Single-baseline polarimetric SAR interferometry

Examines the application of single-baseline polarimetric SAR interferometry to the remote sensing and measurement of structure over forested terrain. For this, a polarimetric coherent scattering model for vegetation cover suitable for the estimation of forest parameters from interferometric observables is introduced, discussed and validated. Based on this model, an inversion algorithm which allows the estimation of forest parameters such as tree height, average extinction, and underlying topography from single-baseline fully polarimetric interferometric data is addressed. The performance of the inversion algorithm is demonstrated using fully polarimetric single baseline experimental data acquired by DLR's E-SAR system at L-band     

Intensity-driven adaptive-neighborhood technique for polarimetric and interferometric SAR parameters estimation

In this paper, a new method to filter coherency matrices of polarimetric or interferometric data is presented. For each pixel, an adaptive neighborhood (AN) is determined by a region growing technique driven exclusively by the intensity image information. All the available intensity images of the polarimetric and interferometric terms are fused in the region growing process to ensure the validity of the stationarity assumption. Afterward, all the pixels within the obtained AN are used to yield the filtered values of the polarimetric and interferometric coherency matrices, which can be derived either by direct complex multilooking or from the locally linear minimum mean-squared error (LLMMSE) estimator. The entropy/alpha/anisotropy decomposition is then applied to the estimated polarimetric coherency matrices, and coherence optimization is performed on the estimated polarimetric and interferometric coherency matrices. Using this decomposition, unsupervised classification for land applications by an iterative algorithm based on a complex Wishart density function is also applied. The method has been tested on airborne high-resolution polarimetric interferometric synthetic aperture radar (POL-InSAR) images (Oberpfaffenhofen area-German Space Agency). For comparison purposes, the two estimation techniques (complex multilooking and LLMMSE) were tested using three different spatial supports: a fix-sized symmetric neighborhood (boxcar filter), directional nonsymmetric windows, and the proposed AN. Subjective and objective performance analysis, including coherence edge detection, receiver operating characteristics plots, and bias reduction tables, recommends the proposed algorithm as an effective POL-InSAR postprocessing technique.     

PolInSAR analysis of X-band data over vegetated and urban areas

This paper investigates the polarimetric and polarimetric interferometric synthetic aperture radar (PolInSAR) information contained in the high-resolution X-band data acquired by the RAMSES airborne SAR system over an area around Avignon, France containing bare surfaces, vegetation, and urban areas. The interferometric coherences are computed over natural and urban areas for all possible baseline copolar polarizations. In the complex plane, the obtained regions of coherence corresponding to most vegetation areas display small angular extents, meaning that if penetration occurs in the foliage, it is shallower than the system height accuracy. To quantify the PolInSAR information, an analysis of the interferometric height accuracy is first performed, and the results are compared with those associated with a theoretical and an empirical model. Concerning vegetation, a 6-m height difference is measured between the different polarimetric phase centers over a sparse pine forest, probably due to the presence of holes in the canopy. Crop study reveals also that wheat-type fields present oriented media properties at X-band due to their vertical structure. Over urban areas, in most cases, building height can be accurately obtained by using Pauli polarimetric phase center information.     

PolInSAR极化误差对最优相干相位的影响研究

极化干涉SAR定量应用中,极化误差会导致最优干涉相位估计误差。该文研究了极化干涉SAR测量处理中极化误差的传递,基于极化相干最优过程理论提出了一个新极化误差传递模型。在此基础上通过仿真验证并分析了极化误差对极化干涉最优干涉相位估计的影响,其结论能为在实际应用中进行精度分析和提出定标指标要求提供理论依据和参考。     

极化干涉SAR面向城区不同处理模式的误差影响分析

极化干涉合成孔径雷达(PolInSAR)在城区等复杂场景下的应用受到了越来越多的关注。面向城区的极化干涉SAR处理主要包括基于极化最优相干的干涉测高、基于极化分解的干涉测高、联立极化干涉观测方程直接求解不同散射机制高度这3种模式。现有研究对各类误差在极化干涉SAR不同处理模式下的综合影响分析尚很欠缺。该文在构建极化干涉SAR误差模型的基础上,提出了联立极化观测方程下散射机制的求解方法,推导了极化失真和干涉误差在极化干涉SAR不同处理模式下的综合影响模型,并通过仿真验证了模型的正确性,同时给出了3种处理模式补偿误差后的高度反演结果,补偿误差后通过极化最优相干得到建筑区域高度的均方根误差(RMSE)为2.77 m。在此基础上,通过仿真给出了极化干涉SAR不同处理模型下的误差影响曲线,比较了不同处理模型受误差影响的程度,并给出了合理解释,研究结果为极化干涉SAR系统设计、处理方法选择及数据应用提供了参考。     

极化SAR动目标定位中的残差图像干涉相干性分析

该文研究极化SAR动目标检测及定位中的频域残差图像干涉相干性优化问题.给出了多普勒频域杂波对消处理的基本流程,提出了一种利用频域残差图像进行最优极化干涉处理从而提高目标运动参数估计精度的方法.结合最优极化干涉理论,通过仿真分析研究了不同极化下频域残差图像的干涉相干性,验证了文中方法的有效性.     

