超声波辅助离子液体预处理的纤维素酶解糖化

利用超声波辅助离子液体1-烯丙基-3-甲基咪唑甲酸盐([Amim][COOH])对纤维素进行预处理,并测定聚合度变化和酶解速率。试验表明,再生纤维素的聚合度有明显下降;酶解速率随预处理温度的增加呈现先增加后下降的趋势,在90℃出现最大值;在外加超声波条件下,经离子液体预处理的纤维素酶解初速度可达11.10g/(L·h),相比未处理的纤维素,酶解速度提高33%。通过电子显微镜和红外光谱分析,再生纤维素出现了解聚现象,结晶度也明显下降。     

蒸汽爆破预处理中影响酶解效果因素的研究

为提高秸秆蒸汽爆破预处理制乙醇的酶解率及经济效益,研究了蒸汽爆破预处理过程中影响酶解效果的物料温度、喷爆出口直径、汽爆次数等因素,以寻找提高酶解效率的方法。试验结果显示,物料温度对酶解效果有显著影响,在不破坏纤维素结构且不产生酶解抑制物的前提下,温度越高越有利于水解;在不致堵塞喷爆口的前提下,喷爆出口直径越小酶解效果越好;汽爆次数对于酶解物料预处理效果有着显著的积极影响。     

混合纤维素酶对杨木酶解的研究

以风干的杨木为原料,通过蒸汽爆破处理后,用混合纤维素酶降解。采用响应面分析法,对酶解温度、pH、β-葡萄糖苷酶/滤纸酶的比进行研究。研究表明,酶解杨木的最佳工艺参数:酶解温度为50.04℃、pH值为4.99、β-葡萄糖苷酶/滤纸酶的比值为1.39。在最优的条件下,底物质量分数为5%时,使用里氏木霉RutC-30和爪哇正青霉ZN-205制备的混合纤维素酶(15FPU/g底物,β-葡萄糖苷酶/滤纸酶比值为1.39),酶解48h,可产生还原糖为25.54g/l,糖的转化率为78.184%。     

微波预处理稻壳对纤维素酶固态发酵的影响

以稻壳为原料,通过微波预处理后用于固态发酵生产纤维素酶,研究了微波处理对后续发酵过程的影响。采用正交试验与单因素试验确定了微波处理的条件,并分析了微波功率与处理时间对发酵过程中纤维素酶活性及戊糖、还原糖含量的影响。试验结果表明,用功率为300W的微波处理稻壳7min后进行发酵,可以得到最高的纤维素酶酶活,其中滤纸酶活（干基质）可达7．09 IU／g,CMC酶活（干基质）可达87．24 IU／g,分别比未经处理的稻壳提高了21％和15％。若以单位能耗产生的酶活增加量计算,微波处理稻壳5min后发酵,可以得到最高的酶活性增加量。     

不同预处理对玉米芯酶解特性和形态结构的影响研究

研究了硫酸、氢氧化钠、双氧水和碱性双氧水预处理玉米芯对其纤维素酶解率的影响,并利用扫描电镜、红外光谱仪和X射线衍射仪分析处理前后的玉米芯显微结构、官能团和结晶性。结果表明,4种预处理方法对玉米芯结构都有不同程度的破坏,能够有效提高玉米芯的酶解产糖率;其中含有1.5%氢氧化钠的碱性双氧水预处理玉米芯,酶解率最高为46.08%,玉米芯质量损失率为29.84%;预处理后木质素特征峰基本消失,玉米芯的结晶指数和结晶度显著提高,分别为1.527和49.35%。     

高温水热预处理对木质纤维素及其酶解的影响研究进展

木质素是木质纤维素的重要组成成分之一,能抑制木质纤维素的酶解,会在木质纤维素高温水热预处理过程中发生降解、重组等反应。假木质素是木质素的结构类似物,是木质纤维素在高温水热预处理过程中由碳水化合物经降解、氧化和聚合等复杂反应而形成。木质素和假木质素都能够抑制纤维素酶活性,降低木质纤维素的酶解转化率。文章综述了高温水热预处理过程中木质素的结构变化及假木质素的生成机理,探讨了降低木质素和假木质素对纤维素酶解影响以及减少假木质素生成的途径,为提高木质纤维素酶解转化率,促进工业化应用提供了参考。     

