油田采出水回用试验研究

叙述了采出水通过膜-生物反应器结合微生态菌群技术、反渗透技术进行了实验研究,处理出水达到了回用水指标,并对系统稳定性运行进行了考核。     

水解酸化-SBR工艺处理调味品废水的研究

通过考察水解酸化-SBR工艺对调味品废水处理效果,同时对处理后的调味品废水进行脱色处理。实验结果表明:进水COD为580 mg/L左右,反应时间为3 h,出水COD低于100 mg/L。出水氨氮、亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐均低于10 mg/L,出水的磷酸盐低于1 mg/L。SBR出水采投加用聚合氯化铝20 mg/L,粉末活性炭投加2 g进行脱色处理,色度的去除效果最好。     

油田采出水回用试验研究

叙述了采出水通过膜-生物反应器结合微生态菌群技术、反渗透技术进行了实验研究,处理出水达到了回用水指标,并对系统稳定性运行进行了考核。     

MFCs处理养猪场废水及其产电性能的中试研究

文章开展了微生物燃料电池(Microbial Fuel Cells,MFCs)处理养猪场废水的中试研究。试验装置有效容积为305 L,设计水力停留时间(HRT)为24 h,考察该装置对养猪场废水的处理效果及其产电能力。结果表明:当反应器稳定运行后,出水COD保持在500 mg/L以下,出水恶臭明显减少;出水重金属全部指标均达到农田灌溉水质标准,但出水氨氮与总磷去除效果较差;外接1Ω电阻时,输出电压保持在400 mV以上,最大功率密度达到154.9 mW/m~2。     

南方某城市污水处理厂提标改造试验研究

采用混凝沉淀+高速纤维过滤技术对南方某城镇污水厂二次处理出水进行深度处理中试试验研究,考察该工艺对TP等污染物的去除效果。结果表明,在滤速为800m/d,PAC投加浓度157mg/L时,处理出水TP在0.5mg/L以下,去除率基恩,出水TP达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)一级A标准。混凝沉淀和高速纤维过滤技术可作为该污水处理厂提标扩建的深度处理工艺。     

油田采出水处理中试试验

中试试验采用预吸附→厌氧水解酸化→三级生物接触氧化→吸附→分离组合工艺,以此工艺建立实验装置,利用活性焦为吸附剂,处理经过联合站后的油田采出水。试验结果表明,当进水COD为358.7589.2mg/L、回流比为0.10.2、好氧池曝气量的气水比为5.1∶1,吸附池投加新活性焦的比例为1.5kg/t时,组合工艺对经联合站处理后的采出水COD的去除率达到91%,出水COD的均值为41.34mg/L,出水水质能够达到一级A的排放标准。     

中水经MBR处理回用于电厂循环冷却系统的水质稳定性分析

对某电厂MBR工艺+弱酸床处理的循环冷却水,对比电厂冷却系统补充水的水质指标进行指标检验,应用Langelier指教和Ryznar指数进行水质稳定性技术分析,并通过实验对A3碳钢试片进行了实验,得出MBR+弱酸阳床工艺处理的出水具有腐蚀倾向的结论.     

臭氧+芬顿组合工艺深度处理造纸废水试验

造纸废水处理难度大,常规生化处理无法达到出水标准,采用"臭氧氧化+芬顿氧化"工艺对二沉池出水进行深度处理.经过中试试验,二沉池出水CODcr低于180mg/L时,采用"臭氧+芬顿"组合工艺处理后,最终出水CODcr低于50mg/L,满足《制浆造纸工业水污染物排放标准》中水污染物特别排放限值的要求.     

"水解酸化一体BAF"组合工艺处理高浓度氨氮废水的试验研究

研究了"水解酸化一体BAF"组合工艺处理高浓度氨氮废水的性能特点,试验结果表明,该工艺对高浓度氨氮废水具有较好的处理效果,其出水COD达到100mg/L左右,平均去除率为64.69%,出水NH3-N平均值是3.51mg/L,去除率为95.16%,出水TN平均值是29.17mg/L,去除率为64.29%,各单元处理效果分析表明装置各处理区域均均能达到较好处理效果。     

联合反应器处理精对苯二甲酸废水的研究

本实验研究精对苯二甲酸(PTA)废水的最佳处理方法,试验研究表明厌氧HRT设定为18h,温度为37℃条件下联合反应器处理效果最佳.此时,UASB出水COD、TA、Pt酸、BA浓度分别为为450mg/L、15mg/L、40mg/L、1.0mg/L,SBR出水COD、TA、Pt酸、BA浓度分别为为25mg/L、0.5mg/L、25mg/L和0,去除率达90％以上,均达到国家排放标准.     

