复合摆线少齿差行星传动的齿廓几何特性与啮合特性变化规律

针对摆线针轮少齿差行星传动的摆线针轮啮合角大、转臂轴承可靠性低与针齿均布位置精度要求高等问题,作者利用几何可控性较强的复合摆线构建少齿差行星内齿齿廓,提出一种新型高性能复合摆线内齿型少齿差行星齿轮副：基于传统摆线行星传动几何原理,提出复合摆线内齿齿廓曲线的几何设计方法,分析齿形调控参数c₂对复合摆线内齿齿廓曲线几何形状与曲率变化的影响规律;基于齿轮啮合运动学共轭原理,建立复合摆线内齿齿廓方程、齿轮副共轭传动啮合方程、少齿差行星共轭齿廓方程与啮合线方程;利用参量转化法分析复合摆线内齿齿廓的啮合界限特性;根据共轭齿廓出现奇异点的几何原理,推导其不发生根切的判定方程;研究该新型齿轮副的啮合线、重合度、压力角、诱导法曲率与滑动率等啮合特性及其变化规律,提出诱导法曲率与滑动率的啮合区间敏感性分析方法。研究结果表明：复合摆线内齿齿廓存在啮合界限点,啮合界限特性与根切判定方程分别为新型齿轮副内齿齿根过渡曲线设计、共轭齿廓无根切设计提供了有效的理论方法;啮合线与重合度的分析表明该新型齿轮副具有多齿啮合特性;当新型齿轮副的齿数、偏心距、齿高和内齿分布圆半径确定后,c₂是唯一影响压力角、诱导法曲率与滑动率的齿轮参数,行星轮压力角的最小值与平均值随c₂减少而降低,在一个啮合周期内,c₂对诱导法曲率与滑动率的影响存在着不敏感与敏感区间,可忽略c₂对不敏感啮合区间诱导法曲率和滑动率的影响,敏感区间的诱导法曲率平均值、滑动率幅值与平均值均随着c₂减少而降低。相对于同参数的传统摆线行星传动,新型齿轮副在压力角、诱导法曲率与滑动率等啮合特性方面具有传动优势,相应地,反应出其较好的多齿啮合特性、传力特性、润滑与承载特性及抗磨损特性,具有一定的工程应用价值。     

Comparative Proteomics Based on 18O Labeling to Evaluate the Hepatotoxicity of Tris (2,3-dibromopropyl) Isocyanuratein Rats

Detecting protein expression levels in organisms exposed to environmental pollutants can help us understand the action mechanism of toxicity. In the present study, adult female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats received a consecutive intraperitoneal injection of tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate (TBC) for seven days, and the ¹⁶O/¹⁸O labeling comparative proteomic approach was used to study the change of liver proteome in these rats. Thirty six differential proteins were identified between the control group and the high-dose-exposed group (8 mg/kg), of which, twenty eight proteins were down-regulated and eight proteins were up-regulated. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that most of the differential proteins were related with the metabolic and cellular processes. In addition, the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) in liver were measured to evaluate the oxidative stress status induced by TBC exposure. Together, these findings showed that TBC might be toxic to liver by disrupting metabolic process and apoptosis. The results might provide a better insight into the mechanism of toxicity induced by TBC.     

UV-vis and photoluminescent spectra of TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> films

TiO₂ fims have been deposited on glass substrates using DC reactive magnetron sputtering at different oxygen partial pressures from 0. 10 Pa.to 0.65 Pa. The transmittance (UV-vis) and photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the films were recorded. The results of the UV-vis spectra show that the deposition rate of the films decreased at oxygen partial pressure P(O₂)≥0.15 Pa, the band gap increased from 3.48 eV to 3.68eV for direct transition and from 3.27 eV to 3.34 eV for indirect transition with increasing the oxygen partial pressure. The PL spectra show convincingly that the transition for films was indirect, and there were some oxygen defect energy levels at the band gap of the films. With increasing the O₂ partial pressure, the defect energy levels decreased. For the films sputtered at 0.35 and 0.65 Pa there were two defect energy levels at 2.63 eV and 2.41 eV, corresponding to 0.72 eV and 0.94 eV below the conduction band for a band gap of 3.35 eV, respectively. For the films sputtered at 0.10 Pa and 0.15 Pa, there was an energy band formed between 3.12 eV and 2.06 eV, corresponding to 0.23 eV and 1.29 eV below the conduction band. ZHAO Qing-nan : Born in 1963 Funded by Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province, China.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">In vitro</Emphasis> blood compatibility of polyethylene terephthalate with covalently bounded hirudin on surface

