Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Effect of induction on exhaust gas recirculation and hydrogen gas in compression ignition engine with simarouba oil in dual fuel mode

Biofuels extracted from non-edible oil is sustainable and can be used as an alternative fuel for internal combustion engines. This study presents the performance, emission and combustion characteristic analysis by using simarouba oil (obtained from Simarouba seed) as an alternative fuel along with hydrogen and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) in a compression ignition (CI) engine operating on dual fuel mode. Simarouba biofuel blend (B20) was prepared on volumetric basis by mixing simarouba oil and diesel in the proportion of 20% and 80% (v/v), respectively. Hydrogen gas was introduced at the flow rate of 2.67 kg/min, and EGR concentration was maintained at 30% of total air introduction. Performance, combustion and emission characteristics analysis were examined with biodiesel (B20), biodiesel with hydrogen substitution and biodiesel, hydrogen with EGR and were compared with neat diesel operation. Results indicate that BTE of the engine operating with biodiesel B20 was decreased when compared to neat diesel operation. However, introducing hydrogen along with B20 blend into the combustion chamber shows a slight increase in the BTE by 1%. NO_x emission was increased to 18.13% with the introduction of hydrogen than that of base fuel (diesel) operation. With the introduction of EGR, there is a significant reduction in NO_x emission due to decrease in in-cylinder temperature by 19.07%. A significant reduction in CO, CO_2, and smoke emissions were also noted with the introduction of both hydrogen and EGR. The ignition delay and combustion duration were increased with the introduction of hydrogen, EGR with biodiesel than neat diesel operation. Hence, the proposed biodiesel B20 with H₂ and EGR combination can be applied as an alternative fuel in CI engines.     

Hydrogen rich exhaust gas recirculation (H2EGR) for performance improvement and emissions reduction of a compression ignition engine

Hydrogen (H₂), being carbon free energy carrier, is best suitable for compression ignition (CI) engines with better performance and lower carbon derived emissions. Novelty of present study is the employment of low-cost catalyst (alumina) for production of H₂ reformate (hydrogen rich exhaust gas recirculation: H2EGR) in an indigenous catalytic reactor. Experimental tests were carried out on a CI engine under three conditions; base diesel, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), and H2EGR. Results indicated that brake thermal efficiency of the engine with H2EGR was higher than EGR and comparable with base diesel operation. All carbon-based emissions including smoke emission decreased significantly with H2EGR than diesel and EGR operations. In addition, oxides of nitrogen emission (NO_x) also decreased by about 46% with H2EGR than base diesel operation. It is concluded that H2EGR is a promising option for CI engines for simultaneous reduction of both NO_x and smoke emissions along with the additional benefit of higher efficiency.     

Setting a best practice for determining the EGR rate in hydrogen internal combustion engines

Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is an effective way to reduce NO_x-emissions and increase the efficiency of hydrogen fueled internal combustion engines. Knowledge of the exact amount of EGR is crucial to understand the effects of EGR. As the exhaust gas flow is pulsating and chemically aggressive, the flow rate is typically not measured directly and has to be derived from other quantities. For hydrocarbon fuels, the EGR rate is generally calculated from a molar CO₂ balance, but for hydrogen engines this obviously cannot be used as there are no CO₂ emissions, and consequently no standard practice has been established. This work considers three methods to calculate the amount of EGR in a hydrogen engine. The first one is based upon a volume balance in the mixing section of exhaust gases and fresh air. The second and third method uses a molar balance of O₂ and H₂O respectively in this mixing section. The three methods are developed and tested for their accuracy with an error analysis. Additionally, the methods are applied to an experimental dataset gathered on a single cylinder hydrogen engine. Both the theoretical analysis and the experimental results confirm the method based on an O₂ molar balance as the most accurate one. The least practical method is the one based on an H₂O balance as it requires additional relative humidity sensors and is less accurate than the others.     