我们共同的目标：应对气候变化

叙述了美国政府将要采取以可靠的科学作为行动依据、建立清洁能源经济推动技术进步、在美国国内采取必要的行动、建立更强大的全球合作关系、推动发展中国家合作伙伴的参与以及帮助最贫困、最易受到影响的发展中国家适应气候变化、努力向前推进世界能源体系转型等措施,实现应对全球气候变化的共同目标,介绍了美国在建设碳循环监测网络、开展极度冰川调查、开发利用风能和农村能源、提高燃油效率限制汽车尾气排放、实施隔热防寒援助项目、逐步取消对化石燃料的补贴、研制碳排放量追踪工具、推进减少氢氟碳化物、开发新型监测与观察手段、组织沿海气候变化课程的情况。     

防锈工作三要素

在现代化机械加工行业中,防锈工作日趋重要。提高防锈工作效率,主要应该从根据产品的性能选择正确的防锈材料、安排完整正确的防锈工艺、严格防锈管理三方面入手。正确选择金属加工中所需清洗剂、防锈剂,并使防锈工艺规范化、完整化,保证防锈材料能够充分发挥其性能。同时要有专业的防锈科技人员指导,各级人员严格遵守防锈管理规范,从而使防锈工作发挥其最大功用。     

重油催化裂化装置加工全减渣原料的分析探讨

长庆石化1.40Mt/a催化裂化装置加工减压渣油后,生焦量大、再生器超温,加工量降低(最低时仅为110t/h),轻质油收率低,仅为54.58%,烧焦损失大(由8.6%增大到9.56%),分馏塔底油浆系统结焦严重。通过提高原料油预热温度(最高提至260℃)和反应温度(一段反应温度由505℃提至518℃,最高时达到525℃),来提高进料的雾化效果和反应剂油比,通过降低分馏塔底温度(不大于355℃),新增回炼油串塔底流程、提高分馏塔底油浆线路线速、提高油浆外甩量(不低于5%,最高达到10%)、降低分馏塔底液面(不大于60%)和停留时间,以减缓分馏塔底结焦。设备方面,通过再生系统增设内取热器,增加取热能力,再生器中部增加防焦蒸汽环管,加大阻垢剂用量(提高至30～35mg/L),油浆线路结焦得到缓解。提出仍需改进和采取的措施,包括:强化一段提升管,停用二段提升管,停止油浆回炼,回炼油改进一段提升管;进一步提高剂油比,以改善产品分布,提高加工量,降低干气、焦炭产率;通过渣油加氢预处理来降低残炭含量,增加芳烃饱和度,实现催化原料轻质化,提高裂解性能。     

三次谐波电流闭锁式变压器过激磁保护分析

就过激磁的原理、危害及电压互感器二次回路电压异常升高的原因分析,找到了过激磁保护误动的原因。根据变压器过激磁时三次谐波电流的特点,将差动电流中三次谐波电流加入到过激磁保护逻辑程序中,起到谐波电流监测,闭锁过激磁保护的作用。为验证三次谐波电流闭锁式过激磁保护原理,采用专业的电磁暂态仿真软件PSCAD构建变压器过激磁模型,该模型具有较高的仿真精度。再利用MATLAB软件对仿真数据进行了处理分析,并与实测数据进行比较,保证了保护原理的正确性。     

Applying the kriging method to predicting irradiance variability at a potential PV power plant

One-second irradiance data from forty-five sensors spaced over a one-mile square section of land were analyzed to characterize the short-term (1-s to 1-min) variability of the solar resource in Northern Arizona. The geostatistical interpolation model known as kriging was applied to our data set to better understand the method's strengths and weaknesses in accurately predicting the variations in the irradiance over this relatively small section of land. Of particular interest was to investigate the ability of the kriging method to show the variation in solar irradiance over the section of land as compared to that measured by the sensors. When using data from all the sensors as input to the prediction method, kriging performed very well compared to the sensors. However, because it is unlikely to have a large number of sensors to characterize the variability at a prospective solar site, it was also of interest to investigate how many sensors are required as input to the kriging technique in order to generate a reliable prediction. Solar data from four characteristic periods (related to the four seasons) were analyzed, and different sensor configurations, consisting of subsets of the actual sensor array, were employed using the method to demonstrate the number of sensors required to correctly characterize the short-term irradiance variability at the site. Using four measurement stations as input to the kriging method was shown to reasonably represent the variability in the 1-s to 1-min timescales.     