SAR图像的极化干涉非监督Wishart分类方法和实验研究

该文在合成孔径雷达图像的极化非监督Wishart分类的基础上,给出了一种利用极化干涉信息对合成孔径雷达图像进行非监督分类的方法。该方法主要利用一(66)的极化干涉相关矩阵,从而可以同时考虑单幅图像的全极化信息以及两幅像对之间的互相关信息。该文详细阐述了该方法的具体实现,并利用NASA/JPL的SIR-C/X-SAR系统在中国天山地区的L波段实测数据进行了实验研究。给出了利用该方法对实验数据进行分类的结果,并与极化非监督Wishart分类的结果进行了比较。结果表明,该方法能够很好地分辨不同类型的地物,保持地物的细节,并且比极化非监督Wishart分类结果有很大改善。     

基于Freeman分解的植被参数反演新方法

基于极化Freeman分解的极化协方差矩阵参数,极化干涉SAR互协方差矩阵可简化建模为植被高度、消光系数和地面干涉相位的函数。基于此,该文建立了以极化干涉SAR互协方差矩阵估算值与互协方差矩阵观测值之差为目标函数、以3个植被参数为未知量的优化模型,提出了基于Freeman分解的植被参数反演新方法。该方法避免了三阶段植被参数估计方法所面临的体相关系数确定问题,提供了一种独立于三阶段植被参数估计的新思路。仿真结果验证了新方法的有效性。     

SAR calibration: an overview

Progress in synthetic-aperture radar, (SAR) calibration is reviewed. The difficulties of calibrating both airborne and spaceborne SAR image data are addressed. The quantities measured by a SAR, i.e. radar backscatter, are defined and mathematical formulations for the three basic types of SAR image are developed. The difficulties in establishing science requirements for calibration are discussed. The measurement of SAR image quality is briefly addressed. The problem of radiometric calibration is introduced via the SAR form of the radar equation, with both internal and external calibration approaches considered. The development of algorithms for polarimetric radar calibration is reviewed and the problems involved in phase calibration of interferometric SAR are discussed. Future challenges in the field of SAR calibration are considered     

A 28 μm water-vapor laser interferometer for plasma diagnostics

A high-power CW 27.972 μm water-vapor laser has been developed for interferometric and polarimetric measurements of plasmas. The maximum output power and the power density in the cavity of the laser with 2.0 cm bore and 220 cm length reach 85 mW and 109 μW/cm³, respectively. An interferometer using this laser is constructed and its performance is examined as a study on polarimetric method of magnetic field measurement. Preliminary interferometric experiments are also carried out on a compact toroidal plasma with field-reversal configuration.     

极化干涉SAR的研究现状与启示

阐述极化与干涉结合的基本考虑,介绍极化干涉SAR相干最优和相干目标分解的基本思想,总结分析极化干涉SAR技术、典型星载极化SAR系统研制和极化干涉SAR应用的研究现状,以得到开展极化干涉SAR技术研究的启示。     

A comparison between different polarimetric measurement schemes

The usefulness of polarization information in remote sensing applications has been clearly demonstrated in the last two decades. Land covers and meteorological targets are complex and their backscatter returns are time varying. Their polarimetric characteristics should be determined in terms of second order statistics of scattering matrix elements. These are contained. in the polarimetric covariance matrix. Estimation of polarimetric covariance matrix elements has been addressed by different authors based on different scattering matrix measurement methods. The most widely used and implemented method consists in the alternate transmission of two orthogonal polarizations while. receiving with both. Recently, a method that considers simultaneous transmission of two orthogonal polarizations, which are phase coded with orthogonal signals, has been proposed. Another method, specifically developed to obtain the polarimetric covariance matrix, is based on transmitting three different polarizations and receiving their corresponding co-polar and cross-polar counterparts. Different data sets result from each measurement technique and different estimators of polarimetric covariance matrix elements have been developed for the different data sets available. These various methods are investigated in here. Based on simulated data the performance of the different estimators under different working conditions are analyzed. Effects on the estimators of operation frequency, pulse repetition frequency (PRF) and temporal properties of targets are discussed     

