小晶粒NaY型分子筛的合成与表征

采用添加晶种和表面活性剂,通过水热晶化的方法合成了小晶粒NaY型分子筛,考察了铝源、硅源、表面活性剂、水等用量对NaY型分子筛合成的影响。采用XRD、N2吸附-脱附、SEM、XRF等手段对合成的分子筛进行了表征。结果表明:在合成体系中各组成的摩尔比n(Na2O):n(Al2O3):n(SiO2):n(H2O)=2.5:0.3:6.7:192.4的条件下,制备出的NaY型分子筛与常规NaY型分子筛的XRD谱图基本一致,且比表面积高达858m2/g;SEM结果显示,NaY型分子筛呈小晶粒聚集态,粒径在100~300nm。     

高岭土原位合成高硅铝比小晶粒NaY分子筛

以不同温度焙烧的苏州高岭土为原料,采用原位晶化法合成高硅铝比小晶粒NaY分子筛,考察晶种胶添加量、陈化温度、晶化温度和m(高土)∶m(偏土)对晶化过程和产物性质的影响。结果表明,m(高土)∶m(偏土)=1时,在晶种胶添加质量分数15%、陈化温度90℃和晶化温度100℃条件下,以普通高岭土为原料原位合成NaY样品的相对结晶度约为80%,骨架硅铝比(SiO2与Al2O3物质的量比)为6.4,平均粒径约500nm。调整原料中m(高土)∶m(偏土)可以控制原位晶化样品中的分子筛含量。以细化高岭土为原料合成的NaY分子筛(平均约445nm)粒径小于普通高岭土合成的样品。骨架硅铝比高于6.0的原位晶化样品的骨架坍塌温度高于950℃,具有很高的结构稳定性。     

低Na_2O/Al_2O_3比凝胶一步晶化法合成高硅小晶粒NaY分子筛

NaY晶体的n(Na_2O)∶n(Al_2O_3)=1.0,但现有NaY合成工艺的起始凝胶的n(Na_2O)/n(Al_2O_3)均较高,导致大量原料中的Na_2O及相应量其他组分没有转化为产品,而是进入晶化母液被滤除,因此NaY生产企业期望采用更低n(Na_2O)∶n(Al_2O_3)的凝胶来提高NaY合成收率。对起始凝胶Na_2O与Al_2O_3物质的量比为3.84~4.64的水热合成NaY分子筛做了研究。结果表明,在100℃以下晶化时,n(Na_2O)∶n(Al_2O_3)=3.84的低碱度凝胶不能晶化出NaY分子筛;在100℃以上晶化时,n(Na_2O)∶n(Al_2O_3)=3.84的低碱度凝胶能够晶化出结晶度、硅铝比(Si O2与Al_2O_3物质的量比,下同)均较高且无杂晶的NaY。其最佳的晶化条件:晶化温度为110℃、晶化时间为30 h。并可重复制备出平均结晶度为95%、平均骨架硅铝比为5.93、典型粒径约为1μm的小晶粒NaY分子筛,原料平均转化率达68.2%。     

高硅铝比NaY分子筛的合成

采用动态水热晶化法,利用工业原料不加模板剂直接合成高硅铝比的NaY分子筛,制备的NaY分子筛的硅铝物质的量比稳定在5.85~6.05,相对结晶度大于85%。考察了导向剂陈化时间及温度、体系碱度、预晶化温度及时间等对合成的NaY分子筛硅铝比和结晶度的影响,提出制备高硅NaY的最佳合成条件。     

焙烧高岭土水热合成高硅铝比小晶粒NaY分子筛

采用不同温度对高岭土进行焙烧活化,以焙烧高岭土为原料,在水热条件下直接法合成了高硅铝比小晶粒NaY分子筛.考察了晶种胶添加量、高土/偏土比例以及投料硅铝比对晶化过程和产物性质的影响.研究结果表明,在晶种胶添加量为14wt％、高土/偏土比例为1及投料硅铝比为15.0的条件下,以焙烧高岭土为原料合成的NaY样品的相对结晶度为77％,骨架硅铝比高达6.3,晶粒尺寸为300 ～ 600 nm.重油催化裂化性能评价结果表明,以高岭土合成NaY样品制备的催化剂DUT-E,具有优异的重油催化裂化活性(93.6％),高汽油收率(56.8％)及很低的焦炭产率(3.1％).     