预处理过的稻草在两种不同溶液中酶解性能的比较

为降低生物质能源生产成本,采用去离子水作为酶解溶液。将分别经过0.75%稀硫酸、2%氢氧化钠和800 kGyγ辐照预处理过的稻草在去离子水中进行酶解糖化,然后分别与在缓冲液中对应预处理过的稻草的酶解性能进行比较。结果表明,在缓冲液中,氢氧化钠预处理过的稻草能正常酶解,酶解120 h后纤维素转化率能达到约95%,木聚糖转化率超过70%;在去离子水中,经该方法预处理过的稻草酶解受到强烈抑制;辐照预处理过的稻草和稀硫酸预处理过的稻草在去离子水中和缓冲液中的酶解性能基本一致,酶解120 h后,辐照预处理过的稻草的纤维素转化率约为79%,木聚糖转化率约为50%;硫酸预处理过的稻草的纤维素转化率约为85%,木聚糖转化率约为75%。     

蒸汽爆破预处理玉米芯及其酶解工艺研究

以蒸汽爆破预处理后的玉米芯为原料,进行了玉米芯酶解工艺条件的研究。粉碎后的玉米芯在压力2.8 MPa、保压时间240 s条件下蒸汽爆破预处理,在初始固形物含量为14%(w/v),pH 5.0的条件下,分别添加纤维素酶15 FPA/g(底物)、木聚糖酶225 IU/g(底物),同时添加环境因子MgSO40.005 g/g(底物)、Tween-800.001 g/g(底物),糖化48 h后,还原糖浓度达到71.81 g/L,糖化率达到80.85%。试验结果表明,蒸汽爆破预处理及添加适量环境因子对玉米芯的糖化效果影响显著。     

微波辅助NaOH预处理提高油菜秸秆酶解效率的研究

为提高油菜秸秆的酶解效率,试验借助于常压微波加热技术辅助NaOH预处理,并对处理条件进行了优化。结果表明,与未处理比较,经微波预处理的油菜秸秆致密结构明显破坏,利于被纤维素酶水解。微波辅助预处理的最优化条件:微波功率600 W,时间5 min,NaOH 0.1 mol/L,温度80℃,经预处理后的油菜秸秆酶解率可达28.09%,较未处理前增加2.75倍,显著提高了酶解效果。     

超声波辅助碱法预处理提高蔗渣酶解糖化活性的研究

采用超声波对蔗渣碱预处理过程进行强化,研究其对蔗渣酶解糖化活性的影响,并通过成分分析、FTIR、XRD、SEM对比了处理前后蔗渣组成、形态结构和结晶性能的变化情况,探讨了超声波强化作用的机理.研究结果表明,采用超声波辅助处理可使碱预处理温度明显降低,蔗渣酶解糖化活性明显提高,酶解总糖产率比单一碱处理提高了59.6%.蔗渣成分分析表明,采用超声波可以去除更多的木质素;FTIR及XRD分析表明,超声波的强化作用使处理后的蔗渣结构发生了变化,其分子问氢键作用变弱、结品度有所降低;SEM分析表明,经超声波处理后的蔗渣纤维表面结构发生了更明显的变化,表面出现凹坑、裂纹和小孔,结构变得松散.     

Optimization of microwave pretreatment on wheat straw for ethanol production

An orthogonal design (L₉(3⁴)) was used to optimize the microwave pretreatment on wheat straw for ethanol production. The orthogonal analysis was done based on the results obtained from the nine pretreatments. The effect of four factors including the ratio of biomass to NaOH solution, pretreatment time, microwave power, and the concentration of NaOH solution with three different levels on the chemical composition, cellulose/hemicellulose recoveries and ethanol concentration was investigated. According to the orthogonal analysis, pretreatment with the ratio of biomass to liquid at 80 g kg⁻¹, the NaOH concentration of 10 kg m⁻³, the microwave power of 1000 W for 15 min was confirmed to be the optimal condition. The ethanol yield was 148.93 g kg⁻¹ wheat straw at this condition, much higher than that from the untreated material which was only 26.78 g kg⁻¹.     

Ozone pretreatment of wheat straw for enhanced biohydrogen production

Ozonation was tested as a pretreatment method for enhanced biohydrogen production from wheat straw. Ozone pretreatment effectively degraded wheat straw lignin, and the delignification increased with increase in the applied ozone dose. Results of reducing sugar measurement showed that under our experimental conditions ozone pretreatment significantly increased reducing sugar yields. A simultaneous enzyme hydrolysis and dark fermentation experiment was then conducted using a mixed anaerobic consortium, and the results demonstrated that ozone pretreatment significantly increased biohydrogen production. Compared to the untreated one, hydrogen production in the samples ozonated for 15, 30, 45 and 90 min increased 107%, 134%, 158% and 138%, respectively. Slight inhibitory effect on the dark fermentation was observed with the sample ozonated for 90 min, and the inhibitory effect was due to prolonged ozonation. These results proved that enhancement of biohydrogen production from lignocellulosic biomass using ozone as a pretreatment method is technically feasible.     