Numerical study of effects of reformed exhaust gas recirculation (REGR) on dimethyl ether HCCI combustion

The effects of reformed exhaust gas recirculation (REGR) on combustion and emissions of dimethyl ether (DME) homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines are studied by multi-dimensional CFD coupled with chemical kinetic model. The results show that REGR combing EGR and DME reformed gases (DRG) improves combustion and emissions. REGR can delay ignition time by both EGR and DRG, and makes main combustion closer to top dead center (TDC), which is beneficial to reducing compression negative work and broadening load range of HCCI engines. The interaction of DRG and EGR helps avoid too high pressure rise rate or low power performance when being applied independent of each other. HC, CO and NO_x emissions can be controlled simultaneously by REGR. Both advantages of DRG and EGR are used to decrease the emissions of HCCI engines by REGR, while the disadvantages of high emissions are alleviated when one of them is applied.     

Performance and emission characteristics of CIE using hydrogen,biodiesel, and massive EGR

Hydrogen is considered as an excellent energy carrier and can be used in diesel engines that operate in dual fuel mode. Many studies have shown that biodiesel, which is sustainable, clean, and safe, a good alternative to fossil fuel. However, tests have confirmed that using biodiesel or hydrogen as a fuel or added fuel in compression ignition engines increases NOx concentrations. Cooled or hot exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) effectively controls the NOx outflows of diesel engines. However, this technique is restricted by high particulate matter PM emissions and the low thermal efficiency of diesel engines.In this study, gaseous hydrogen was added to the intake manifold of a diesel engine that uses biodiesel fuel as pilot fuel. The investigation was conducted under heavy-EGR conditions. An EGR system was modified to achieve the highest possible control on the EGR ratio and temperature. Hot EGR was recirculated directly from the engine exhaust to the intake manifold. A heat exchanger was utilized to maintain the temperature of the cooled EGR at 25 °C.The supplied hydrogen increased NOx concentrations in the exhaust gas emissions and high EGR rates reduced the brake thermal efficiency. The reduction in NOx emissions depended on the added hydrogen and the EGR ratios when compared with pure diesel combustion. Adding hydrogen to significant amounts of recycled exhaust gas reduced the CO, PM, and unburned hydrocarbon (HC) emissions significantly. Results showed that using hydrogen and biodiesel increases engine noise, which is reduced by adding high levels of EGR.     

Effect of Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) on performance,emissions, deposits and durability of a constant speed compression ignition engine

To meet stringent vehicular exhaust emission norms worldwide, several exhaust pre-treatment and post-treatment techniques have been employed in modern engines. Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) is a pre-treatment technique, which is being used widely to reduce and control the oxides of nitrogen (NO_x) emission from diesel engines. EGR controls the NO_x because it lowers oxygen concentration and flame temperature of the working fluid in the combustion chamber. However, the use of EGR leads to a trade-off in terms of soot emissions. Higher soot generated by EGR leads to long-term usage problems inside the engines such as higher carbon deposits, lubricating oil degradation and enhanced engine wear. Present experimental study has been carried out to investigate the effect of EGR on soot deposits, and wear of vital engine parts, especially piston rings, apart from performance and emissions in a two cylinder, air cooled, constant speed direct injection diesel engine, which is typically used in agricultural farm machinery and decentralized captive power generation. Such engines are normally not operated with EGR. The experiments were carried out to experimentally evaluate the performance and emissions for different EGR rates of the engine. Emissions of hydrocarbons (HC), NO_x, carbon monoxide (CO), exhaust gas temperature, and smoke opacity of the exhaust gas etc. were measured. Performance parameters such as thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) were calculated. Reduction in NO_x and exhaust gas temperature were observed but emissions of particulate matter (PM), HC, and CO were found to have increased with usage of EGR. The engine was operated for 96 h in normal running conditions and the deposits on vital engine parts were assessed. The engine was again operated for 96 h with EGR and similar observations were recorded. Higher carbon deposits were observed on the engine parts operating with EGR. Higher wear of piston rings was also observed for engine operated with EGR.     

