微网并网容量分析

将分布式发电以微网形式接入到主电网中并网运行,与主电网互为支撑,是充分发挥分布式发电的最有效方式之一.研究微网并网规模,明确主电网接纳微网的能力,将充分发挥新能源及可再生能源的优势,实现主电网与分布式新能源及可再生能源发电的协调发展,有利于引导与规范微网接入主电网,确保主电网的安全、稳定、经济、高效运行.从微网并网系统的特点出发,分析了微网并网的相关问题,研究了微网并网对主电网的影响,同时对微网并网容量即主电网接纳微网能力进行分析,最后结合算例针对微网并网的稳态分析,通过仿真实现了对微网并网容量的确定.     

基于改进下垂特性的微网功率控制方法

微网技术作为新能源及可再生能源接入智能电网的技术平台,可以有效整合新能源及可再生能源分布式发电的优势,实现能源的梯级利用,为智能电网的实现提供了必备的技术基础。针对微网的功率控制方法进行了研究,概述了现有的3类经典的控制方式,重点阐述并分析了微网功率下垂控制方法。结果表明,原常规有功功率-频率下垂控制的下垂系数固定无法保证微网的频率质量。提出微电源可采用一种改进的有功功率-频率的下垂控制方法,以有效保证微网运行的频率稳定。仿真结果表明了该控制方法的正确性和可行性。     

电动汽车接入微网研究

电动汽车的大规模接入会对电网的运行稳定性造成影响。电动汽车不直接接入电网,而是通过微网接入电网,这种接入方式可使电动汽车更好地为大电网及微网提供服务。讨论了电动汽车接入微网的目的,列举了电动汽车接入微网的研究现状,并提出了电动汽车接入微网所需解决的关键问题。     

一种基于区内电池共享模式的主动配电网-孤岛微网协同经济调度策略

我国偏远地区通常采用主动配电网和孤岛微网相结合的方式供电.然而,当储能电池规模较小时,难以消解可再生能源出力随机性、波动性和反调峰特性影响,而规模较大时又影响经济性.另外,传统配网环网柜受五防联锁保护和备用间隔稀少等问题限制,无法为移动储能提供快速接入条件.近些年带支线快速插接功能新型开关设备为移动式储能的利用提供了物理基础.为此,本文提出一种基于区内电池共享模式的主动网-孤岛微网协同经济调度策略.首先,提出使用卡车转移区内电池、实现储能分时复用的构想,利用新型节点柜的快速插接功能,建立了车-储动态关联的时空转移模型.在此基础上,将调度周期扩展为48小时,并引入分布鲁棒优化评估可再生能源发电的不确定性,构建了主动配电网-微电网协同最优潮流模型.最后,基于IEEE 14节点的配电网和典型微网的算例表明,所提策略能够显著降低电网的运行成本,提高可再生能源和储能的利用率.本文为配电网和孤岛微网的经济运行提供了一个崭新的视角.     

考虑效率和效益提升的配网多能源系统投资决策模型

针对配网多能源系统当前能量供给难以适应负荷容量不断增加的问题,文章在研究通过投资建设提升系统可靠运行能力的同时,兼顾投资建设过程后设备的利用效率及收益,利用可再生能源发电设备、储能设备和改造线路在多时空间尺度上对配电网的支撑作用,进行投资容量和选址决策。首先,给出了配网多能源系统拓扑结构,在此基础上分别建立配网多能源系统储能、可再生能源发电和线路改造投资收益模型。然后,对于所需投资设备进行分期规划,建立考虑效率效益双目标的投资时段决策模型;再基于所提出的改进枚举求解方法,对储能设备、可再生能源发电设备和线路改造求解容量和分期投资决策模型。最后,基于某地区多能源电网实际运行数据,建立配网多能源系统投资决策仿真模型,仿真结果验证了所提投资决策模型能够提升配网多能源系统投资的效率和效益。     