乳酸预浸渍对小麦秸秆蒸汽爆破预处理效果的影响

相比未乳酸预浸,小麦秸秆经1.0%乳酸预浸后在较低的汽爆温度下就能有效提高纤维素的酶水解性。绝大部分半纤维素在汽爆预处理过程中转化为单糖,且不会产生更多的发酵抑制物。试验结果表明,小麦秸秆经乳酸预浸后汽爆预处理的最佳温度为190℃,其酶水解可获得最高的葡萄糖产量,为29.4 g/100 g原料;同步糖化发酵结束后的乙醇浓度达到25.3 g/L,产率为15.6 g/100 g原料,相比未乳酸预浸小麦秸秆,均有一定程度提高。     

Optimisation of dilute alkaline pretreatment for enzymatic saccharification of wheat straw

Physico-chemical pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass is critical in removing substrate-specific barriers to cellulolytic enzyme attack. Alkaline pretreatment successfully delignifies biomass by disrupting the ester bonds cross-linking lignin and xylan, resulting in cellulose and hemicellulose enriched fractions. Here we report the use of dilute alkaline (NaOH) pretreatment followed by enzyme saccharifications of wheat straw to produce fermentable sugars. Specifically, we have assessed the impacts of varying pretreatment parameters (temperature, time and alkalinity) on enzymatic digestion of residual solid materials. Following pretreatment, recoverable solids and lignin contents were found to be inversely proportional to the severity of the pretreatment process. Elevating temperature and alkaline strengths maximised hemicellulose and lignin solubilisation and enhanced enzymatic saccharifications. Pretreating wheat straw with 2% NaOH for 30 min at 121 °C improved enzyme saccharification 6.3-fold when compared to control samples. Similarly, a 4.9-fold increase in total sugar yields from samples treated with 2% NaOH at 60 °C for 90min, confirmed the importance of alkali inclusion. A combination of three commercial enzyme preparations (cellulase, ??-glucosidase and xylanase) was found to maximise monomeric sugar release, particularly for substrates with higher xylan contents. In essence, the combined enzyme activities increased total sugar release 1.65-fold and effectively reduced cellulase enzyme loadings 3-fold. Prehydrolysate liquors contained 4-fold more total phenolics compared to enzyme saccharification mixtures. Harsher pretreatment conditions provide saccharified hydrolysates with reduced phenolic content and greater fermentation potential.     

氨化水饱和预处理麦秸厌氧消化产气性能的研究

试验以氨水为预处理试剂,研究在水饱和状态下,氨水添加量及负荷率对麦秸厌氧消化产气性能的影响。对氨化预处理前后麦秸的主要组分进行测定,采用傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)对氨化水饱和预处理秸秆及秸秆中木素、纤维素和半纤维素的结构变化进行研究。结果表明,在3种负荷率下,氨化水饱和预处理后麦秸单位质量VS产气量分别提高了14%~23%,26%~36%和31%~45%。4%氨化预处理后的麦秸在65 g/L负荷率下获得最大377 mL/g的生物气产量。组分分析表明,氨化水饱和预处理可有效脱除39%~42%的半纤维素及11%~20%的纤维素,对木素含量影响较小。结构分析表明,氨化水饱和预处理可脱除细胞壁中的蜡质成分,使木素中部分官能团、纤维素中的氢键和糖苷键、半纤维素的部分氢键和糖单元之间的连接键发生断裂;从而使纤维素从木素的包裹中释放出来并发生溶胀,破坏其晶体结构;使半纤维素亲水性增强且更易于降解。这些秸秆内部结构的变化是提高麦秸厌氧消化产气性能的根本原因。     