Experimental investigation on performance and emissions of a spark-ignition engine fuelled with natural gas–hydrogen blends combined with EGR

An experimental investigation on the influence of different hydrogen fractions and EGR rates on the performance and emissions of a spark-ignition engine was conducted. The results show that large EGR introduction decreases the engine power output. However, hydrogen addition can increase the power output at large EGR operation. Effective thermal efficiency shows an increasing trend at small EGR rate and a decreasing trend with further increase of EGR rate. In the case of small EGR rate, effective thermal efficiency is decreased with the increase of hydrogen fraction; while in the case of large EGR rate, thermal efficiency is increased with increasing of hydrogen fraction. For a specified hydrogen fraction, NO_x concentration is decreased with the increase of EGR rate and this effectiveness becomes more obviously at high hydrogen fraction. HC emission is increased with the increase of EGR rate and it decreases with the increase of hydrogen fraction. CO and CO₂ emissions show little variations with EGR rate, but they decrease with the increase of hydrogen fraction. The study shows that natural gas–hydrogen blend combining with EGR can realize high-efficiency and low-emission spark-ignition engine.     

热EGR对氢内燃机性能及排放影响的试验研究

氢内燃机燃烧产物与传统内燃机不同,因此其EGR的作用机制与传统内燃机有很大差别.为了研究EGR对氢内燃机的动力性和排放特性的影响规律,以一台4缸2.0 L的氢内燃机为研究对象进行了试验研究,并探讨了缸内燃烧的发展过程和特点.试验表明:在循环喷氢量不变时,可以通过调节EGR率改变混合气的当量燃空比.在当量燃空比小于1时,EGR率的变化对输出转矩影响不大,在当量燃空比超过1后,输出转矩随EGR率的增加线性下降;在小负荷时使用热EGR将导致缸内温度的升高、增大NO相似文献   

One-dimensional turbulence simulations of hydrogen-fueled HCCI combustion

Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines fueled by hydrogen have the potential to provide cost-effective power with high efficiencies and very low emissions. This paper investigates the ability of two of the most commonly used injection methods, port fuel injection (PFI) and single-pulse direct injection (DI), to prepare an ideal in-cylinder hydrogen-air mixture and control the autoignition process. Computations are performed using the one-dimensional turbulence (ODT) model formulated for engine simulations. It is found that direct injection is able to prepare a more uniformly lean mixture and control the autoignition more effectively than port fuel injection. A combination of ignition modes are found to be operating when PFI is used as compared to mainly volumetric autoignition in the case of DI. Also, DI is able to maintain comparatively lower temperatures than PFI.     

Experimental study on lean-burn characteristics of an SI engine with hydrogen/gasoline combined injection and EGR

Hydrogen has shown potential for improving the combustion and emission characteristics of the spark ignition (SI) dual-fuel engine. To reduce the additional NO_x emissions caused by hydrogen direct injection, in this research, the cooperative control of the addition of hydrogen with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) in the hydrogen/gasoline combined injection engine was investigated. The results indicate that both the addition of hydrogen and the use of EGR can increase the brake mean effective pressure (BMEP). As the α_H2 value increases from 0% to 25%, the maximum BMEP increases by 9%, 12.70%, 16.50%, 11.30%, and 8.20%, respectively, compared with the value without EGR at λ = 1.2. The CA0-10 tends to increase with increases in the EGR rate. However, the effect of EGR in increasing the CA0-10 can be offset by the addition of 15% hydrogen at λ = 1.2. Measurements of the coefficient of variation of the indicated mean effective pressure (COV_IMEP) indicate that the addition of hydrogen can effectively extend the EGR limit. Regarding gaseous emissions, NO_x emissions, after the introduction of EGR and the addition of hydrogen, are lower than those of pure gasoline without EGR. An 18% EGR rate yields a significant reduction in NO_x, reaching maximum decreases of about 82.7%, 77.8%, and 60% compared to values without EGR at λ = 1.0, 1.2, and 1.4, respectively. As the EGR rate increases, the hydrocarbon (HC) emissions continuously increase, whereas a blend of 5% hydrogen can significantly reduce the HC emissions at high EGR rates at λ = 1.4. Finally, according to combustion and emissions, the coupling of a 25% addition of hydrogen with 30% EGR at λ = 1.2, and the coupling of a 20% addition of hydrogen with an 18% EGR rate at λ = 1.4 yield the best results.     

