrostatic precipitators and that fine dust and heavy metals are collected to a sufficiently high degree. Recent developments are dealt with which bring about a fundamental improvement of the collection in the precipitator. Noxious gases have to be separated together with the dust to an ever-increasing extent. With dry processes, fluidized beds are arranged upstream of the electrostatic precipitator for the adsorption of, for instance, HCl, HF, and SO₂. In these cases the dusts will be highly concentrated and of varying chemical composition. Dry gas cleaning in the expanded, circulating fluidized bed downstream of refuse incineration plants and defluorination of waste gases from aluminium electrolysis are considered as examples. The separation of dust under difficult conditions is then dealt with.     

Cake formation and growth in cake filtration

In this study we develop an experimental method to help understand the formation and growth of dust cakes. An on-line pressure-displacement measurement system is developed to measure the thickness of the dust cakes. A higher filtration superficial velocity resulted in a higher degree of compaction in the dust cakes and thus a higher specific cake resistance, hence a better collection efficiency could be achieved. The empirical equations for cake solidosity and specific cake resistance as a function of the filtration superficial velocity are derived. We find that the cake filter is influenced by the cake thickness and the filtration superficial velocity. The results of this study can be applied to granular bed filters for the removal of dust particulates in advanced coal-fired power systems.     

超重力旋转床脱除微米级粉尘的实验研究

用超细滑石粉模拟工业微米级粉尘,通过实验研究了超重力旋转床的除尘特性.考察了旋转床在不同的气量q<,G>、液量q<,L>、转速n和轴向放置平面丝网层数n<,m>下的除尘效果,确定了实验室规模下适宜的除尘工艺条件:q<,G>=600 m<'3>/h,q<,L>>0.6 m<'3>/h,N=1 400 r/min,n<,m...     

Filtration and dust cake experiment by ceramic candle filter in high temperature conditions

Particulate collection at high temperature and high pressure (HTHP) is important in an advanced coal power generation system not only to improve the thermal efficiency of the system, but also to prevent the gas turbine from erosion and to meet the emission limits of the effluent gas. The specifications for particulate collection in those systems such as Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) and Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion (PFBC) require absolutely high collection efficiency and reliability. Advanced cyclone, granular bed filter, electrostatic precipitator, and ceramic filter have been developed for particulate collection in the advanced coal power generation system. However, rigid ceramic filters and granular bed filters among them show the best potential. The problems experienced of these systems on performance, materials, and mechanical design were investigated. Ceramic candle filters have the best potential for IGCC at this moment because they have nearly the highest efficiency compared with other filtering systems and have accumulated many reliable design data from many field experiences. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficiency of ceramic filters and stability of material against high temperature and longterm operation condition by applying fly ash on the surface of the filter and relation of pressure drop and dust cake thickness. Experimental conditions were 50 hours at 450 °C, 650 °C and 850 °C.     

The effect of particle shape on the pressure drop across the dust cake

In order to observe the effect of particle shape of poly-dispersed dusts on filter performance, the pressure drop across the dust cakes of fly ashes from a conventional power plant (PC), fluidized bed combustion (FBC), and paint incinerator (FI) was measured over a metal filter element in the accurate conditions. A fluidized bed column was used to prepare the dust feed stream of uniform particle distribution. The fine particles of FI ash have a tendency to be agglomerated at low transport velocity. The aggregates were broken at high velocity of more than 21 cm/sec. FBC ash composed of jagged type particles and containing high concentration of unburned-carbon showed higher pressure drop than that of PC ash composed mostly of spherical particles. FI ash composed of aggregates of very fine carbon particles presented the highest pressure drop among the fly ashes tested. The shape factors of PC, FBC, and FI ash were estimated as 0.91, 0.76, and 0.65, respectively, by the Ergun equation. The results implied that the irregular particle tends to form a higher pressure drop and to be more compressible than spherical one. This paper is dedicated to Professor Wha Young Lee on the occasion of his retirement from Seoul National University.     

超重力旋转床微米级粉尘脱除实验研究

以超重力旋转床作为除尘设备,用超细滑石粉模拟工业微米级粉尘,考察旋转床除尘的分离效率和设备压降.在气量500～700 m~3/h、液量0.6～1.0 m~3/h、转速560～1 400 r/min、平面丝网层数为3的条件下,除尘总效率均大于97%,设备总体压降不超过490 Pa.超重力旋转床相对于其他除尘设备,显示了高效除尘和低压降性能.     

气固错流移动颗粒床过滤器除尘效率

研究了气固错流移动颗粒床过滤器除尘效率与表观过滤气速、颗粒层移动速度、过滤气体粉尘含量的关系,并进一步探讨了粉尘在颗粒层内的沉积对除尘效果的影响.结果表明,颗粒层内粉尘沉积量较低时,沉积的粉尘有效地促进了颗粒层除尘效率的提高,但随粉尘沉积量增大,沉积粉尘的二次飞扬变得严重,其促进效应逐渐减小.在考虑了沉积粉尘对除尘效率影响和颗粒层内粉尘沉积不均匀性的基础上,基于捕集单元的收缩管模型,建立了计算移动颗粒层除尘效率和床层内粉尘沉积分布的数学模型.模型计算结果和实验数据比较表明,在操作气速0.1～0.3m&#8226;s^-1范围内,计算值与实验结果吻合较好.据此对除尘效率和床层内粉尘沉积的变化趋势进行了模拟分析.     

