煤直接液化残渣性能及应用研究进展

煤直接液化过程中经减压蒸馏产生了约30%左右的煤液化残渣,煤直接液化残渣主要由未分离的重油、未转化的煤、催化剂等有机质与无机质构成,开发煤直接液化残渣的高效清洁利用方式,有利于实现煤炭资源的合理化应用,有利于提高煤液化工艺的完整性、降低液化成本。论述了煤直接液化残渣的组成与结构,介绍了煤直接液化残渣中有机沥青烯、前沥青烯、有机大分子残渣、无机灰渣、催化剂的化学组成,通过不同的萃取方式,可以实现煤液化残渣的高效萃取及应用。系统介绍了煤直接液化残渣在气化制氢、气化制浆、共气化工艺及气体排放等方面研究,煤直接液化残渣的热解可以制备煤焦油,共热解方式改变了煤焦油的结构,提高了煤焦油的产率。煤直接液化残渣作为碳素制品可以为其提供碳源,同时煤直接液化残渣中的无机催化剂促进了新型炭材料的形成。煤直接液化残渣的结构与天然湖沥青结构相似,是潜在的沥青改性剂,利用族组成分析法评价了改性沥青的改性效果,其能够实现对石油沥青的改性;通过相容性评价,进一步优化了煤直接液化残渣的改性性能。对煤直接液化残渣的应用做了进一步展望,煤直接液化残渣在性质与应用方面的研究相当一部分还处于试验研究阶段,煤直接液化残渣的萃取与应用存在许多问题。     

煤直接液化残渣利用的发展现状和趋势

煤直接液化是煤在高温、高压及催化加氢的条件下生产液体燃料的一种技术。然而煤直接液化过程中,同时产生20%~30%的液化残渣。如何合理地利用煤液化残渣将影响煤直接液化工艺整体的经济性。目前,煤直接液化残渣的利用方式有气化制氢、燃烧、低温焦化、萃取回收重质液化油、制备碳材料等,同时煤直接液化残渣也可用于道路沥青改性。     

煤直接液化残渣的萃取和利用研究

根据煤液化残渣的组成特点,选取不同馏分段的煤液化油和煤焦油洗油作为溶剂进行了残渣萃取分离实验研究.结果表明,在常温下,溶剂和残渣质量比为2∶1时,馏程为137℃~213℃的煤液化油对煤液化残渣的萃取率(干燥基)为22.85%,与煤液化残渣中的正己烷可溶物含量相当;馏程为230℃~317℃的煤焦油洗油,对煤液化残渣的萃取率为44.63%,与煤液化残渣中的四氢呋喃可溶物含量相当.采用煤液化油和煤焦油洗油对煤液化残渣进行了两级萃取分离,得到了萃取物和萃余物,并分别在煤加氢液化循环溶剂和水煤浆制备等应用方面进行了探索性研究.     

煤制油残渣高附加值利用技术浅析

在简述煤液化残渣组成结构和性质的基础上,系统总结了当前国内外对煤液化残渣的利用技术研究进展,主要包括:简单利用技术,如作为燃料燃烧或掺烧、作为道路沥青改性剂;深度利用技术,如气化制合成气或氢气、热解和加氢再液化回收油品;萃取分离优质组分生产高品质炭材料实现高附加值利用技术。对应用技术存在问题进行了探讨,指出煤液化残渣萃取分离优质组分生产高品质炭材料利用技术有望是煤液化残渣资源化、高附加值利用的最有效方法,具有广阔的前景。     

煤直接液化残渣资源化利用研究进展

煤直接液化残渣是直接液化工艺副产物，产量约占原煤质量的10%～30%。液化残渣组成成分复杂、环境危害大且处理成本高，同时其含有重质油和沥青烯等物质，有潜在的二次利用价值，因而资源化利用煤直接液化残渣，间接提高煤有机质原子利用率并降低工艺经济成本，成为当前煤直接液化工艺亟待解决的关键技术问题。综述了煤直接液化技术及液化残渣资源化利用的最新研究进展，深入探讨了不同影响液化残渣高效转化的关键因素，分析比较了不同液化残渣处理工艺技术的特点，以期为煤直接液化技术发展及液化残渣资源化利用提供指导。     