Development of a large-sized direct injection hydrogen engine for a stationary power generator

A number of studies on hydrogen engines have targeted small-sized engines for passenger vehicles. By contrast, the present study focuses on a large-sized engine for a stationary power generator. The objective of this study is to simultaneously achieve low NOx emission without aftertreatment, and high thermal efficiency and torque. Experimental analysis has been conducted on a single-cylinder test engine equipped with a gas injector for direct hydrogen injection. The injection strategy adopted in this study aims generating inhomogeneity of hydrogen mixtures within the engine cylinder by setting the injection pressure at a relatively low level while injecting hydrogen through small orifices. High levels of EGR and increased intake boost pressures are also adopted to reduce NOx emission and enhance torque. The results showed that extreme levels of EGR and air-fuel inhomogeneity can suppress NOx emission and the occurrence of abnormal combustion with little negative impact on the efficiency of hydrogen combustion. The maximum IMEP achieved under these conditions is 1.46 MPa (135 Nm@1000 rpm) with engine-out NOx emission of less than 150 ppm (ISNOx < 0.55 g/kW) for an intake boost pressure of 175 kPa and EGR rate of around 50%. To achieve further improvement of the IMEP and thermal efficiency, the Atkinson/Miller cycle was attempted by increasing the expansion ratio and retarding the intake valve closing time of the engine. The test engine used in this study finally achieved an IMEP of 1.64 MPa (150 Nm@1000 rpm) with less than 100 ppm of NOx emission (ISNOx < 0.36 g/kWh) and more than 50% of ITE.     

Experimental study of engine performance and emissions for hydrogen diesel dual fuel engine with exhaust gas recirculation

With an alarming enlargement in vehicular density, there is a threat to the environment due to toxic emissions and depleting fossil fuel reserves across the globe. This has led to the perpetual exploration of clean energy resources to establish sustainable transportation. Researchers are continuously looking for the fuels with clean emission without compromising much on vehicular performance characteristics which has already been set by efficient diesel engines. Hydrogen seems to be a promising alternative fuel for its clean combustion, recyclability and enhanced engine performance. However, problems like high NOx emissions is seen as an exclusive threat to hydrogen fuelled engines. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), on the other hand, is known to overcome the aforementioned problem. Therefore, this study is conducted to study the combined effect of hydrogen addition and EGR on the dual fuelled compression ignition engine on a single cylinder diesel engine modified to incorporate manifold hydrogen injection and controlled EGR. The experiments are conducted for 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% loads with the hydrogen energy share (HES) of 0%, 10% and 30%. The EGR rate is controlled between 0%, 5% and 10%. With no substantial decrement in engine's brake thermal efficiency, high gains in terms of emissions are observed due to synergy between hydrogen addition and EGR. The cumulative reduction of 38.4%, 27.4%, 33.4%, 32.3% and 20% with 30% HES and 10% EGR is observed for NOx, CO2, CO, THC and PM, respectively. Hence, the combination of hydrogen addition and EGR is observed to be advantageous for overall emission reduction.     

