调制煤沥青对复合改性乳化沥青性能的影响

为提高复合改性乳化沥青的使用性能,采用加入调制煤沥青的方式和用SBS改性制备复合改性乳化沥青。结果表明,随着调制煤沥青添加量的增加,复合改性乳化沥青的延度和软化点得到改善。当添加20%调制煤沥青后,延度提高至30cm,软化点升到70℃,复合改性乳化沥青已具有良好的高低温性能。荧光显微图像和红外光谱分析表明,在改性过程中SBS与沥青材料之间除物理改性外,还发生了某种化学接枝反应形成网络构架,从而提高了SBS与沥青材料的结合强度,使得沥青体系更加稳定。     

煤沥青改性石油沥青性能分析

为了提升石油沥青的基本性能,研究向石油沥青中加入不同种类及掺量的煤沥青进行改性。通过对改性石油沥青进行性能试验,分析获得改性石油沥青的软化点、针入度等性能指标的变化规律。性能测试结果表明：不同种类的煤沥青均可降低石油沥青的针入度,有利于改善石油沥青的流变性能;随着煤沥青掺加比例的不断增加,可大幅度提高混合沥青的抗高温性能。将掺加煤沥青的改性石油沥青应用于路面施工建设,可延长路面的使用寿命。     

改性煤沥青中间相的微观结构研究

以对甲基苯甲醛(4-MB)为改性剂,在对甲苯磺酸(PTS)的催化作用下对煤沥青(CTP)进行改性制取沥青中间相。采用偏光显微镜研究改性煤沥青的光学组织结构;采用扫描电镜(SEM)观察改性煤沥青的形貌。结果表明:随对甲基苯甲醛的用量、温度及热处理时间的不同,改性煤沥青可得到超镶嵌(SM)、小域(SD)和广域(D)3种光学组织结构;在一定的工艺条件下,改性煤沥青的光学组织结构显著改善,出现了大量的中间相小球体;改性后煤沥青出现较好的纤维状结构。因此,改性后的煤沥青有望成为优质的沥青中间相。     

煤沥青改性后流变性能的变化分析

为了探讨对苯二甲醛(TPA)对煤沥青改性后流变性能的变化,采用旋转黏度计测定了煤沥青及TPA改性的煤沥青的表观黏度,研究了表观黏度与温度的关系;采用示差扫描量热法研究了煤沥青和TPA改性的煤沥青的热行为。结果表明,TPA改性的煤沥青的黏度与温度的关系曲线呈现W型,在200℃～225℃处于低黏流区,表观黏度值200mPa.s～400mPa.s,可以作为浸渍剂煤沥青使用;TPA改性的煤沥青在高于225℃时,表观黏度值迅速上升;TPA改性的煤沥青在低黏度区域具有较低的活化能,这对煤沥青的浸渍工艺有益。     

硅烷偶联剂改性乳化沥青的性能研究

研究了硅烷偶联剂改性乳化沥青的基本性能。研究结果表明,硅烷偶联剂改性乳化沥青仍为带正电荷的阳离子乳化沥青,其与矿料的粘附性及储存稳定性明显优于对比样乳化沥青;但硅烷偶联剂会稍微延缓乳化沥青的破乳速度,改性乳化沥青拌和后的沥青混凝土略松散,且略欠光泽。     

掺改性木质纤维沥青及SMA-13沥青混合料性能研究

为分析改性木质纤维对沥青和SMA-13沥青混合料性能的影响,借助动态剪切流变仪(DSR),由温度扫描和线性振幅扫描实验(LAS)分析沥青的高温和疲劳性能,通过车辙实验和冻融劈裂实验确定SMA-13沥青及改性木质纤维沥青混合料的高温性能和抗水损害性能。结果表明,改性木质纤维能提高沥青的车辙因子和疲劳寿命,SMA-13改性木质纤维沥青混合料相比普通沥青混合料,其高温稳定性和水稳定性显著提高。     

炭材料用改性煤沥青的结构及性能研究

进行了对甲基苯甲醛(4-MB)改性煤沥青(CTP)的中间相微观结构研究.采用偏光显微镜研究4-MB改性煤沥青的光学结构;采用扫描电镜(SEM)观察改性后煤沥青的形貌.研究结果表明,改性煤沥青的光学组织结构显著改善,随交联剂4-MB用量的不同,可得到超镶嵌(SM)、广域(D)和小域(SD)三种光学结构;改性后煤沥青出现纤维结构,煤沥青的残碳率显著提高.因此,改性后的煤沥青有望作为优质的炭材料基体前驱体.     

