计及环境特征的柔性多体系统动力学理论

对柔性体非线性变形场进行了描述,将柔性体变形场表达为直至变形广义坐标的二阶小量的形式,基于Kane方程建立了任意形状柔性体动力学方程。采用Huston的低序体阵列描述多体系统的拓扑结构,以此为基础进行系统的动力学分析,同时依据Kane方程建立了一般柔性多体系统的动力学方程。在建立一般柔性多体系统动力学方程的基础上,研究了计及环境特征的柔性多体系统,将环境特征作为外部约束引入柔性多体系统,建立了带有约束的一般柔性多体系统动力学方程。     

关于任意机械系统动力学方程的结构

本文给出了任意机械系统（完整、非完整的约束,含有各类运动副的开、闭或混合链系统）动力学显式方程。其中,含约束反力的动力学显式方程乃是Newton-Euler方法与动力学普遍方程（虚功原理）的统一形式;提出了动力学等效分解模型,在一定意义上将系统动力学方程试为若班干子系统在特定运动输入下的运动学关系的某种叠加与组合;给出了动力学方程生成的计算量与系统结构单元的划分层次及其拓扑结构特征之间的关系。从而进一步提示了系统动力学、运动学与结构学之间的内在联系。     

作大范围运动柔性梁的一种碰撞动力学求解方法

研究作大范围运动柔性梁的碰撞动力学问题。针对梁碰撞前、碰撞过程、碰撞后三个阶段,分别建立各阶段的动力学方程。基于柔性多体系统刚柔耦合动力学理论,建立梁无碰撞时的刚柔耦合动力学方程。结合冲量动量法和接触约束法提出一种碰撞动力学求解方法,先以冲量动量法实现运动转换得到协调的碰撞初始条件,再以接触约束法求解碰撞过程。导出系统的刚柔耦合碰撞动力学方程,给出了接触、分离判据,实现三个不同阶段的转换与动力学求解。编制仿真软件,对实例进行动力学仿真,得到系统不同阶段的动力学响应。研究表明,所提碰撞求解方法可以较方便地用于计算柔性多体系统的碰撞问题。梁的柔性、大范围运动及碰撞效应相互耦合,碰撞行为对于柔性多体系统碰撞过程和碰撞后的全局动力学性态均产生较大的影响。     

基于Lyapunov法的非完整移动操作机运动规划

研究了受非完整约束的轮式移动操作机运动规划问题.根据拉格朗日动力学原理建立满足非完整约束条件的动力学方程,并证明该方程的结构特性.基于Lyapunov理论设计了运动控制器,实现系统从初始位置到目标位置的运动规划.仿真结果表明该控制器的有效性.     

含间隙的变拓扑多体系统动力学建模分析

分析了含间隙多体系统的变拓扑结构特性,引入了基本约束变结构约束概念。在动力学建模中将系统拓扑结构的变化表示为含间隙处约束关系的变化,即变结构约束的增加与删除,给出了拓扑结构切换点的识别方程,建立了含间隙多体系统动力学的广义模型,对典型含间隙系统进行了仿真研究,验证了本理论模型的正确性。     

基于投影法的约束违约抑制研究

针对解算动力学方程时存在的约束违约问题,给出了一种将投影法与Udwadia-Kalaba方程相结合的方法。该方法将系统零阶、1阶广义变量的数值解向由约束方程定义的约束流形投影,进而获得数值解的偏移量,再将其转化为系统的约束力,并将其融入Udwadia-Kalaba方程,以达到抑制约束违约的目的。与仅考虑1阶约束方程的改进Udwadia-Kalaba方程相比,基于运动受限的工业机械臂的动力学模型仿真结果表明,该修正方法能有效提高系统广义变量及零阶、1阶约束误差的计算精度。     

平面柔性多体系统完全动力学问题的回转键合图法

介绍平面柔性多体系统完全动力学问题的回转键合图法。给出了综合考虑刚弹性及多种能域相互耦合的平面柔性多体系统键合图模型的建立方法,推导出了便于计算机自动生成的系统状态方程及运动副约束反力方程的统一公式,克服了非线性几何约束及微分因果关系给建立系统状态方程及运动副约束反力方程所带来的代数环问题。回转键合图法特别适合于多种能域并存的系统。通过实例说明了方法的有效性。     