小晶粒高硅铝比NaY分子筛低温合成研究

采用自制的偏铝酸钠为合成导向剂,在低温下水热晶化合成出了小晶粒高硅铝比的NaY分子筛。考察了合成导向剂的陈化温度、陈化时间、晶化碱度、晶化温度和晶化时间对产品的影响,得到了制备NaY分子筛最佳的工艺条件,并进行了放大制备。在此条件下,NaY分子筛结晶度(峰面积)≥90%,结晶度(峰高)≥85%,硅铝比≥5.5,晶粒尺寸均在(100～200) nm,不仅优于工业标样的指标要求,且易于放大。     

纳米NaY分子筛复合材料的制备、表征及催化性能

在偏高岭土水热合成NaY分子筛的晶化过程中采用超声波陈化的方法,制备出了纳米NaY分子筛复合材料,采用XRD、SEM、TEM、HREM对其结构进行了表征,考察了其物化性质和催化性能,并和常规分子筛的催化性能作了比较。结果表明,用该方法合成的分子筛复合材料,颗粒大小为100nm左右,结晶度80.12%,硅铝摩尔比值5.12,比表面积762m2/g,中孔体积分数15.33%,结构崩塌温度901℃;用含该纳米分子筛的催化剂进行催化反应时,催化剂微分活性74%,汽油产率65.7%,焦炭产率2.3%。     

高岭土的碱溶活化及合成高结晶度Y分子筛

以苏州高岭土为原料,经碱熔活化、补硅,在优化的合成条件下,可以原位水热合成NaY分子筛.详细考察焙烧温度对高岭土碱熔活化的影响,考察晶化时间、导向剂和合成体系中硅铝比和水钠比等因素对产物的影响.采用XRD结晶产物的晶态结构进行了表征.结果表明,以高岭土为原料可以合成出硅铝比较高、高结晶度、无杂晶的NaY分子筛.     

动态条件下ZSM-12分子筛的合成

采用动态晶化法,系统考察了硅源、硅铝比、模板剂含量以及水含量对ZSM-12分子筛合成的影响,得到合成纯相ZSM-12分子筛的最佳条件为:硅溶胶为硅源,n(Si)/n(Al)=45~70,n(四乙基氢氧化铵,TEAOH)/n(SiO_2)=0.14,n(H2O)/n(SiO_2)=13。通过XRD、SEM、BET、NH3-TPD对所合成的产物进行了表征。体系中的硅铝比对所合成产物的晶相和晶化动力学有显著影响:当硅铝比(Si/Al摩尔比,下同)过低时,容易导致MFI和BEA结构的杂晶相的生成;硅铝比较高时,动态晶化比静态晶化更有利于提高分子筛的合成效率;体系中的n(TEAOH)/n(SiO_2)和n(H_2O)/n(SiO_2)会在很大程度上影响所合成产物的晶相和形貌。     

改性NaY分子筛上多乙苯和苯烷基转移反应性能

为了提高烷基转移催化剂性能性,以不同骨架硅铝比的NaY分子筛为原料,利用"两交-水热-焙烧"后改性工艺得到了一系列USY分子筛。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、N_2-物理吸附、扫描电镜(SEM)、氨气程序升温脱附(NH_3-TPD)、吡啶吸附红外光谱(Py-IR)等表征手段研究了各USY分子筛的骨架硅铝比、孔结构特征以及酸性质,考察了各USY分子筛上苯与多乙苯烷基转移反应性能。结果表明:以骨架硅铝比为5.9的NaY分子筛为原料进行水热处理改性,有利于保持微孔结构且制得的USY分子筛比表面积和介孔量大、所含强B酸中心比例较高(B酸/L酸比为1.01),提高了活性位的可接近性及扩散能力,而且强B酸中心为苯与多乙苯烷基转移反应提供比较充足的活性位。在反应温度170℃、反应压力3 MPa、苯与多乙苯质量比2、质量空速为3.3 h~(-1)的实验条件下,二乙苯转化率和三乙苯转化率分别达到了67%和55%以上,乙苯选择性达到了99%以上。因此进一步调变NaY分子筛的合成工艺,合成具有较高骨架硅铝比的Y型分子筛可提高烷基转移催化剂的活性。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。