多聚磷酸改性春风-塔河调和沥青结构分析

应用多聚磷酸（PPA）对春风-塔河调和沥青进行改性，通过元素分析、核磁分析等手段，应用改进的B-L法对改性前后平均分子结构参数进行计算，考察其结构变化，并进行FTIR和四组分分析，以解释PPA改性对沥青物理性能的影响。结果表明：PPA对春风-塔河调和沥青的改性作用与常规现象相反，PPA改性后沥青的针入度明显增大，软化点降低。FTIR分析并未发现改性后的沥青红外光谱图出现新的吸收峰，说明改性过程并未产生新的官能团。通过四组分分析，发现PPA改性后的沥青饱和分与芳香分含量几乎不变，胶质含量明显减少，沥青质含量明显增多。结合春风-塔河调和沥青结构特点，提出一种改性机制。     

煤沥青的改性工艺研究进展

煤沥青具有含碳量高、聚合度高、资源丰富且价格低廉等优点,但其延展性差、温度敏感性强、易老化等缺点严重制约煤沥青的大规模应用,通过对煤沥青改性是其实现规模化利用的重要手段。对煤沥青的性质、危害及应用现状进行分析,论证了煤沥青改性的必要性;重点阐述了热聚法、Cherry-T、真空闪蒸法和混融法改性煤沥青工艺,提出了对煤沥青改性工艺的发展趋势,呼吁加大煤沥青的改性研究。     

二乙烯基苯改性煤沥青的热解行为研究

研究了二乙烯基苯(DVB)改性中温煤沥青的常压热解行为.采用SEM,TG-DTG和Raman等技术对改性煤沥青的形貌、热解过程及产物的结构进行表征.研究表明,DVB改性煤沥青中出现粒状物聚集体,改性前后煤沥青的热解行为发生了很大的变化;通过常压热解DVB改性煤沥青,可制备出粒径小于5μm且有序度较低的炭微球.     

渣油稳定性的研究进展及在石油化工中的应用

文章初步阐述了影响渣油稳定性的原因,认识到沥青质组分的结构是影响渣油胶体不稳定的本质,渣油中的饱和组分越多,体系的稳定性越差。并对国内外研究渣油稳定性的研究现状做了的初步概括以及运用Zematra油品稳定性自动分析仪分析渣油稳定性的优势做了初步的分析,探究了渣油稳定性在石油加工中的作用;并对渣油胶体稳定性在石油炼制中的指导前景做了展望。     

粉煤灰改性沥青胶浆的试验研究

本文探讨了用粉煤灰代替石灰石作为沥青混合料中填料的可行性,研究了不同等级的粉煤灰不同掺量时,沥青胶浆的主要技术性质及其改性作用;还研究了掺加粉煤灰的沥青胶浆与石料的粘附性能,从而归纳出粉煤灰沥青胶浆的性能及其随粉煤灰品种及掺量的变化而变化的规律,得出用粉煤灰改性沥青的可行性。     

民用工业中复合材料桁架的应用和发展

本文叙述了复合材料桁架的构造、分类和计算方法,突出了复合材料桁架的优越性能和在民用工业中的应用前景;在分析大量文献资料的基础上阐述复合材料桁架杆件的多种加工工艺,并比较不同截面形式对杆件性能的影响;探讨复合材料杆件的破坏机理和分析方法,介绍节点的类型和各自的特点,提出节点及连接部位存在的关键问题;根据国内外复合材料桁架的研究和应用现状,阐述了复合材料桁架的性能和不同的设计方法,总结归纳影响复合材料桁架性能的关键因素和设计中存在的一些问题,并提出改进杆件设计、节点设计和优化复合材料桁架的建议。     