混联虚拟轴研抛机床的多柔体动力学研究

为了在自由曲面的弹性研抛中 ,获得稳定的动力学特性和加工效果 ,开发了一种由“3轴并联 + 2轴串联”构成的新型 5自由度混联虚拟轴研抛机床。采用柔性多体系统动力学方法 ,建立了基于Lagrange方程的空间刚 柔耦合动力学模型 ;考虑研抛机床整体的刚性运动与各支链弹性变形间的相互作用及耦合 ,将机床的各个支链和平台看作独立子结构 ,建立各自的动力学方程 ,根据子结构之间的约束关系建立了系统约束动力学方程 ;通过动力学仿真分析 ,获得了较稳定的动力学特性     

定轴转动凸轮机构多体系统运动分析

本文用多体系统动力学理论研究定轴转动凸轮机的运动规律，将作平动运动的主动构件和作定轴转动的从动构件简化为一定轴转动凸轮机构，寻求从动构件轮廓曲线为不同形状时主动构件和从动构件之间的运动关系式，建立起具有约束系统的定轴转动凸轮机构运动学和动力学运动方程的统一形式，并用经典的机构运动分析理论验证本文方法的正确性。     

坦克发动机道路模拟测试平台动力学研究

针对大型研制项目坦克发动机道路模拟测试平台,采用冗余构件多分支并联运动系统的结构形式,满足了其大负载、高灵活度、运动复杂的实际要求。在采用达朗贝尔法推导多自由度运动系统动力学方程的基础上,提出应用追加正解正则方程的方法,建立了简洁、实用的冗余构件多分支并联运动系统动力学解析方程,并对系统受力状态进行了仿真和试验对比分析,在实践中得到了成功验证。此动力学方程不仅可以为结构设计提供受力分析依据,还可以在实时控制中形成内部受力闭环,为此类系统力学特性的合理分析、实时控制性能的改善开辟了新途径。     

Dynamic behaviour analysis of planar mechanical systems with clearance in revolute joints using a new hybrid contact force model

In this study, the dynamic behaviour of planar mechanical systems including revolute joints with clearance is investigated using a computational methodology. The contact model in revolute joint clearance is established using a new nonlinear continuous contact force model, which is a hybrid contact force model, and the friction effect is considered using modified Coulomb friction model. And then, the dynamic characteristics of planar mechanical system with revolute joint clearance are analysed based on the new contact model. Numerical results for two simple planar mechanisms with revolute clearance joints are presented and discussed. The correctness and validity of the new contact force model of revolute joint clearance is verified through the demonstrative application examples. Clearance size and friction effect are analysed separately. The numerical simulation results show that the proposed contact force model is a new method to predict the dynamic behaviour of planar mechanical system with clearance in revolute joints.     

含间隙移动副的曲柄滑块机构动力学研究——系统建模和动力学方程

为了研究运动副间隙对机构的影响 ,对机构进行动力学分析是一个必要环节。以曲柄滑块机构为例 ,考虑三球销滑动副间隙对机构动力学特性的影响。通过缩减变形获得树形系统 ,采用 Kane方法得到 8个一阶微分方程组 ;根据“动态分段”的思想 ,实现全局仿真 ,并给出算例。本文采用的动力学分析方法 ,使得分离状态和接触状态机构动力学方程形式统一 ,大大减小了方程推导和求解的工作量 ,对其它含间隙副机构的动力学研究具有普遍意义。     

Effect of driving functions with different jerk and accelerating time length on dynamic performance for mechanical systems: analysis and optimization

We studied the methods that are used for analyzing and optimizing the dynamic performance of mechanical systems in the startup stage under different driving functions. Especially, we considered the effects of joint clearance and component flexibility. The dynamic model of mechanical system is the basis of our methods. A higher order polynomial was used for describing the driving form of mechanical system, and the initial jerk and accelerating time length were employed to determine the specific driving function. Besides, we presented three performance evaluation parameters for mechanical system and introduced surrogate models to improve performance evaluation efficiency. Then, the optimal driving function was determined by using the surrogate models and a multi-objective optimization algorithm. Finally, a planar slider-crank mechanism with a clearance joint was taken as an example to demonstrate our methods.

