基于MIIFLP规划的规模化养殖场GHG减排布局方案优化模型研究

在规模化养殖场沼气工程建设的背景下,文章以工程布局方案合理下的温室气体减排量最大为目标,选取工程建设费用、利润回报、工程容量、物料平衡、安全防疫距离等为约束条件,结合0-1混合整数规划(MIP)和区间-模糊规划方法 (IFLP),构建了一种基于MIIFLP规划的规模化养殖场温室气体(GHG)减排布局方案优化模型。优化结果表明:GHG二氧化碳最大减排当量为[211 821.81,222 486.42]t/a,较案例推荐方案提高了[11.46,17.07]%,在隶属度λ为[0.019 3,0.712 0]时,沼气工程布局优化方案与案例推荐方案相比调整幅度较大,所建模型在保证养殖场正常工作且沼气工程稳定发电的条件下,为规模化养殖场沼气工程建设提供了更加合理的布局方案,也为将可再生能源利用作为一种电力行业温室气体减排的重要途径提供了决策性理论支持。     

规模化养殖场沼气工程温室气体减排选址优化模型研究

我国严峻的能源现状和不断加大的生态环境压力亟需大力开发可再生能源.在规模化养殖场建沼气发电工程,不仅能减少养殖场温室气体的排放,还对电力企业的减排做出了贡献.根据沼气发电的现状和特点,运用整数规划求解方法,结合联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会提供的温室气体估算方法学及缺省值,以规模化养殖场沼气发电工程减排温室气体的二氧化碳当量为优化目标,建立规模化养殖场温室气体减排选址优化模型.案例分析表明:优化后,项目比原方案每年多减排温室气体2.0×1010t二氧化碳当量.     

大功率垃圾填埋气内燃机发电机组氮氧化物排放研究

兆瓦级燃气内燃机发电机组是垃圾填埋气发电中所采用的主要机型,为了了解其烟气NOx排放状况,分别对两个不同型号和制造商的填埋气发电机组的排放性能进行了测试。结果显示:填埋气发动机的NOx排放浓度较高,但随着发电功率负荷的增加呈现降低的变化趋势,其中,NO2所占比重较大,且NO2/NO比值随发电负荷的增加而增加。由于在所测试的负荷工况中,烟气NOx浓度均高于500 mg/m3的排放限值,因此,对填埋气发电机组进行脱硝治理成为需要关注的一项工作。     

垃圾填埋气体收集的优化

简要介绍了传统的垃圾填埋气(LFG)收集方法,着重介绍了对于干燥的垃圾填埋场,如何才能较合理地收集LFG.本文对垃圾填埋场填埋气体的收集和利用工程的管理、运营及技术研究具有实际的指导意义.     

宁波大岙垃圾卫生填埋场填埋气的综合利用

介绍了宁波大岙垃圾卫生填埋场在填埋气产生量估算的基础上,开发填埋气燃烧系统、填埋气砖厂利用项目、填埋气燃烧发电项目,实现了节能减排与综合利用。     

垃圾填埋场填埋气的产气量估算

综述了填埋气产气量的估算模型,对产气模型进行了详细分类。填埋气产气量估算模型分为缺省模型、化学模型和动力学模型3种。化学模型包括概化分子模型、COD模型和可生物降解模型;动力学模型包括总体动力学模型和分阶段动力学模型,前者包括零级、一级和二级模型,一级模型又包括普通一级、改进一级和多降解类型一级模型,后者包括普通模型和多降解类型模型。全过程分阶段动力学模型中多降解类型模型是目前产气量估算精度最高的模型,建议条件具备、设计计算时采用该模型估算;建议资料缺少、评价填埋气对温室效应贡献或核算碳排放时采用缺省模型估算。分阶段多降解类型模型是今后产气量估算研究的方向。     

填埋气综合利用的途径

随着我国城镇化建设进程的加快和人民生活水平的提高,生活垃圾填埋场数量增加,产生的填埋气总气量也在逐年增加,而目前我国垃圾填埋场的填埋气还没有得到充分利用。讨论填埋气的典型利用途径和正在开发中的技术方法。     

填埋气综合利用的途径

随着我国城镇化建设进程的加快和人民生活水平的提高,生活垃圾填埋场数量增加,产生的填埋气总气量也在逐年增加,而目前我国垃圾填埋场的填埋气还没有得到充分利用.讨论填埋气的典型利用途径和正在开发中的技术方法.     