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET,Dacron) was modified by surface immobilization of hirudin with glutaraldehyde(GA) as coupling reagent to improve the blood compatibility.Hirudin-immobilized PETs were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and contact angle measurements.The blood compatibility of the PETs was evaluated by platelet adhesion evaluation and fibrinogen conformational change measurements in vitro.The results showed the decrease of platelet adhesion and activation on hirudin-immobilized PET with increasing of glutaraldehyde concentration.Fibrinogen experiment showed that fibrinogen adherence and conformational changes of PET-HRD were less than those of untreated PET,which made the materials difficult to form thrombus.The proper reason of blood compatibility improvement was low interface tension between hirudin-immobilized PETs and blood,as well as blood proteins,and low ratio of dispersive/polar component of the surface energy(γsd/γsp) and high hydrophilicity.     

花椒麻素对SD大鼠肥胖模型脂代谢的影响

旨在研究花椒麻素对肥胖症模型SD大鼠体内脂质代谢功能的影响.将48只SD雄性大鼠按体质量分为空白对照组、高脂模型组、花椒麻素低/中/高剂量组[4、8、12?mg/(kg·d)]、非诺贝特阳性对照组[40?mg/(kg·d)],经过灌胃6周,记录大鼠的初质量、末质量及采食量,计算实验动物饲料效率.解剖后分别测定SD大鼠血...     

Experimental study of effects of oxygen concentration on combustion and emissions of diesel engine

Effects of oxygen concentration on combustion and emissions of diesel engine are investigated by experiment. The intake oxygen concentration is controlled by adjusting CO₂. The results show that very low levels of both soot and NO _x emissions can be achieved by modulating the injection pressure, timing, and boost pressure at the low levels of oxygen concentration. However, both CO and HC emissions and fuel consumption distinctly increase at the low levels of oxygen concentration. The results also indicate that NO _x emissions strongly depend on oxygen concentration, while soot emissions strongly depend on injection pressure. Decreasing oxygen concentration is the most effective method to control NO _x emissions. High injection pressure is necessary to reduce smoke emissions. High injection pressure can also decrease the CO and HC emissions and improve engine efficiency. With the increase of intake pressure, both NO _x and smoke emissions decrease. However, it is necessary to use the appropriate intake pressure in order to get the low HC and CO emissions with high efficiency. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 50636040, 50676066)     

Three-dimensionally Ordered Macroporous Phosphotungstic Acid/SiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> for Efficient Catalytic Oxidative Desulfurization

Three-dimensionally ordered (3DOM) macroporous phosphotungstic acid/SiO₂ (HPW/SiO₂) materials were prepared by using colloidal crystal as templates and applied for oxidative desulfurization (ODS) of the model fuel oil. The obtained HPW/SiO₂ materials were characterized through scanning electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, N₂ sorption, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results indicated that 3DOM HPW/SiO₂ possessed hierarchical pore architectures which contained ordered macropores and disordered mesopores, with the Keggin type HPW embedded in the framework of pore structure. The removal rate of dibenzothiophene (DBT) could reach 100% under the optimum conditions, moreover. The performance was only slightly decreased for the regenerated catalyst after 7 cycles.     

Corrosion rate of hydrogenation to C110 casing in high H2S environment

The corrosion behavior of C110 bushing at high temperature and high pressure with a high H₂S/CO₂ was studied, and a basis for the materials selection of sour gas well bushing was provided in H₂S, CO₂ and saline coexisting environment. Under acidic condiction, hydrogen atoms greatly entered into the material and caused the material properties changed. Weight loss method was used to study the corrosion rate of hydrogen charging samples and original untreated samples in simulated oil field environment. PAR2273 electrochemical workstation was used to examine the electrochemical performance of samples untreated, hydrogen charging after reacting in autoclave. The corrosion product film was observed through SEM. The experimental results show that sample with hydrogen charging has a much more obvious partial corrosion and pitting corrosion than the untreated blank sample even the downhole corrosion speed of bushing is increased after being used for a period of time. Polarization curve shows the corrosion tendency is the same between sample with or without hydrogen charging and corrosion tendency is reduced by corrosion product film. A layer of dense product film formed on the surface of samples provides a certain protective effect to the matrix, but cracked holes which will accelerate partial corrosion of the sample were also observed.     