煤与重质油料的共处理

将煤与沥青、重质油及石油残渣一起加工时,在技术上和经济上都优于传统的液化工艺。现行的煤液化思想是用煤衍生的油作为媒介同煤反应,但由于三分之二的煤衍生油需要再循环,所以这些工艺的生产效率较低。相反,使用沥青、重油和渣油作为媒介来加工煤是单程循环过程。数据表明,沥青、重油和渣油以及有关的液体可用来液化煤,而且液化的程度和可馏出油的产率不同,并取决于溶剂的类型和加工条件。一些共处理过程的选择,涉及由过渡金属(如镍、钴、铁和钼)制成的催化剂。但是,为增产高质量的液体燃料,应当开发更好的催化剂及添加物。     

煤直接液化残渣改性沥青的可行性研究

介绍了道路沥青的组成、性质和评价指标,以及煤直接液化残渣的来源和组成特性。简单介绍了煤直接液化残渣制备改性沥青的工艺,对国内的研究现状进行总结及分析,总结前人研究成果,并指出煤直接液化残渣作为沥青改性剂在实验研究中是可行的,但能否适用于工业化应用还需要开展更加深入的研究性工作。     

神华煤液化沥青离心脱灰行为的影响因素研究

利用煤液化沥青制备高端炭材料是目前煤直接液化技术领域研究的热点,该过程实现的关键在于煤液化沥青的高效深度脱灰。以焦化洗油和神华煤液化沥青在热萃取釜中制备的热萃取液为研究对象,借助旋转黏度仪考察了1∶1,4∶1,6∶1三种剂渣比(焦化洗油与神华煤液化沥青的质量比)体系黏度随温度(20℃,40℃,60℃,80℃,100℃)的变化规律,探究了影响煤液化沥青灰分脱除和上层离心液收率的离心转速(1 000 r/min, 1 500 r/min, 2 000 r/min, 2 500 r/min, 3 000 r/min, 3 500 r/min, 4 000 r/min)、剂渣比(1∶1,2∶1,3∶1,4∶1,5∶1,6∶1)和离心时间(5 min, 10 min, 15 min, 20 min, 25 min)三大行为因素,解析了神华煤液化沥青中灰分在焦化洗油混合体系中的粒度分布和形貌特征。结果表明：焦化洗油和神华煤液化沥青混合体系呈现出明显的高黏温正比特性,升高温度可显著减小不同剂渣比体系之间的黏度差异,焦化洗油和神华煤液化沥青萃取体系离心脱灰最佳工作参数为剂渣比4∶1、离心转速3 000...     

35万吨/年煤液化油渣萃取项目

<正>该项目位于内蒙古自治区鄂尔多斯市,由中国神华煤制油化工有限公司鄂尔多斯煤制油分公司投资建设,年萃取煤液化油渣35万吨。项目采用具有自主产权的煤液化油渣萃取分离和综合利用工艺,将煤液化油渣在相对温和条件下进行萃取,将油渣中的沥青物质分离出来,根据不同的用途制     

中国直接液化油煤浆及液化残渣流变特性研究进展

在煤直接液化工艺中,油煤浆和液化残渣的流变特性参数是工艺设计的重要基础数据之一。本文总结了我国液化油煤浆在常压常温、常压升温和加压升温条件下流变特性的研究进展和相应的流变模型,介绍了溶剂的性质、煤在溶剂中的溶胀、煤的热溶产物或初始液化反应产物等对煤浆体系黏度变化的影响,对开展我国液化油煤浆和液化残渣的流变特性研究,具有一定的指导意义。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。