An experimental investigation on hydrogen as a dual fuel for diesel engine system with exhaust gas recirculation technique

With higher rate of depletion of the non-renewable fuels, the quest for an appropriate alternative fuel has gathered great momentum. Though diesel engines are the most trusted power sources in the transportation industry, due to stringent emission norms and rapid depletion of petroleum resources there has been a continuous effort to use alternative fuels. Hydrogen is one of the best alternatives for conventional fuels. Hydrogen has its own benefits and limitations in its use as a conventional fuel in automotive engine system.In the present investigation, hydrogen-enriched air is used as intake charge in a diesel engine adopting exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) technique with hydrogen flow rate at 20 l/min. Experiments are conducted in a single-cylinder, four-stroke, water-cooled, direct-injection diesel engine coupled to an electrical generator. Performance parameters such as specific energy consumption, brake thermal efficiency are determined and emissions such as oxides of nitrogen, hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, particulate matter, smoke and exhaust gas temperature are measured. Usage of hydrogen in dual fuel mode with EGR technique results in lowered smoke level, particulate and NO_x emissions.     

Development of a pneumatic actuated low-pressure direct injection gas injector for hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines

Mixture formation is one of the greatest challenges for the development of robust and efficient hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines. In many reviews and research papers, authors pointed out that direct injection (DI) has noteworthy advantages over a port fuel injection (PFI), such as higher power output, higher efficiency, the possibility of mixture stratification to control NO_x-formation and reduce heat losses and above all to mitigate combustion abnormalities such as back-firing and pre-ignitions. When considering pressurized gas tanks for on-vehicle hydrogen storage, a low-pressure (LP) injection system is advantageous since the tank capacity can be better exploited accordingly. The low gas density upstream of the injector requires cross-sectional areas far larger than any other injectors for direct injection in today's gasoline or diesel engines. The injector design proposed in this work consists of a flat valve seat to enable the achievement of lifetime requirements in heavy-duty applications. The gas supply pressure is used as the energy source for the actuation of the valve plate by means of a pneumatic actuator. This article describes the design and the performed tests carried out to prove the concept readiness of the new LP-DI-injector.     

Progress on the studies about NOx emission in PFI-H2ICE

Owing to its brilliant combustion performance and cleanest combustion products, hydrogen has been widely considered as one best alternative fuel for internal combustion engines. However, in the cylinder of hydrogen internal combustion engines, high combustion temperature and oxygen enrichment make NOx is still one but the only combustion pollutant. Therefore, it is particularly important to control NOx emission for hydrogen fuelled engines. Since PFI-H₂ICE (port-fuel-injection hydrogen internal combustion engine) is the normal type of hydrogen fuelled engines, the present article will focus on the studies about NOx emission in PFI-H₂ICE researches. First, the present article reviews the mechanism of NOx generation in PFI-H₂ICE; upon chemical kinetics, the generation of NOx will be summarized and discussed into three major paths which including thermal NO path, NNH–NO path and N₂O–NO path. Then, the researches on the control methods of NOx for PFI-H₂ICE in recent years will be systematically reviewed, the influencing factors to reduce NOx emission will be summarized in some aspects which including combustion component control strategy, injection control strategy, ignition control strategy and engine compression ratio control strategy. To the PFI-H₂ICE operated at lean fuel conditions (like equivalence ratio is less than 0.5) or rich fuel conditions (like equivalence ratio is higher than 1), the technologies and the strategies of EGR (exhaust gas re-circulation) will be reviewed and discussed. It is hoped this literature review would enable researchers to systematically understand the progress of NOx emissions research in PFI-H₂ICE and explore further research directions.     

Effect of exhaust gas recirculation on diesel engine nitrogen oxide reduction operating with jojoba methyl ester

Jojoba methyl ester (JME) has been used as a renewable fuel in numerous studies evaluating its potential use in diesel engines. These studies showed that this fuel is good gas oil substitute but an increase in the nitrogenous oxides emissions was observed at all operating conditions. The aim of this study mainly was to quantify the efficiency of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) when using JME fuel in a fully instrumented, two-cylinder, naturally aspirated, four-stroke direct injection diesel engine. The tests were carried out in three sections. Firstly, the measured performance and exhaust emissions of the diesel engine operating with diesel fuel and JME at various speeds under full load are determined and compared. Secondly, tests were performed at constant speed with two loads to investigate the EGR effect on engine performance and exhaust emissions including nitrogenous oxides (NO_x), carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and exhaust gas temperatures. Thirdly, the effect of cooled EGR with high ratio at full load on engine performance and emissions was examined. The results showed that EGR is an effective technique for reducing NO_x emissions with JME fuel especially in light-duty diesel engines. With the application of the EGR method, the CO and HC concentration in the engine-out emissions increased. For all operating conditions, a better trade-off between HC, CO and NO_x emissions can be attained within a limited EGR rate of 5–15% with very little economy penalty.     