Mechanism and control technology of strong ground pressure behaviour induced by high-position hard roofs in extra-thick coal seam miningOA

This work aimed at revealing the mechanism of strong ground pressure behaviour(SGPB) induced by high-position hard roof(HHR). Based on the supporting structures model of HHR, a modified voussoir beam mechanical model for HHR was established by considering the gangue support coefficient, through which the modified expressions of limit breaking span and breaking energy of HHR were deduced.Combined with the relationship between the dynamic-static loading stress of supporting body(hydraulic support ...     

Wing crack model subjected to high hydraulic pressure and far field stresses and its numerical simulation

By considering the effect of hydraulic pressure filled in wing crack and the connected part of main crack on the stress intensity factor at wing crack tip, a new wing crack model exerted by hydraulic pressure and far field stresses was proposed. By introducing the equivalent crack length l _eq of wing crack, two terms make up the stress intensity factor K _I at wing crack tip: one is the component K _I⁽¹⁾ for a single isolated straight wing crack of length 2l subjected to hydraulic pressure in wing crack and far field stresses, and the other is the component K _I⁽²⁾ due to the effective shear stress induced by the presence of the equivalent main crack. The FEM model of wing crack propagation subjected to hydraulic pressure and far field stresses was also established according to different side pressure coefficients and hydraulic pressures in crack. The result shows that a good agreement is found between theoretical model of wing crack proposed and finite element method (FEM). In theory, an unstable crack propagation is shown if there is high hydraulic pressure and lateral tension. The wing crack model proposed can provide references for studying on hydraulic fracturing in rock masses.     

Effects of confining pressure on acoustic emission and failure characteristics of sandstone

In this study, uniaxial and triaxial compression acoustic emission(AE) tests were implemented to investigate the AE effect and failure characteristics of sandstone under different confining pressures(σ_3). The evolution of AE parameters in the rock failure process and fracture fractal dimension characteristics after failure were analyzed. The results revealed that the activity of the AE signal is strongly related to σ_3. The evolution of the Ib value can be divided into the I-fluctuation, II-stability, and III-decrease stages. In the first stage, the Ib value of the AE was relatively high, and the AE energy was low. Then, the Ib value tended to be stable; however, the fluctuation amplitude decreased, and the AE energy rapidly increased. In the stage of decrease, the AE energy sharply increased before the load approached the peak value, and the Ib value significantly decreased and dropped to the lowest point before the peak value. As σ_3 increased, the rock's failure mode changed from tensile failure to shear failure and became more coordinated. As the confining pressure increased, the shape dimension decreased, and the order degree of rock failure increased. The confining pressure exerted a certain control effect on the rock failure.     

CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> permeability of fractured coal subject to confining pressures and elevated temperature: Experiments and modeling

The CO₂ permeability of fractured coal is of great significance to both coalbed gas extraction and CO₂ storage in coal seams, but the effects of high confining pressure, high injection pressure and elevated temperature on the CO₂ permeability of fractured coal with different fracture extents have not been investigated thoroughly. In this paper, the CO₂ permeability of fractured coals sampled from a Pingdingshan coal mine in China and artificially fractured to a certain extent is investigated through undrained triaxial tests. The CO₂ permeability is measured under the confining pressure with a range of 10–25 MPa, injection pressure with a range of 6–12 MPa and elevated temperature with a range of 25–70°C. A mechanistic model is then proposed to characterize the CO₂ permeability of the fractured coals. The effects of thermal expansion, temperature-induced reduction of adsorption capacity, and thermal micro-cracking on the CO₂ permeability are explored. The test results show that the CO₂ permeability of naturally fractured coal saliently increases with increasing injection pressure. The increase of confining pressure reduces the permeability of both naturally fractured coal and secondarily fractured coal. It is also observed that initial fracturing by external loads can enhance the permeability, but further fracturing reduces the permeability. The CO₂ permeability decreases with the elevation of temperature if the temperature is lower than 44°C, but the permeability increases with temperature once the temperature is beyond 44°C. The mechanistic model well describes these compaction mechanisms induced by confining pressure, injection pressure and the complex effects induced by elevated temperature.     

