煤直接液化技术在中国的发展

中国自主建设的世界首座煤直接液化示范工程神华100万t/a煤直接液化装置于2008年底成功试运行。经过几年的优化和完善,2011—2013年,神华煤直接示范装置持续稳定运行、连续三年盈利。神华煤直接液化示范工程建设、装置稳定运行并取得较好经济效益的实践表明,中国在煤直接液化领域已居于世界领先地位。随着技术的不断进步,中国煤直接液化展现较好的发展前景,煤直接液化产业化在中国将获得稳步发展。神华集团多年煤直接液化技术开发、工程化建设与工业化运行的实践表明:未来煤直接液化技术应在工程高度集成、产品链延伸、残渣综合利用、环保技术的开发与应用,直接液化与间接液化技术的融合,直接液化基础研究等方面进行探索和实践。     

煤直接液化装置长周期运行影响因素分析

简要介绍了神华煤直接液化装置工艺技术流程和生产运行现状,结合煤液化装置历年来实际生产运行情况,从工艺设计,关键设备,技术改造,操作环节等方面分析了各项因素对煤液化装置生产运行所产生的影响,总结并提出了促进煤直接液化装置长周期稳定运行的有效措施。     

神华集团100万t／a煤炭直接液化制油示范工程投产

中国神华集团煤炭直接液化示范工程于2008年12月30日正式投产,并在运行16h后产出合格的石脑油和柴油等油品和化工品,标志着神华煤直接液化示范工程取得了突破性进展．使我国成为世界上唯一掌握百万吨级煤直接液化关键技术的国家。该项目位于内蒙古鄂尔多斯。     

全球首套百万吨级煤直接液化示范项目圆满成功

全球首套百万吨级煤直接液化示范工程——神华煤直接液化装置已累计投煤运行超过5000小时，主要工艺参数基本达到了设计值，产品达到了设计要求，其工艺更是创造了3个“世界第一”。各项数据表明，该示范项目已取得圆满成功，并达到世界领先水平。     

神华集团100万t／a煤炭直接液化制油示范工程投产

中国神华集团煤炭直接液化示范工程于2008年12月30日正式投产,并在运行16h后产出合格的石脑油和柴油等油品和化工品，标志着神华煤直接液化示范工程取得了突破性进展．使我国成为世界上唯一掌握百万吨级煤直接液化关键技术的国家。该项目位于内蒙古鄂尔多斯。     

沸腾床加氢工艺在煤直接液化项目中的应用及优化

简述了T-Star沸腾床加氢工艺的特点,并分析了其技术优势。介绍了T-Star沸腾床加氢工艺在神华煤直接液化项目中的应用,该工艺操作稳定,产品完全能够满足配套神华煤直接液化工艺的需要。详细介绍了T-Star工艺在催化剂优化、催化剂脱油系统改造和反应系统注水优化等方面情况。生产运行实践表明,T-Star工艺运用在神华煤直接液化项目中具有较好的经济效益和社会效益。     

神华集团100万吨／年煤炭直接液化制油示范工程投产

中国神华集团煤炭直接液化示范工程于2008年12月30日正式投产，并在运行16小时后产出合格的石脑油和柴油等油品和化工品，标志着神华煤直接液化示范工程取得了突破性进展，使我国成为世界上唯一掌握百万吨级煤直接液化关键技术的国家。该项目位于内蒙古鄂尔多斯，是我国第一个采用煤炭直接液化制油技术的项目。在我国直接液化项目只有神华集团一家在进行，     

神华集团1000kt／a煤炭直接液化制油示范工程投产

中国神华集团煤炭直接液化示范工程于2008年12月30日正式投产,并在运行16小时后产出合格的石脑油和柴油等油品和化工品,标志着神华煤直接液化示范工程取得了突破性进展,使我国成为世界上唯一掌握百万吨级煤直接液化关键技术的国家。该项目位于内蒙古鄂尔多斯,是我国第一个采用煤炭直接液化制油技术的项目。在我国直接液化项目只有神华集团一家在进行,神华集团这套1000kt／a的项目,投资近100亿元,完全依靠自主研发,是我国实施能源替代战略的一项重要工程。     

神华煤直接液化示范项目的进展及发展方向

简述了神华煤直接液化技术的工艺流程、特点及技术优势,介绍了神华煤直接液化示范项目的最新发展情况、取得的主要成果,并将石脑油、汽油、柴油主要产品具备的特性与国标进行了对比。针对如何进一步提高该项目整体经济效益,提出了在稳定煤质、提高溶剂供氢性、残渣综合利用、高附加值产品开发和设备国产化等方面,今后要研究的重点和方向。     

确保煤直接液化装置长周期运转的主要措施

针对神华鄂尔多斯煤制油分公司煤液化装置的总体概况、历年的装置运行情况及煤液化装置技术改造情况进行了详细分析,总结出影响煤直接液化装置长周期运转的关键性因素,针对不同的影响因素提出了整改措施,确保了煤直接液化装置的长周期稳定运行。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。