生物质热解制生物油及其提质研究现状

生物质能源作为可再生能源的重要组成部分,其综合高效利用在能源替代与补充、保护生态环境等方面具有重要的战略意义。生物油是生物质通过热裂解技术获得的液体产物,具有能量密度较高、环境友好、可再生及可直接输送等优点,可替代传统化石燃料推广使用,解决日益严重的能源紧缺与环境污染等问题。生物质热解制油技术的开发与利用,已成为新世纪可持续能源研究领域的重要课题之一。总结了近年来生物质热解制油技术的主要研究进展,重点关注热解反应器、催化热解技术与生物油的提质利用方面的研究,介绍了碱金属、氧化物和分子筛3种生物质热解催化剂,以及乳化、催化加氢、催化裂解、催化酯化和重整制氢5种生物质提质方法,最后对生物质热解技术的现状及发展趋势进行了总结和概括。     

Environment and colour: The technological interface

Technology and colour are viewed as interfaces between the environment, humans and human activity. Examples are provided of ways of facilitating and improving access to and use of colours by commercial users of colour coatings through improvements in the accuracy of measuring and displaying colour. By analogy, the task of providing effective interfaces within the coatings industry, between the coatings industry and the environment and between the coatings industry and the public and political domain are discussed. Examples of information shortfalls are cited to illustrate how distortions arise. Examples of more effective, integrated technological, organisational and political interfacing are culled from the author's experiences.     

Mechanical Means of Enhancing Drying Rates: Effect on Drying Kinetics and Quality

The effect of various pretreatments on drying kinetics as well as quality parameters of selected vegetables and fruits was studied experimentally in a convective dryer. The pretreatments tested include application of pinholes and drilled holes of different diameters and densities, blanching and freezing. Potato, cassava, dragon fruit and red chilli were used as the sample drying materials. As expected, increase of the diameter and density of the holes under fixed drying conditions increased the drying rate. Samples with drilled holes showed better drying performance than those with pinholes. The improvement of the drying rate was found to be dependent on the physical properties and the initial moisture content of the material. Results show that the drying performance of the products that possess a skin of low moisture diffusivity, such as chilli, can be improved significantly by blanching and making perforations in the skin. Overall changes of color and volume shrinkage during drying of the samples with and without holes were similar. The effect of different modes of heat input, such as convection, conduction and radiation, on the drying performance of the treated samples was also experimentally investigated. On-off type controllers were used to regulate the power of the heaters and maintain the product temperature within a range of pre-set values. Convection combined with radiation displayed the highest drying rate.     

颗粒介质用机械密封热力耦合变形及摩擦磨损研究

在含有颗粒介质的工作环境中下,硬质材料配对机械密封环的热力耦合变形和摩擦磨损对机械密封的泄漏和使用寿命起着至关重要的作用。考虑动静环和颗粒介质的摩擦,试验测定了摩擦系数,建立了动静环热力耦合的有限元计算模型,研究了WC-Co硬质合金和无压烧结碳化硅（SSiC）陶瓷两种硬质材料密封的温度场和端面变形规律,分析了不同工况下的密封间隙变化规律。试验测试分析了密封环温度、磨损前后的泄漏及表面粗糙度,讨论了端面的磨损机理,验证了计算模型的准确性。结果表明：考虑动环磨粒摩擦热的有限元模型能准确地预测密封的温度和端面变形;耦合作用下动静环端面呈现外径脱离、内径贴合的变形,且变形差异程度随压差和转速的增大而加剧;变形导致端面磨痕分布不均匀,内径磨痕较严重。WC-Co硬质合金配对密封环的端面变形小、泄漏量小,高硬度WC颗粒对Co基体能产生很好的“阴影效应”,具有良好的耐磨粒磨损性能。SSiC陶瓷材料韧性差,易产生片状磨屑,形成过渡型磨粒磨损,材料耐磨性较差,泄漏量增加明显。在磨粒工况下,WC-Co硬质合金机械密封具有泄漏小、耐磨性强的特点。研究结果为颗粒介质中机械密封的材料应用及设计优化提供了参考。     