垃圾填埋气（LFG）发动机的实验研究

用垃圾填埋气（LFG）作燃料的发动机进行发电具有较大的社会效益和经济效益,本文讨论了LFG发动机燃烧系统各种参数对填埋气发动机性能的影响。实验表明,采用新设计的预燃室燃烧系统后,发动机综合性能有较大的改善。     

老港垃圾填埋气发电项目启用每年满足10万户需求

东方网2012年10月11日消息:据《东方早报》报道,亚洲最大的垃圾填埋气发电项目——利用上海老港垃圾填埋气所发电力昨天正式并网。该项目实现满负荷生产后,每年可向上海电网输送绿色电力约1.1亿kWh,能解决约10万户居民的日常用电,每年可减少约66万t二氧化碳当量的温室气体排放。老港生活垃圾填埋场由四期工程组成,占地面积达6.5km2,日处理生活垃圾接近1万t,占全市垃圾产出量的50%     

Simulating greenhouse gas (GHG) allowance cost and GHG emission reduction in Western Europe

 Due to the growing concern for global warming, the EU25 have implemented the European Union Greenhouse Gas Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS). In the first trading period (2005–2007), part of the targeted GHG emission reductions presumably will have to result from a switch from coal fired electricity generation to gas fired electricity generation. It is possible to calculate the allowance cost necessary to switch a certain coal fired plant with a certain gas fired plant in the merit order. The allowance cost obtained is a so called switching point. When comparing historic European Union Allowance (EUA) prices (2005) with the corresponding historic switching points, the EUA prices were found high enough to cause a certain switch in the summer season. This finding leads to the use of switching points in establishing allowance cost profiles for several scenarios. A variable gas price profile is used in the simulation tool E-Simulate to simulate electricity generation and related GHG emissions in an eight zonal model representing Western Europe. Several GHG allowance cost profile scenarios are examined. For each scenario, electricity generation in the considered countries is clarified. The focus however lies on the GHG emission reduction potentials. These potentials are addressed for each scenario.     

燃气轮机发电机组静止变频启动装置研究

近年来我国进口了数十套燃燃气轮机发电机组,它们利用发电机及相应的变频启动装置启动。而变频启动装置由于采用可控硅（SCR）整流再逆变原理,其输出电压电流波形差,致使输出效率低、力矩小;另外,谐波分量大,不能满足国家相关标准要求。为此,利用绝缘栅双极型功率晶体管（IGBT）器件替代可控硅元件设计了一种新技术装置。结果表明,后者输出的谐波非常理想,性能指标远远超过前者,可全面满足国家相关标准。     

The impact of household behavioral changes on GHG emission reduction in Lithuania

It is commonly understood that households must change their behavior to reduce problems related increased energy consumption and climate change therefore in the search of cheap GHG emission reduction measures households are an important target group because they are responsible for more than 20% of total energy consumption in developed countries. In addition waste management and responsible consumption of products are the key issues in GHG emission reduction.The aim of the paper is to assess GHG emission reduction potential in households in terms of behavioral changes towards sustainable consumption. The review of literature on analysis of households behavioral changes impact on GHG emission reduction was performed; the daily survey of household agenda and energy use records were performed in Lithuania for two scenarios – baseline and GHG emission reduction scenario including energy saving. GHG emission reduction potential in household was assessed based on daily survey data and energy consumption records by applying carbon calculator based on modified coefficients. Evaluated GHG emission reduction potential in households was compared with GHG emission reduction potentials in other sectors of Lithuania. Based on analysis performed in the paper the tools to promote household behavioral changes towards sustainable consumption were proposed.     