Hot-surface ignition temperatures of dust layers

Minimum dust layer ignition temperatures on a hot surface were determined for several dusts, using a test procedure recommended by the National Academy of Sciences. The dusts included coal, three oil shales, lycopodium spores, corn starch, grain and brass powder. For a few of the dusts the effects of particle size and layer thickness on the minimum ignition temperatures were examined. Test results were repeatable and reliable for the fuels, the lycopodium and the brass powder. The minimum hot-surface ignition temperatures of 12.7-mm thick layers of these dusts ranged from 160°C for brass to 290°C for 20-gal ton⁻¹ oil shale. Flaming combustion was observed only with the brass powder. The minimum ignition temperatures decreased with thicker layers and with smaller particle sizes. Some difficulties were encountered with the corn starch and grain dusts. During heating, the starch charred and expanded; the grain dust swelled and distorted. The test was found acceptable for the purpose of determining the minimum layer ignition temperature of a variety of dusts. To prevent fire hazards due to smoldering or flaming dust layers the temperatures of surfaces on which combustible dusts accumulate should be lower than the minimum hot-surface ignition temperatures of the dusts.     

Effect of bed void volume on pressure vacuum swing adsorption for air separation

The effects of a poorly packed bed on the pressure vacuum swing adsorption (PVSA) process were investigated experimentally and theoretically by a five-step two-bed PVSA system. At first, the adsorption dynamics of a zeolite LiX bed for air separation (78 mol% N₂, 21 mol% O₂ and 1 mol% Ar) was studied at various adsorption pressures and flow rates. In breakthrough results, the effect of adsorption pressure on variations in bed temperature was greater than that of the feed flow rate. A combined roll-up of Ar and O₂ by N₂ propagation was observed and the roll-up plateau reached about 4 mol%. The fluid dynamic behavior of the poorly packed bed was simulated at each step in the PVSA process. The pressure and velocity profiles in the non-isobaric steps were clearly different from those of a normally packed bed. The two-bed PVSA process using one poorly packed bed with additional 1% void volume in feed end of bed could produce a purity of 92.3mol% O₂ from air, which was almost 1% purity lower than the PVSA with normal two beds. Even small asymmetry between beds, due to poor bed packing, could greatly reduce the product purity in the PVSA process.     

炭粒床高效工业除尘装置的设计与开发

The new dust removal technical route using the carbon-granular bed filter,packed of carbon particles with appropriate grade derive from an online-process vibration sieve,to replace the traditional baggy filter had been developed successfully for capturing the micro-carbon dusts produced from pulverization of petroleum coke,and the green close loop of carbon materials is thus completed in the combined pulverizing and classifying system and pulverized carbon dust removal process.The high dust removal efficiency greater than 99%,low outlet dust concentration less than 100 mg.m-3,low pressure drop through dust filtration chamber less than 980 Pa,simple and easy design,and flexible and stable operation were achieved also with the carbon-granular bed filter in both bench and industrial scale operations.     

炭粒床高效工业除尘装置的设计与开发

The new dust removal technical route using the carbon-granular bed filter, packed of carbon particles with appropriate grade derive from an online-process vibration sieve, to replace the traditional baggy filter had been developed successfully for capturing the micro-carbon dusts produced from pulverization of petroleum coke,and the green close loop of carbon materials is thus completed in the combined pulverizing and classifying system and pulverized carbon dust removal process. The high dust removal efficiency greater than 99%, low outlet dust concentration less than 100 mg-m-S, low pressure drop through dust filtration chamber less than 980 Pa, simple and easy design, and flexible and stable operation were achieved also with the carbon-granular bed filter in both bench and industrial scale operations.     

Binding agents to enhance fluidised bed gas cleaning

The overall filtration efficiency E_o of a low aspect ratio fluidised bed of bronze particles has been measured for dry, static tribo-electricity-free beds and beds with binders sprayed into them. The dry bed work has been presented previously and is briefly reviewed here. It showed that the bulk of the collection occurred in the distributor region. The depth of this region is about 2.5 times the initial bubble diameter and a physical model based on bubble growth and collapse was proposed. Based on this model, the filtration efficiency of 7 distributors can be correlated with energy dissipation rate in this region. High pressure drop, high flow rate distributors are most efficient but due to re-entrainment as a result of bounce, the maximum value of E_o is still only about 70%. However, again using high pressure drop distributors (in this case to reduce wet quenching tendencies), E_o can be increased to over 98% by spraying in 0.1 to 5 wt.%. Carbowax 4000 in water solutions. SEM photographs show that at low concentrations dust is collected in a coherent film of Carbowax coating the bronze, whilst at high concentrations, dust collects in flakes of Carbowax of about 25 μm in size, some present on the surface of the collectors and some free in the bed after detachment.     