Solubility of light alkanes and alkenes in ionic liquids

The solubility of light hydrocarbons in a variety of ionic liquids was studied, and it was found that ionic liquids containing Cu(Ⅰ) had higher solubility for hydrocarbons and alkene/alkane solubility selectivity, and Et₃NHCl-2.1CuCl ionic liquid was preferred. The effects of temperature and pressure on the solubility of light hydrocarbons were investigated for the selected ionic liquid. It was found that low temperature and high pressure were favorable for the dissolution of light hydrocarbons, and the alkene/alkane solubility selectivity decreased with the increase of temperature and pressure. The alkene/alkane solubility selectivity was above 8.3 at the temperature of 30℃ and the pressure of 0.2 MPa. The initial dissolution rate of hydrocarbons in ionic liquid was large, but it decreased rapidly with prolonging time, and the dissolution rate of alkenes was higher than that of alkanes at the same conditions. The alkene/alkane separation selectivity increased with decreasing content of alkenes in the mixture of alkenes and alkanes. Light hydrocarbons dissolved in ionic liquids could be desorbed by means of increasing temperature, restoring the dissolution capability of ionic liquids to hydrocarbons. Alkanes were easier to be desorbed than alkenes, and small-molecule hydrocarbons were easier to be desorbed than large-molecule hydrocarbons. The desorption percentage exceeded 92% under optimal conditions. Ionic liquid had a good reusable performance in the absorption and separation of light alkanes and alkenes. The solubility only decreased by less than 5% when it was reused five times, and the alkane/alkane solubility selectivity was basically not affected by reusing times. Software Gaussian 09 was used to study the interaction between anions of ionic liquids and light alkanes and alkanes, and the solubility difference of light alkenes and alkanes in different ionic liquids was well explained.     

木质纤维生物质半纤维素分子模拟应用研究进展

木质纤维生物质资源是重要的可再生生物质资源,主要包含纤维素、半纤维素和木质素。半纤维素含量仅次于纤维素,是一种丰富、可再生的植物资源,其可水解制备重要化学品以及改性制备多功能材料。本文综述了生物质半纤维素分子模拟应用研究进展,从半纤维素大分子形态及其与纤维素结合方式的分子模拟研究和半纤维素制备化学品及材料的分子模拟研究2个方面进行阐述,从模拟结果可以看出半纤维素在细胞壁中与纤维素和木质素的相互作用及其本身的大分子形态对木质纤维生物质三大素的提取利用具有显著影响。分子模拟有利于理解过程机理,对反应效率的提高具有重要理论指导意义。最后对分子模拟在半纤维素研究的发展应用进行了展望,指出目前半纤维素分子模拟的空白领域,主要包括半纤维素液化生产生物油、木糖异构化生产木酮糖、半纤维素与木质素之间的结合方式以及其他的半纤维素基材料等,这些有待进一步的探索与研究。     

Micromechanics of machining and wear in hard and brittle materials

Hard and brittle solids with covalent/ionic bonding are used in a wide range of modern-day manufacturing technologies. Optimization of a shaping process can shorten manufacturing time and cost of component production, and at the same time extend component longevity. The same process can contribute to wear and fatigue degradation in service. Educated development of advanced finishing protocols for this class of solids requires a comprehensive understanding of damage mechanisms at small-scale contacts from a materials perspective. The basic science of attendant deformation and removal modes in contact events is here analyzed and discussed in the context of brittle and ductile machining and severe and mild wear. Essentials of brittle–ductile transitions in micro- and nano-indentation fields are outlined, with distinctions between blunt and sharp contacts and axial and sliding loading. The central role of microstructure in material removal modes is highlighted. Pathways to future research—experimental, analytical, and computational—are indicated.