Experimental investigation of control of NOx emissions in biodiesel-fueled compression ignition engine

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel consisting of the alkyl esters of fatty acids from vegetable oils or animal fats. Vegetable oils are produced from numerous oil seed crops (edible and non-edible), e.g., rapeseed oil, linseed oil, rice bran oil, soybean oil, etc. Research has shown that biodiesel-fueled engines produce less carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbon (HC), and particulate emissions compared to mineral diesel fuel but higher NO_x emissions. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is effective to reduce NO_x from diesel engines because it lowers the flame temperature and the oxygen concentration in the combustion chamber. However, EGR results in higher particulate matter (PM) emissions. Thus, the drawback of higher NO_x emissions while using biodiesel may be overcome by employing EGR. The objective of current research work is to investigate the usage of biodiesel and EGR simultaneously in order to reduce the emissions of all regulated pollutants from diesel engines. A two-cylinder, air-cooled, constant speed direct injection diesel engine was used for experiments. HCs, NO_x, CO, and opacity of the exhaust gas were measured to estimate the emissions. Various engine performance parameters such as thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), and brake specific energy consumption (BSEC), etc. were calculated from the acquired data. Application of EGR with biodiesel blends resulted in reductions in NO_x emissions without any significant penalty in PM emissions or BSEC.     

The effects of hydrogen on the combustion,performance and emissions of a turbo gasoline direct-injection engine with exhaust gas recirculation

The effects of hydrogen on the combustion characteristics, thermal efficiency, and emissions of a turbo gasoline direct-injection engine with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) were investigated experimentally at brake mean effective pressures of 4, 6, and 8 bar at 2000 rpm. Four cases of hydrogen energy fraction (0%, 1%, 3% and 5%) of total fuel energy were studied. Hydrogen energy fraction of total fuel energy was hydrogen energy in the sum of energy of consumed gasoline and added hydrogen. The test results demonstrated that hydrogen addition improved the combustion speed and reduced cycle-to-cycle variation. In particular, cylinder-to-cylinder variation dramatically decreased with hydrogen addition at high EGR rates. This suggests that the operable EGR rate can be widened for a turbo gasoline direct-injection engine. The improved combustion and wider operable EGR rate resulted in enhanced thermal efficiency. However, the turbocharging effect acted in opposition to the thermal efficiency with respect to the EGR rate. Therefore, a different strategy to improve the thermal efficiency with EGR was required for the turbo gasoline direct-injection engine. HC and CO₂ emissions were reduced but NO_X emissions increased with hydrogen addition. The CO emissions as a function of engine load followed different trends that depended on the level of hydrogen addition.     

高低压EGR系统对低速柴油机性能和排放影响的研究

以某型6缸低速二冲程柴油机为研究对象,建立GT-POWER一维仿真模型,研究高、低压EGR系统对柴油机性能及排放的影响。研究结果表明:随着EGR率的上升,高压EGR系统中压气机运行点从中心高效区向低效区和流量减小的方向移动,而低压EGR系统的流量和压比变化较小;高压EGR系统缸内压力始终低于低压EGR系统,在低负荷时,导致燃烧速度和放热率峰值低于低压EGR系统;燃油消耗率随着EGR率的增加呈上升趋势,当EGR率增加到一定程度时燃油消耗率上升更明显,并且高压EGR系统燃油消耗率明显高于低压EGR;两种EGR系统都能降低NO_x排放,但相同EGR率时,高压EGR系统NO_x减排效果更好。