全面建设小康社会的能源保障问题

到2020年我国将建成小康社会,按照保守的估计人均能源消费量将达到2toe,全国将达到近30亿toe。综观国内能源资源条件,国内能源供应将面临潜在的总量短缺,尤其是石油、天然气供应将面临结构性短缺。为应对挑战需要采取以下对策:调整和优化能源结构,建立可持续能源保障体系;发展洁净煤技术,减少能源利用对环境的影响;优先发展水电,提高水电在能源消费结构中的比例;大力促进新能源和可再生能源的发展;给核能发电应有的地位,达到能源消费总量的1/10;坚持节能和提高能源利用效率;多元化利用国际油气资源,规避能源风险;建立以石油储备为主的能源战略储备体系,保障能源安全。     

Waste and residue availability for advanced biofuel production in EU Member States

The EU is adopting policy measures to promote the use of advanced biofuels for transport made from sustainable sources including wastes and residues. As Member States prepare to implement these policy changes, they will need to understand if they have sufficient resource to meet an advanced biofuel target. This study assesses the availability of agricultural residues, forestry residues, and biogenic wastes that could potentially be used for advanced biofuel production in EU Member States at the present and projected to 2020 and 2030. This analysis incorporates specific information on agricultural, forestry, and waste production, management practices, and environmental risks in each Member State in order to model the amounts of residues needed to preserve soil quality and that are utilized in other industries; we exclude these quantities in order to determine the sustainable biomass potential that can be achieved without significant adverse impacts on the environment or biomass markets. We find that most EU Member States are likely to have more than enough sustainably available feedstock to meet the advanced biofuel requirement, and a majority may have more than 10 times the necessary amount. While this study does not assess economic viability of advanced biofuel production, from a resource perspective, the target appears to be achievable in most Member States. Some countries, including Austria, Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta, and Slovenia, may need to import either feedstock or advanced biofuel from neighboring countries to meet the target.     

Biofuel and petroleum-based fuel supply chain research: A literature review

During the last decade, countries around the world - especially the U.S., Brazil, and many in Europe - have worked to accelerate the commercialization of a biofuel industry. As pilot plant studies for the second-generation biofuel (e.g., cellulosic biofuel) currently seek to determine the most viable feedstocks and processing technologies, it is an opportune time to formulate operations research (OR) models of the biofuel supply chain (SC) so they might be used to implement the technologies that prove to be most promising. This paper provides a literature review of research on the biofuel SC. It classifies prior research according to decision time frame (i.e., strategic, tactical, operational, and integrated) as well as level in the supply chain (i.e., upstream, midstream, and downstream). In addition, it reviews related research on agri-products, which have some commonalities relative to harvesting and perishability; petroleum-based fuels, which have some commonalities related to distribution (some biofuels can be mixed with gasoline but others cannot); and generic supply chains, which provide some applicable modeling structures. Finally, this paper emphasizes unique needs to support decisions that integrate the farm with commercial levels (e.g., storage, pre-processing, refining, and distribution) and identifies fertile avenues for future research on the biofuel supply chain. OR models are needed to help assure the economic viability of the biofuel industry. They can be used by growers, processors, and distributors to design and manage an integrated system and by government to inform policies needed to stimulate the growth of the industry and, perhaps, subsidize it.     

对我国炼油化工产业链发展的思考

炼油化工产业链就是以原油为主要原料,经过不同工艺流程所进行的各类油品的生产及深加工,并包括以其副产品为原料进行各类化工产品的生产而构成的产业集合。一体化、园区化、大型化已成为当前完善的炼油化工产业链应具备的3个特点。2007年我国原油加工能力已达3．8×10^8t／a,成为世界第二大炼油国;我国乙烯产能为996．5×10^4t／a,居世界第二位。我国炼油业存在着产品结构不合理,生产柴汽比低于消费柴汽比;炼厂规模偏小,分布不合理;原油加工适应性差,装置结构不合理：深加工能力不足,能耗偏高等问题。我国石化工业乙烯自给率低,油化结构不合理．产业集中度低,规模不够经济,产品档次低。应借鉴发达国家炼油化工产业集中化、基地化发展的经验,加强产业结构和布局调整。注重提高资源利用率,突出核心业务。针对影响炼油化工产业链效益的内外部因素,建议应强化国家宏观政策指导,协调产业链与供应链的关系,重视科技创新,加强产品的升级换代,注重环境保护。     

户用沼气商业化发展机制探索与应用——湖南省常德市沼气发展个案分析

在许多地区,由于农户收入水平较低,沼气建设过分依赖政府补贴,能源服务公司的经营管理能力及融资能力都比较差,导致当地沼气行业发展缓慢。为了改变这种局面,使沼气行业走上快速的发展道路,在世界自然基金会的资助下,北京天恒可持续发展研究所以湖南常德地区为试点制定并实施了沼气商业化发展机制,并根据实际情况不断完善机制的内容,使其具有广泛推广使用价值。在这一机制下,为能源服务公司提供了流动资金的支持和经营管理、技术的培训,提高了其经营管理能力和技术水平,为农户提供了延期支付服务,为银行开辟了新的信贷业务,通过宣传提高了农户对沼气的认识。同时,通过对具有成立能源服务公司潜在能力的技术、管理人员进行了有针对性的培训,协助他们成立民营能源服务公司,以期引进竞争机制,促进当地沼气行业的发展。根据项目的实施情况和进一步的发展目标,天恒所又对项目做出了改进,保证在项目资助方退出之前,使沼气产业走向市场化、规模化。