稀硫酸预处理玉米秸秆条件的优化研究

对稀硫酸预处理玉米秸秆优化工艺条件进行了试验研究,在考察温度、时间、稀硫酸质量分数、固液质量比和玉米秸秆粒度5个单因素对预处理效果影响的基础上,采用响应面分析法对预处理条件进行优化,建立了以戊糖得率为响应值的二次回归方程模型,得到最佳预处理条件为水解温度120℃,水解时间75 min,稀硫酸质量分数1.0%,固液质量比1∶15,玉米秸秆颗粒为40目。此条件下,理论预测戊糖得率为65.018%,试验验证戊糖得率为64.37%,与预测值接近,说明预测模型可靠性较高,可应用于稀酸预处理条件的优化。     

玉米秸秆复合菌兼氧预处理产热特性分析

为了更加有效地利用玉米秸秆复合菌兼氧预处理环节所产生的生物热,探究预处理过程中反应装置内部及反应堆体的产热特性及温度场分布,利用自制秸秆类生物质兼氧预处理反应器对玉米秸秆进行了复合菌兼氧预处理。凭借微元体的能量守恒规律,结合实验中采集的温度数据以及各项参数,利用多项式拟合理论和Origin数据分析软件拟合得到内热源与时间的关联经验公式,并利用FLUENT软件在二维空间内建立其物理模型,结合实验得到的约束条件及相关的数学模型对反应装置内部及反应堆体温度场分布进行模拟分析,进而形象地模拟出复合菌预处理过程中反应器内部物料温度场的分布以及流动的相关动态及规律。实验表明,模拟的温度场实时分布及变化过程与实验测得的结果基本吻合,从而验证所建立的数学模型是准确且可靠的,为生物法复合菌预处理过程中生物热的研究与利用提供理论支撑。     

Effect of sodium sulfite on acid pretreatment of wheat straw with respect to its final conversion to ethanol

A pretreatment process that combines dilute acid and sodium sulfite has been applied to wheat straw to study the effect of temperature (120–180 °C) and sodium sulfite concentration (0–3%) on the yield of glucose in subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis and ethanol production by fermentation. The results were compared with both dilute acid pretreatment (without Na₂SO₃ addition) and hot water pretreatment. Formation of furfural and hydroxymethylfurural, which can inhibit ethanol-producing microorganisms, were measured and the ethanol yield in a subsequent fermentation was evaluated. The results indicate that a combination of 180 °C, 30 min, 1% H₂SO₄ and 2.4% Na₂SO₃ during pretreatment produced the highest ethanol yield; 17.3 g/100 g dry weight of initial biomass, which corresponds to 75% of the theoretical yield from glucose. 28 mg of furan inhibitors (sum of furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural) per gram dry weight of initial wheat straw were generated under this condition. Increasing sulfite loading up to 2.4% decreased inhibitor formation, leading to increased delignification and preservation of cellulose from dissolution. On the other hand, an elevated temperature in combination with low pH reduced the amount of solid phase after pretreatment, increased the level of inhibitors and reduced the concentration of ethanol produced by fermentation.     

有机钙盐预处理纤维素的热解试验研究

摘要：在管式炉上进行了预处理纤维素（CaFA纤维素）的热解实验，研究了预处理对纤维素热解特性的影响。样品红外压片分析显示预处理影响了纤维素组成单元吡喃环的稳定性，且CaFA纤维素出现了明显的羧酸根官能团振动。热解实验表明：预处理使得纤维素的半焦和气体产率增加，生物油产率下降。CaFA纤维素最大生物油产率为0.496(g/g)，相比未处理纤维素最大生物油产率降低19.1%。CaFA纤维素的气体产物中，CO含量减少，而CO2、CH4和H2含量增加，一定程度上提高了热解气相产物中的氧含量。GC-MS分析表明预处理对纤维素生物油组分具有明显的选择性，CaFA纤维素生物油中，大分子糖类及其衍生物的相对含量显著减少，而小分子酮类物质明显增加。     

碱性胍预处理水稻秸秆研究

以水稻秸秆为研究对象,采用有机强碱——胍进行预处理,考察了催化剂用量、预处理时间和温度对预处理效果的影响。以扫描电镜(SEM)、X-射线衍射仪(XRD)、红外光谱仪(FTIR)、热重分析仪(TG)对预处理前后样品进行了表征。结果表明:胍用量为3%、温度为60℃、时间为6 h是较适宜的预处理条件,催化剂用量是预处理水稻秸秆最关键的因素。SEM照片显示,预处理后秸秆表面呈现不规则的层片状皱褶、裂缝和孔洞;XRD表征显示,预处理后纤维素结晶度均提高;FTIR表征显示,胍对去除木质素和降解氢键作用明显;TG表征表明预处理前后水稻秸秆具有不同的热稳定特性。