基于NCPSO的微网群优化调度策略研究

传统的粒子群优化（PSO）算法因在微网优化中不易达到全局最优而导致微网运行成本过高,该文采用小生境混沌粒子群优化（NCPSO）算法对混合微网群的运行策略进行协同优化,以实现区域微网经济性最优、环境治理成本最低、风光等可再生能源利用率高等目的。根据所提出的调度策略,建立的优化调度模型包括动态电价下的负荷模型、经济收益模型以及成本模型等,使用NCPSO算法得到多微网在一个周期内的最佳运行状态,实现微网群系统综合能源的互动调控、空间互补。通过分析微网群的功率交互动态、可控能源的发电以及储能电池的荷电状态等,验证微网群的电力负荷响应动态电价,表明了NCPSO算法优化微网群运行的优越性、有效性。     

考虑源荷协调优化的交直流混合微网 随机规划方法研究

摘要： 为充分发挥交直流混合微网中交、直流两种供电模式的互补优势,在需求侧优化各类负荷供电方式的选择（接入交流或直流母线工作）以提高微网供用电效率,并与供电侧分布式电源、储能设备的优化调度共同构成源荷协调优化运行方法。在研究源荷供用电效率的基础上,综合考虑源荷协调优化对微网运行费用与功率损耗的影响,分别以功率损耗最小和运行费用最小为上、下层优化目标,建立基于不确定二层规划的源荷协调优化模型。仿真算例验证了所提方法能在保证微网运行经济性与环保性的同时,更好地符合节能降损的要求。     

基于自适应变异粒子群算法的独立多元 互补微网经济环保运行

独立多元互补微网对于解决许多可再生能源丰富但是传统电网供电困难地区的用电问题有着非常重要的作用。为保证供电可靠性,提高整个微网系统的经济性和环保性,需根据实际条件对系统运行进行优化。综合考虑了运行成本、气体污染排放量等运行指标,建立了微网优化运行数学模型。设计了系统调度策略,最终采用带变异的自适应粒子群算法实现了微网经济环保运行。具体算例结果验证了该算法的合理性和有效性。     

电动汽车与分布式电源的微网经济调度

微网的运行可以很好地利用分布式能源,并实现需求侧管理的效益最大化,但是分布式电源的波动性使得微网的运行风险增加,同时也需要一定的储能投资。电动汽车电池作为一种储能装置可以为微网系统运行提供辅助服务。建立了分布式发电和电动汽车经济调度的多目标优化模型,以微网系统运行成本最低、系统等效负荷波动最小以及电动汽车车主的充电成本最少为目标,求得电动汽车的充放电功率,很好地配合了系统负荷以及分布式电源的出力波动,优化了系统的运行。     

微网孤网经济运行研究

建立了含冷热电联产系统的微网经济性数学模型,并将环保因素考虑在内,采用改进的遗传算法对微网孤网的经济调度进行了仿真计算。结合含多种微源的微网案例,给出了微网孤网运行时的具体调度方案,研究结果表明,该模型可有效应用于微网孤网的经济运行特性研究,同时结果显示蓄电池组的优化调度可减少系统的综合运行成本。     

Optical properties and thermal stability of pulsed-sputter-deposited AlxOy/Al/AlxOy multilayer absorber coatings

Spectrally selective Al_xO_y/Al/Al_xO_y multilayer absorber coatings were deposited on copper (Cu) and molybdenum (Mo) substrates using a pulsed sputtering system. The Al targets were sputtered using asymmetric bipolar-pulsed DC generators in Ar+O₂ and Ar plasmas to deposit an Al_xO_y/Al/Al_xO_y coating. The compositions and thicknesses of the individual component layers were optimized to achieve high solar absorptance (α=0.950-0.970) and low thermal emittance (ε=0.05-0.08). The X-ray diffraction data in thin film mode showed an amorphous structure of the Al_xO_y/Al/Al_xO_y coating. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data of the Al_xO_y/Al/Al_xO_y multilayer absorber indicated that the Al_xO_y layers present in the coating were non-stoichiometric. The optical constants (n and k) of the multilayer absorber were determined from the spectroscopic ellipsometric data. Drude's free-electron model was used for generating the theoretical dispersion of optical constants for Al films, while the Tauc-Lorentz model was used for modeling optical properties of the dielectric Al_xO_y layers. In order to study the thermal stability of the Al_xO_y/Al/Al_xO_y coatings, they were subjected to heat treatment (in air and vacuum) at different temperatures and durations. The multilayer absorber deposited on Cu substrates exhibited high solar selectivity (α/ε) of 0.901/0.06 even after heat-treatment in air up to 400 °C for 2 h. At 450 °C, the solar selectivity decreased significantly on Cu substrates (e.g., α/ε=0.790/0.07). The coatings deposited on Mo substrates were thermally stable up to 800 °C in vacuum with a solar selectivity of 0.934/0.05. The structural stability of the absorber coatings heat treated in air (up to 400 °C) and vacuum (up to 800 °C) was confirmed by micro-Raman spectroscopy measurements. Studies on the accelerated aging tests suggested that the absorber coatings on Cu were stable in air up to 75 h at 300 °C and the service lifetime of the multilayer absorber was predicted to be more than 25 years. Further, the activation energy for the degradation of the multilayer absorber heat treated for longer durations in air is of the order of 64 kJ/mol.     