Kinetics,thermodynamics, and equilibrium of As(III), Cd(II), Cu(II) and Pb(II) adsorption using porous chitosan bead-supported MnFe2O4 nanoparticles

A novel porous nanocomposite, cross-linked chitosan and polyethylene glycol (PEG) bead-supported MnFe₂O₄ nanoparticles (CPM), was developed as an efficient adsorbent to remove metalloid (As(III)) and heavy metals (Cd(II), Cu(II), and Pb(II)). The characteristics of CPM showed a porous structure, well dispersed MnFe₂O₄, and several of hydroxyl and amino groups (OH, NH₂). Batch experiments demonstrated that the best adsorption property of As(III), Cd(II), Cu(II), and Pb(II) was achieved within 8 h with maximum adsorption capacities of 9.90, 9.73, 43.94, and 11.98 mg/g, respectively. Competitive and synergistic effects (particularly precipitation) were included in the co-adsorption mechanism of As(III) and heavy metals. Thereinto, As(III) was partly oxidized by MnFe₂O₄ to As(V), and both were coordinated on MnFe₂O₄ nanoparticles. Pb(II) could also bind to MnFe₂O₄ by ion exchange and electrostatic attraction. Furthermore, Cd(II) and Cu(II) tended to be coordinated on chitosan. Therefore, CPM can serve as a remediation material for water and soil co-contaminated with As(III) and heavy metals.     

Preparation and effect of oxygen annealing on the electrical and magnetic properties of epitaxial (0001) Zn1−x Co x O thin films

Epitaxial (0001)-oriented Zn_1?x Co _x O ( _x = 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1) thin films were grown on c-sapphire substrates by pulsed laser deposition. The XRD analysis, optical transmittance and XPS measurements revealed that the Co²⁺ substituted Zn²⁺ ions were incorporated into the lattice of ZnO in Zn_1?x Co _x O thin films. The electrical properties measurements revealed that the Co concentration had a nonmonotonic influence on the electrical properties of the Zn_1?x Co _x O thin films due to the defects resulted from imperfections induced by Co substitution. The resistivity remarkably increased and the carrier concentration remarkably decreased in Zn_1?x Co _x O thin films after oxygen annealing at 600 ° under 15 Pa O₂ pressure for 60 mins. Room-temperature ferromagnetic was observed and the ferromagnetic Co amount was smaller than the nominal Co concentration for Zn_1?x Co _x O samples before oxygen annealing. After oxygen annealing, the Zn_1?x Co _x O thin films exhibited paramagnetic behavior. It is suggested that the room-temperature ferromagnetic of Zn_1?x Co _x O thin films may attribute to defects or carriers induced mechanism.     

Electrochemical Sensing of Heavy Metal Ions based on Monodisperse Single-crystal Fe<Subscript>3</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> Microspheres

Single-crystal Fe₃O₄ with monodisperse microspheres structure has been used for individual electrochemical detection of heavy metal ions. Morphology and structure of the as-prepared Fe₃O₄ microspheres were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Meanwhile the electrochemical properties of the Fe₃O₄ microspheres modified glass carbon electrodes (GCE) were characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and the enhanced electrochemical response in stripping voltammetry for individual detection of Pb(II), Hg(II), Cu(II), and Cd(II) was evaluated using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV). With high specific surface area and excellent catalytic activity toward heavy metal ions, the as-prepared monodisperse and single-crystal Fe₃O₄ microspheres show a preferable sensing sensitivity (22.2 μA/μM) and limit of detection (0.0699 μM) toward Pb(II). Furthermore, the electrochemical sensor of Fe₃O₄ microspheres exhibits excellent stability and it also offers potential practical applicability for the determination of heavy metal ions in real water samples. This study provides a potential simple and low cost iron oxide for the construction of sensitive electrochemical sensors applied to monitor and control the pollution of toxic metal ions.     