     

Dynamic analysis of planar mechanical systems with clearance joints using a new nonlinear contact force model

We investigated the dynamic behavior of planar mechanical systems with clearance joints. First, the contact effect in clearance joint was studied using a new nonlinear contact force model, and the rationality of this model was verified by the results of numerical simulations, which are based on a journal and bearing contact model. Then, the dynamic characteristics of a planar slider-crank mechanism with clearance were analyzed based on the new nonlinear contact force model, and the friction effect of clearance joint was also considered using modified Coulomb friction model. Finally, the numerical results of the influence of clearance size on the acceleration of slider are presented, and compared with the published experimental results. The numerical and experimental results show that the new nonlinear contact force model presented in this paper is an effective method to predict the dynamic behavior of planar mechanical system with clearance joints, and appears to be suitable for a wide range of impact situations, especially with low coefficient of restitution.     

NEW APPROACHES FOR COMPUTING DYNAMIC LOAD-CARRYING CAPACITY OF MULTIPLE COOPERATING ROBOTIC MANIPULATORS

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Reduction of the joint clearance effect for a planar flexible mechanism

When the operating speed of mechanical systems is increased, unpredictable dynamic problems are induced due to joint clearances and link elasticity. To solve these problems, quantitative prediction of the effects of joint clearance and link flexibility on the system is needed. This study has two principal objectives. The first is to develop a design method for eliminating the loss of contract at joints with clearance. The method utilizes three dimensionless parameters which govern the dynamic behavior at the instance when contact loss is predicted. These parameters are determined to maintain joint contacts throughout the operating cycle. The links in this mechanism are assumed to be rigid. The second objective of this study is to investigate the influence of the flexibility of the links. Using a finite element method, we found that link flexibility decreases the possibility of contact loss as well as the impact force at joints with clearance.     

Counterweight optimization for reducing dynamic effects of clearance at a revolute joint

An optimal design formulation is developed to reduce undesirable dynamic effects due to clearance at a joint. The objective function to be minimized is the maximum ratio of the rate of change of the joint force direction ( ) to the magnitude of the joint force (R), i.e. max ( ) as calculated from the nominal mechanism without clearances. Design variables are the magnitude and the location of an added mass attached to each link.

Numerical examples for an offset slider crank mechanisms are considered. To check suitability of the objective function, the initial and optimized systems are simulated dynamically by integrating the system model equations and the phenomena of contact loss compared. It is found that although max ( ) is not a function of the magnitude of clearances and not of dimensionless form, it is a reasonable indicator of the contact loss phenomena for the single clearance system considered. The input torques have also been obtained and compared, shown to be more uniform in the optimized system.     

Prediction of vibration characteristics of a planar mechanism having imperfect joints using neural network

Clearance is inevitable in the joints of mechanisms due primarily to the design, manufacturing and assembly processes or a wear effect. Excessive value of joint clearance plays a crucial role and has a significant effect on the kinematic and dynamic performances of the mechanism. In this study, effects of joint clearances on bearing vibrations of mechanism are investigated. An experimental test rig is set up, and a planar slider-crank mechanism having two imperfect joints with radial clearance is used as a model mechanism. Three accelerometers are positioned at different points to measure the bearing vibrations during the mechanism motion. For the different running speeds and clearance sizes, this work provides a neural model to predict and estimate the bearing vibrations of the mechanical systems having imperfect joints. The results show that radial basis function (RBF) neural network has a superior performance for predicting and estimating the vibration characteristics of the mechanical system.     

考虑杆件柔性的间隙机构系统磨损分析

基于机械系统动力学分析软件ADAMS建立了含多间隙曲柄滑块机构的动力学模型,利用冲击函数理论模拟间隙处的接触碰撞作用,详细研究了构件柔性和铰链间隙对机构系统动力学特性的影响,并应用Archard磨损模型对间隙运动副的磨损进行了预测。当考虑杆件柔性时,应用ANSYS程序创建连杆的有限元模型,取连杆的前五阶模态导入ADAMS中建立含柔性连杆的多间隙机构动力学模型并进行动力学仿真计算,结果发现,考虑杆件柔性时的间隙机构系统动态行为在很大程度上趋于理想机构,在曲柄转动一个周期的过程中间隙运动副除在几个特定的位置处发生了较大的碰撞外,轴销与轴套均保持连续接触,且预测所得的磨损量也较小。