Hydrogen storage properties of multi-principal-component CoFeMnTixVyZrz alloys

This study presents an innovative multi-principal-element CoFeMnTiVZr alloy system for the absorption and desorption of hydrogen. Pressure-composition-isotherms (PCIs) demonstrate that CoFeMnTi_xVZr, CoFeMnTiV_yZr, and CoFeMnTiVZr_z can absorb and desorb hydrogen for x, y, and z that satisfy 0.5 ≤ x ≤ 2.5, 0.4 ≤ y ≤ 3.0, and 0.4 ≤ z ≤ 3.0, respectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD) reveals that CoFeMnTi_xV_yZr_z alloys have a simple C14 Laves phase with a single set of lattice parameters before and after PCI tests. The distributions of each element in CoFeMnTi_xV_yZr_z alloys are roughly equal, as revealed by SEM/EDS mapping. The effects of values x, y, and z on the hydrogen storage properties are elucidated in terms of lattice constant, element segregation, hydride formation enthalpies of the alloy components and hydrogen, and the averaged formation enthalpy. The high-entropy effect promotes the formation of a single C14 Laves phase, and the maximum hydrogen storage capacity is strongly related to the hydride formation enthalpy of the alloy and hydrogen.     

Explosion behavior of CH4/O2/N2/CO2 and H2/O2/N2/CO2 mixtures

In this work, the explosion behavior of stoichiometric CH₄/O₂/N₂/CO₂ and H₂/O₂/N₂/CO₂ mixtures has been studied both experimentally and theoretically at different CO₂ contents and oxygen air enrichment factors. Peak pressure, maximum rate of pressure rise and laminar burning velocity were measured from pressure time records of explosions occurring in a closed cylindrical vessel. The laminar burning velocity was also computed through CHEMKIN–PREMIX simulations.     

C/H/O/N/S/Cl/K/Na元素的详细化学反应机理的简化与验证

基于Senkin模型,应用自编化学反应机理简化程序,结合Kinalc和Mechmod开源程序,发展了详细化学反应机理的简化与验证方法.以电站锅炉燃烧的计算流体力学(CFD)数值模拟为应用背景,建立了考虑C/H/O/N/S/Cl/K/Na元素的详细化学反应机理(115组分,1,342基元反应),并运用此方法得到简化反应机理(28组分,20反应).验证结果表明,该简化机理在锅炉运行的主要参数变化范围内(温度T=1,100～1,500,℃,过量空气系数λ=0.8～1.2)具有较好的准确性和较高的计算效率,可应用于锅炉燃烧的CFD计算.     

Structural and transport properties of LixNi1−y−zCoyMnzO2 cathode materials

In this work structural and transport properties of layered LiNi_1−y−zCo_yMn_zO₂ (y = 0.25, 0.35, 0.5 and z = 0.1) cathode materials are presented. In the considered group of oxides, LiNi_1−y−zCo_yMn_zO₂, there is no clear correlation between electrical conductivity and the a parameter (M-M distance in the octahedra layers). A non-monotonic modification of electrical properties of Li_xNi_0.65Co_0.25Mn_0.1O₂ cathode materials is observed upon lithium deintercalation.     

Metal/CdTe/CdS/Cd1−xZnxS/TCO/glass: A new CdTe thin film solar cell structure

The potential of CdTe/CdS/Cd_1−xZn_xS structure as an alternative to CdTe/CdS structure in photovoltaic application has been demonstrated. The unoptimized solar cell structure grown on transparent conducting oxide coated soda lime glass of 3 mm thickness with no antireflection coating yielded a 10% efficiency. This efficiency is the highest ever recorded in any Cd_1−xZn_xS film containing CdTe solar cells.     