广东省温室气体减排潜力分析与预测

从《联合国气候变化框架公约》的机制与原理出发,对广东省主要温室气体（GHG）排放部门的现状进行了系统分析,并对广东省未来温室气体的排放进行了预测;提出了利用清洁发展机制（CDM）来开展广东省减排温室气体项目的方向,为广东省开展节能环保型项目提供了参考建议。     

沈阳市大辛垃圾场废气发电的可行性分析

文章依据美国EPA的LANDGEM填埋垃圾场垃圾气体排放量的预测软件，对沈阳市新建生活填埋垃圾场废气甲烷的排放量、排放峰值时间、排放气体的特点做了预测。得出在沈阳市，垃圾场甲烷废气转换为能量是可行的。     

Development of a scalable infrastructure model for planning electricity generation and CO2 mitigation strategies under mandated reduction of GHG emission

In a power-generation system, power plants as major CO₂ sources may be widely separated, so they must be connected into a comprehensive network to manage both electricity and CO₂ simultaneously and efficiently. In this study, a scalable infrastructure model is developed for planning electricity generation and CO₂ mitigation (EGCM) strategies under the mandated reduction of GHG emission. The EGCM infrastructure model is applied to case studies of Korean energy and CO₂ scenarios in 2020; these cases consider combinations of prices of carbon credit and total electricity demand fulfilled by combustion power plants. The results highlight the importance of systematic planning for a scalable infrastructure by examining the sensitivity of the EGCM infrastructure. The results will be useful both to help decision makers establish a power-generation plan, and to identify appropriate strategies to respond to climate change.     

Development of a mathematical model for optimizing a heliostat field layout using differential evolution method

In this study, differential evolution was employed to perform optimization of a heliostat field. A complete mathematical code was developed for this purpose, which generates a heliostat field and calculates the optimum spacing between heliostats through differential evolution optimization technique. The optimization was executed for two sets of two cases and compared with an un‐optimized case. In the first case, only the optical performance was optimized, whereas in the second case, the normalized ratio of the optical performance to the land area covered by the heliostat field was maximized. In the first set of cases, the extra security distance between the heliostats was neglected, whereas in the second set of cases, the extra security distance was taken into account. To apply and examine the application of the optimization algorithm developed, 3 days of the year were selected: March 21, June 21, and December 21, considering Dhahran, Saudi Arabia as an illustrative example. For June 21, when the extra security distance between the heliostats is neglected, the optical efficiency of the un‐optimized case was 0.6026, while for the first optimized case, it was 0.6395, and for the second optimized case, it was 0.6033. However, when the extra security distance was considered, the optical efficiency of the un‐optimized case was 0.6167; while for the first optimized case, it was 0.6241, and for the second optimized case, it was 0.6167. Similar observations were realized for the other cases selected. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions reduction in a power system predominantly based on lignite

In this paper the GHG mitigation potential of a power system with prevailing use of lignite is assessed through the example of the Macedonian power system. The analysis is conducted using the WASP model in order to develop three different scenarios (business as usual - BAU and two mitigation scenarios) for the power system expansion over the period 2008-2025. In the first mitigation scenario two gas power plants with combined cycle are planned to replace some of the lignite-based capacities. The second mitigation scenario, besides the gas power plants, assumes electricity consumption reduction related to the large industrial consumers and an increased share of new renewable energy sources. Detailed calculations of the GHG emissions are made for all scenarios. The comparison of emissions in 2025 and in 2008 shows that the increase of 78% in the case of predominantly lignite BAU scenario is reduced to 41% by the first mitigation scenario, and to 14% by the second mitigation scenario. The mitigation costs appeared to be less then 10 $/t CO₂-eq for the first mitigation scenario, and even negative for the second one.