烷基次膦酸盐阻燃剂复配体系的研究进展

介绍了烷基次膦酸盐的阻燃机理,综述了烷基次膦酸盐阻燃复配体系的最新研究进展,包括烷基次膦酸盐与磷系阻燃剂、氮系阻燃剂、硅系阻燃剂、碳基材料、无机金属阻燃剂、阻燃聚合物和扩链剂组成的复配体系等,并对烷基次膦酸盐阻燃复配体系未来的发展趋势进行了展望.     

次膦(磷)酸盐阻燃高分子材料的研究现状

介绍了次膦(磷)酸盐是一种环境友好型磷系阻燃剂,具有密度低、释热率低以及热稳定性高等优点,可广泛应用于聚酯、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、尼龙等高分子材料的阻燃改性,并表现出良好的阻燃效果。本文综述了次膦(磷)酸盐的主要分类、性能及其研究现状。按照次膦(磷)酸盐的结构划分为有机次膦酸盐和无机次磷酸盐两大类。有机次膦酸盐主要包括烷基次膦酸盐,烷基次膦酸盐的含磷量高,可同时在凝聚相和气相中起到阻燃作用。无机次磷酸盐主要包括钠盐、铝盐、锌盐以及稀土类金属等。最后以烷基次膦酸盐阻燃剂为例,对次膦(磷)酸盐阻燃剂的研究趋势进行了预测。     

有机磷系阻燃剂阻燃热塑性聚酯的研究进展

介绍了近年来针对聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)、聚对苯二甲酸丁二酯(PBT)和聚碳酸酯(PC)阻燃所使用的有机磷系阻燃剂的最新进展。有机磷系阻燃剂因其品种繁多,应用广泛,阻燃效果优异,同时还具有增塑剂和润滑剂的功效。介绍了有机磷系阻燃剂的种类和阻燃机理。重点阐述了磷(膦)酸酯、磷杂菲、有机次膦酸、有机次膦酸盐化合物、磷腈化合物、氧化膦等阻燃剂在PET,PBT和PC等热塑性聚酯中的阻燃性能和作用机理。最后对热塑性聚酯用有机磷系阻燃剂的不足之处与未来研究趋势进行展望。     

烷基次膦酸盐阻燃剂的合成及应用研究进展

烷基次膦酸盐具有低毒、环保、低烟等优点，作为一种新型环保阻燃剂广泛应用于许多领域(塑料、纺织、橡胶、电子产品等)。本文简要介绍了烷基次膦酸盐的合成方法，如自由基加成法、格式试剂法、AlCl₃催化法和金属催化加成法，以及阻燃机理，并对近年国内外烷基次膦酸盐阻燃剂的应用研究进行阐述。     

磷系阻燃剂阻燃PBT复合材料的研究进展

介绍了无机磷系阻燃剂(如红磷、磷酸盐)和有机磷系阻燃剂(如次膦酸盐、磷酸酯),并且阐述了这些磷系阻燃剂阻燃聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯的阻燃机理,综述了近几年来磷系阻燃剂阻燃聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯的研究进展。     

烷基次膦酸盐作为阻燃剂的应用研究

烷基次膦酸盐以其低毒、高效的优势，占有了电子电气注塑工业阻燃材料的高端市场。作为阻燃剂，烷基次膦酸盐兼具磷系阻燃功能和金属阳离子抑烟功能，添加协效剂后可达到UL94=V-O阻燃级别。在基材中能够均匀分散，有优异的机械性能和电性能。     

含磷阻燃剂阻燃聚氨酯的研究进展

含磷阻燃剂由于其高效、无卤低毒等优点,成为阻燃研究领域的关注热点之一。P元素氧化价态不同,对应的含磷阻燃剂的阻燃机理就不同,并且其对聚氨酯材料阻燃性能的影响也有差异。根据P元素的氧化价态,将含磷阻燃剂分成红磷(0价)、亚膦酸酯和次膦酸盐(+1价)、膦酸酯和膦酸盐(+3价)以及磷酸酯和磷酸盐(+5价)四类,对每种价态所对应的典型含磷阻燃剂特点和阻燃机理进行了简要概述。详细综述了每种价态所对应的典型含磷阻燃剂在聚氨酯材料中的应用研究进展以及将2种或几种不同价态含磷阻燃剂复配阻燃聚氨酯的研究进展。最后,针对目前含磷阻燃剂阻燃聚氨酯存在的问题,提出了含磷阻燃剂在聚氨酯阻燃领域应用中的研究思路。     

蒙脱土协效次磷酸盐阻燃剂对玻纤增强尼龙66材料 的影响

采用蒙脱土和次膦酸盐阻燃剂复合,与玻璃纤维和聚酰胺66进行共混挤出,制得阻燃增强PA66复合材料,主要探讨蒙脱土对该复合体系的阻燃协效作用和机械性能的影响。结果发现:蒙脱土的加入可以协效次膦酸盐阻燃玻纤增强PA66复合材料,有效的增强次膦酸盐在玻纤增强PA66的阻燃效果,但同时也会引起复合材料的机械性能的变化,蒙脱土的加入显著的引起复合材料冲击性能的下降。蒙脱土的少量加入可以减少次膦酸盐阻燃剂的用量,达到同等级的阻燃效果和更加优异的力学性能。     

两种磷-氮有机次膦酸盐阻燃剂的性能比较

有机次膦酸盐阻燃剂是近年来发展较快的一类新型环保阻燃剂。比较了两种单分子膨胀型阻燃剂β-(N-苯基甲酰胺)乙基甲基次膦酸铝(Al(CEMP))和β-(N-对硝基苯基甲酰胺)乙基甲基次膦酸铝(Al(NCEMP))的结构、膨胀型能、热稳定性。将两种阻燃剂加入到PBT中,进一步对比了两种阻燃剂的阻燃效果。结果表明Al(CEMP)显示出更高的膨胀性,而后者Al(NCEMP)热稳定性能更高,分解速度和残炭率较Al(CEMP)高。两种阻燃剂在PBT中,均显示出较好的阻燃性能。当添加量相同时,PBT/Al(CEMP)比PBT/Al(NCEMP)有更高的氧指数和更好的力学性能,燃烧后炭层更加稳定密实。     

稻壳二氧化硅对含膦环氧树脂的协效阻燃作用

将稻壳Si O2与含膦阻燃剂甲基环己基次膦酸铝[Al(MHP)]应用到环氧树脂(EP)中,着重研究了Si O2的添加量对Al(MHP)/EP体系的阻燃协效作用。结果显示,热分解过程的产物主要是含磷和硅的化合物,证实了富含磷、硅的化合物主要通过凝相机理发挥阻燃作用。稻壳Si O2显示出比较优异的协效作用和成碳性。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。