Preparation and electrochemical properties of layer-structured LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3−yAlyO2

Layer-structured LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3−yAl_yO₂ has been synthesized via a sol–gel method. The lattice constants of LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3−yAl_yO₂ decrease with the concentration of aluminum ions. XANES analysis further confirms that the valence of cobalt ion is 3+, and that of Ni is between 2+ and 3+ in LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3−yAl_yO₂. With doping aluminum ions, the redox centers for the electrochemical reaction change from nickel ions alone to both nickel and cobalt ions. The amounts of de-intercalatable lithium ions are affected by the concentration of aluminum ions; however, the extracting efficiency of lithium ions is improved by doping aluminum ions. Among all the samples, LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_0.23Al_0.1O₂ exhibits the best capacity retention and the least irreversible capacity.     

Experimental and modeling studies of C2H4/O2/Ar, C2H4/methylal/O2/Ar and C2H4/ethylal/O2/Ar rich flames and the effect of oxygenated additives

The addition of dimethoxymethane (DMM or methylal) and diethoxymethane (DEM or ethylal) to a rich ethylene/oxygen/argon flame has been investigated by measuring the depletion of soot precursors. Three rich premixed ethylene/oxygen/argon (with and without added methylal or ethylal) flat flames have been stabilized at low-pressure (50 mbar) on a Spalding–Botha type burner with the same equivalence ratio of 2.50. Identification and monitoring of signal intensity profiles of species within the flames have been carried out by using molecular beam mass spectrometry (M.B.M.S.). The replacement of some C₂H₄ by C₃H₈O₂ or C₅H₁₂O₂ is responsible for a decrease of the maximum mole fractions of the detected intermediate species. This phenomenon is noticeable for C₂–C₄ intermediates and becomes more effective for C₅–C₁₀ species, mainly when C₃H₈O₂ added.A new kinetic model has been elaborated and contains 546 reactions and 107 chemical species in order to simulate the three investigated flames: C₂H₄/O₂/Ar, C₂H₄/DMM/O₂/Ar and C₂H₄/DEM/O₂/Ar. The reaction mechanism well reproduces experimental mole fraction profiles of major and intermediate species, and underlines the effect of methylal and ethylal addition on species concentration profiles for these flames.     

Highly structured TiO2/In(OH)xSy/PbS/PEDOT:PSS for photovoltaic applications

A system of highly structured TiO₂/In(OH)_xS_y/PbS/PEDOT:PSS has been developed and investigated by photovoltage spectroscopy, X-ray photo- and Auger electron spectroscopies, electron microscopy, and photovoltaic response. TiO₂, In(OH)_xS_y, PbS, and PEDOT:PSS serve as electron conductor, buffer layer, absorber, and hole conductor, respectively. Both buffer and absorber layers were prepared by chemical bath deposition. The band gap of as-prepared In(OH)_xS_y varied between 2.4 and 3.5 eV depending on the pH-value of the solution. In addition, the band gap of the PbS could be widened to about 0.85 eV making the application as absorber for solar cells feasible. At present, corresponding solar cell devices reach short-circuit current densities of about 8 mA/cm² and open-circuit voltages of about 0.3 V.     

Burning velocities and kinetics of H2/NF3/N2, CH4/NF3/N2, and C3H8/NF3/N2 flames

The combustion characteristics and reaction mechanism of mixtures containing nitrogen trifluoride (NF₃) were investigated. Burning velocities for H₂/NF₃/N₂, CH₄/NF₃/N₂, and C₃H₈/NF₃/N₂ flames were determined for the first time at various equivalence ratios and N₂ mole fractions. The burning velocities of the latter two flames were similar and showed peaks at equivalence ratios of ∼1.0, while those of the H₂/NF₃/N₂ flames had the pronounced peak at low equivalence ratios where the formation of the wrinkled flames was observed. A detailed kinetic model was constructed to simulate the laminar burning velocities of H₂/NF₃/N₂ and CH₄/NF₃/N₂ flames. The model accurately reproduced the experimental results. Analyses of the reaction mechanism revealed the major reaction pathways that involve the decomposition of NF₃, the oxidation and chain-fluoridation of H₂ and CH₄, and the formation of N₂.