具有极化特征的植被相干散射模型及参数反演

重点研究了具有极化特征的植被相干散射模型及参数反演算法。基于目标分解理论,推导了植被及地表回波的极化干涉相干系数与植被高度、衰减系数、地形相位等参数之间的数学关系,以衰减系数作为极化分量的函数,建立了具有明显极化特征的植被及地表相干散射模型。在此基础上,以全极化干涉相干系数作为输入参量,考虑模型对极化的依赖性,采用三阶段法对植被的物理参量进行反演,获得了地形相位和植被高度。在环境可控的微波暗室内构建了极化干涉半实物合成孔径雷达系统对模型进行实验验证,获取了南洋杉和土壤所构成场景的极化干涉回波数据,实验结果表明:采用该模型在场景的地体幅度比小于-10dB的情况下,植被反演高度与实际高度的误差仅为0.03m,说明了模型的有效性。     

基于极化干涉SAR图像的地物监督分类方法

X波段的高分辨率极化干涉合成孔径雷达（synthetic aperture radar,SAR）图像包含较强的斑点噪声,不利于地物分类等应用.针对这一问题,先使用Nonlocal滤波进行预处理,然后提取图像的极化特征和干涉特征,再使用支持向量机（support vector machine,SVM）和AdaBoost分类器对极化和干涉特征矢量进行分类.利用N-SAR系统于渭南市采集的极化干涉SAR数据进行验证,该数据共包含10类地物,并有足够的ground truth用来进行分类器的训练和测试.实验结果表明,AdaBoost分类器能对多类地物取得较好的分类效果,且干涉信息的加入能带来一定改善.     

Polarizer-and analyzer-induced noise in fiber-opticpolarization-sensitive intermodal interferometers

A theoretical and experimental study on the influence of imperfect polarizer/analyzer and their nonideal orientation along fiber axes on the generation of noise in bimodal polarization-sensitive interference is presented in this paper. It is shown that the polarimetric responses of each mode, the intermodal response of the orthogonal polarization as well as the crossed terms are superimposed upon the intermodal response considered to be the useful signal. The theoretical analysis is based on the use of spatial interferometric Stokes parameters and the Muller matrix method. Exact analytical expressions for the noise contributions are derived. Experimental data confirms the basic theoretical results and shows that the greatest noise contribution for a polarization-sensitive intermodal interferometer comes from the polarimetric and the crossed term     

An interferometric coherence optimization method in radar polarimetry for high-resolution imagery

This paper investigates to what extent a new interferometric coherence optimization in radar polarimetry allows the separation of point scatterers located in the same resolution cell according to their interferometric phases. An interferometric coherence definition called the single-mechanism coherence is introduced, and the corresponding optimization method is briefly discussed. This method was first validated theoretically when no volume decorrelation occurs. Then, it has been applied to simple target measurements acquired in an anechoic chamber, and to an X-band polarimetric and interferometric synthetic aperture radar image containing man-made targets. In both cases, the single-mechanism coherence optimization enables to resolve the interferometric phases of several scattering centers inside the same resolution cell.     

Combined michelson and polarimetric fibre-optic interferometric sensor

A fibre-optic interferometric sensor utilising a highly birefringent fibre sensing element has been configured such that both Michelson and polarimetric outputs are simultaneously available. This device therefore offers the high resolution of a Michelson interferometer in conjunction with the increased dynamic range of a polarimetric device. The results of preliminary experiments in which the system was used as a temperature sensor are presented.     

星载对地观测偏振传感器及其大气遥感应用

偏振反映电磁波的方向特性,是除强度之外电磁波的另一维度的信息。在电磁波与大气颗粒物的相互作用中,偏振由于其对颗粒物物理特征的高敏感性, 可以有效提高卫星遥感探测的丰度和精度,改善对大气中特性复杂的气溶胶和云等成分的探测能力。首次综合介绍了我国研制的4种类型星载 对地观测偏振传感器,包括多角度偏振相机、推扫式偏振成像仪、摆扫式偏振仪、多通道偏振辐射计,并分析了代表性的国产偏振传感器 的指标参数,总结了各类载荷的探测能力。在此基础上,介绍了星载偏振传感器的主要定标方法,包括发射前实验室定标、星上定标和在轨定标。 偏振载荷具有增加卫星观测维度和精度、对大气颗粒物粒径和形状特征敏感、改善弱信号探测等方面的综合优势,能够获取全球范围内 高精度的大气气溶胶和云参数。星载对地观测偏振传感器具有广阔的大气遥感应用空间和潜力,可在细颗粒物PM2.5卫星遥感、关键气候 因子观测及评估、极端环境事件监测、气溶胶生态效应评估、对地观测高精度大气校正等多个领域发挥作用。     

复合高斯杂波中相干雷达极化自适应检测算法研究

研究了在复合高斯杂波中相干雷达极化自适应检测问题,基于广义似然比检验提出了一种新的检测算法。该算法关于杂波的结构分量统计特性有恒虚警的性质,敏感度分析表明虚警概率仅轻微地受到杂波相关特性变化的影响。仿真分析了不同状态时该算法的检测性能。结果表明该算法与先前的基于广义似然比的极化自适应检测算法检测性能接近,计算复杂度较低,有实际应用价值。