Agglomerates and granules of nanoparticles as filter media for submicron particles

An experimental study on filtration of submicron solid and liquid aerosol particles by using a filter media composed of agglomerates or granules of nanoparticles is described. Fumed silica nanoagglomerates, carbon black granules, silica shells, activated carbon granules, glass beads and nanoporous hydrophobic aerogel were among the granular filter media tested and compared to a commercially available HEPA fiber-based filter. Other than the glass beads which were used for comparison purposes, the primary particle size of the agglomerates/granules is of nanometer scale, but they agglomerate to form porous structures of about several hundreds of microns which were customized as packed (deep bed) or fluidized bed filters and challenged against submicron solid and liquid aerosols. For packed bed filters, the size of the granules has been optimized to a range of 150-500 µm with a filter thickness of about 1-3 in. and superficial gas velocities of less than 4 cm/s. Fluidized beds required granules smaller than 150 µm and the height of the bed was in the range of 15-40 cm.The customized filters and a HEPA fiber-based filter were challenged simultaneously against the same aerosol at the same superficial gas velocities. When using carbon black or aerogel granules as filter media, collection efficiencies comparable or even higher than HEPA fiber-based filters are obtained, but with the advantage of extra filtration capacity due to the deep bed configuration and the absorption of liquids into the porosity of the media. A fluidized bed filter of aerogel granules not only provides higher collection efficiency and larger capacity than a HEPA fiber-based filter when challenged against both oil mist and solid aerosols but also has an extremely low pressure drop compared to a packed bed filter and can be operated continuously with respect to removing saturated granules and adding fresh ones.     

A note on erosion by moving dust particles

Ductile and brittle modes of erosion by dust or granular materials suspended in a gas at moderate speeds are discussed by extending the relations of Herz and Rayleigh. Conditions include directional impact, random impact, and sliding bed motion. The actual condition at a pipe turn is often a combination of these effects. Relations are also applicable to dust erosion of turbine blades, control of sand blasting, and wear produced by fluidized beds and sliding beds.     

Performance evaluation of a hybrid dust collector for removing particles during subway train operation

A hybrid dust collector attached to a subway train bottom was developed for the effective removal of subway particulate matter (PM), by considering the fluctuating speed of a subway train between stations. It combines an electrostatic precipitator, which has good collection efficiency when the flow velocity is low, and an inertial dust separator, which has good collection efficiency when the flow velocity is high. The electrostatic precipitator and inertial dust separator guarantee a high collection efficiency regardless of the subway train operating speed by compensating for the other’s shortcomings. Wind tunnel test and numerical simulation were conducted to verify the performance of the hybrid dust collector. The experiment and simulation results were compared to verify the prediction accuracy of the simulation method. The collection efficiencies of the electrostatic precipitator and inertial dust separator were then simulated for various operating speeds of the subway train to predict the overall collection efficiency of the hybrid dust collector. As a result, when airflow velocity at the hybrid dust collector inlet varied from 2 to 8?m/s, subway PM₁₀ or PM_2.5 collection rate of a single hybrid dust collector was predicted to be in the range 88?～?123?μg/s or 30?～?35?μg/s, respectively. The use of multiple such hybrid dust collectors attached to the subway train bottom is expected to be effective in reducing fine dust concentration in subway tunnels.

Copyright © 2019 American Association for Aerosol Research     

Experimental investigation of phosphate dust collection in impinging streams (IS)

An experimental study on collection of dry phosphate dust and coalescence of moistened phosphate dust in an Impinging-stream (IS) collector has been conducted in the presence and in the absence of a water spray. The total collection efficiency with a water spray of specific consumption of 0.3 kg water/kg dust was 95–97%. Air velocity at the inlet pipes varied between 10–30 m/s and the inclination angle with respect to the horizontal, a, of the IS was 40?60°. The water spray increased the collection efficiency by 5–20% in comparison to dry collection. In the coaxial configuration, α = 0°, it has been obtained that in the presence of a water spray, up to 55–85% of the dust accumulated on the walls of the collector, which was undesirable. Applying the inclined IS decreased the above quantities up to 5–15% with an optimal inclination angle of α = 40°. A simple model for collection of the particles has been established, showing a satisfactory agreement with experimental results.     

入口粉尘浓度对新型旋流-颗粒床耦合分离器特性的影响

通过大型冷模实验,考察了入口粉尘浓度对某连续操作新型旋流-颗粒床耦合分离器压降和除尘效率的影响特性。结果表明,入口粉尘浓度越大,达到平衡时分离器的压降越大,压降增速越快,入口粉尘浓度为59.13 g/m3时,分离器平衡压降最大为1.2 kPa;入口粉尘浓度越低,分离器分离效率越高。分离器颗粒床层内捕集颗粒含尘量与再生效率有关,再生尘源浓度越小,分离器压降达到平衡越快。当再生尘源浓度由58.18%降至23.67%,装置压降由1.5 kPa降至1.2 kPa;随着再生尘源浓度降低,分离器除尘效率略微下降。入口粉尘浓度和再生尘源浓度对分离器压降影响的结果一致,对分离器效率影响的结果不同。