H2S对CH4着火延迟及还原NO影响的数值模拟

为探究硫化氢(H_2S)在常压范围内对甲烷(CH_4)燃烧特性的影响,采用化学动力学软件CHEMKIN-PRO中的0-D和PFR反应器研究H_2S浓度、过量空气系数、压力和温度对CH_4点火延迟及还原NO的影响,并通过敏感性和生成率分析揭示其化学动力学机理.模拟结果表明:H_2S的存在促进活性基团(H,O,OH,HO_2,HO_2和H_2O_2)的生成速率,从而缩短预混气点火延迟时间,且在低温下的影响作用更加明显;预混气点火延迟时间随着过量空气系数的增大而减小;压力增加亦有利于缩短点火延迟时间. H_2S可降低CH_4/H_2S还原NO的温度,主要由于H_2S降低CH_4的反应温度,使还原性基团CH_i在较低温度下产生;但同时H_2S的存在,在一定程度上降低NO的还原效率,且在贫氧气氛中的影响更为显著.     

Simulation of VGT control based on charge oxygen concentration

A turbocharged diesel engine model was built with the GT-Power software,and experimentally verified.Then two different control variables for the control of the variable geometry turbocharger（VGT）were described,and their distinct effects on engine performance,i.e.NOxand soot emissions and fuel consumption,were simulated and compared on the basis of this model.The results showed that NOxemissions decreased obviously with the increase of exhaust gas recirculation（EGR）rate at constant boost pressure condition,but soot emissions and fuel consumption considerably increased.It was a good way to reduce NOxemissions without increasing fuel consumption and soot emissions when VGT was controlled to maintain the excess oxygen ratio unchanged as EGR rate increases.     

Response of magnetic fields at geosynchronous orbit and on the ground to the sudden changes of IMF B Z

The rapid change in the Earth’s magnetosphere caused by solar wind disturbances has been an important part of the solar wind-magnetosphere interaction.However most of the previous studies focused on the perturbation of the Earth’s magnetic field caused by solar wind dynamic pressure changes.In this paper,we studied the response of geosynchronous magnetic field and the magnetic field to the rapid southward turning of interplanetary magnetic field during the interval 1350 1420 UT on 7May 2007.During this event,BZ component of the interplanetary magnetic field decreased from 15 nT to 10 nT within 3 min(1403 1406 UT).The geosynchronous magnetic field measured by three geosynchronous satellites(GOES 10 12)first increased and then decreased.The variations of magnetic field strength in the morning sector(9 10 LT)were much larger than those in the dawn sector(5 LT).Meanwhile,the H components of geomagnetic field on the ground have similar response features but exhibit latitude and LT dependent variations.Compared with H components,the D components do not have regular variations.Although the solar wind dynamical pressure encounters small variations,the magnetic field both in space and on the ground does not display similar variations.Therefore,the increase of geomagnetic field in the dawn sector is caused by the southward turning of IMF(interplanetary magnetic field)BZ.These results will help to better understand the coupling process of geomagnetic filed and interplanetary magnetic field.     

Effect of exhaust gas recirculation and intake pre-heating on performance and emission characteristics of dual fuel engines at part loads

Achieving simultaneous reduction of NO _x , CO and unburned hydrocarbon (UHC) emissions without compromising engine performance at part loads is the current focus of dual fuel engine research. The present work focuses on an experimental investigation conducted on a dual fuel (diesel-natural gas) engine to examine the simultaneous effect of inlet air pre-heating and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ratio on performance and emission characteristics at part loads. The use of EGR at high levels seems to be unable to improve the engine performance at part loads. However, it is shown that EGR combined with pre-heating of inlet air can slightly increase thermal efficiency, resulting in reduced levels of both unburned hydrocarbon and NO _x emissions. CO and UHC emissions are reduced by 24% and 31%, respectively. The NO _x emissions decrease by 21% because of the lower combustion temperature due to the much inert gas brought by EGR and decreased oxygen concentration in the cylinder.