Effect of α-Tocopherol, β-Carotene, and Sodium Tripolyphosphate on Lipid Oxidation of Refrigerated, Cooked Ground Turkey and Ground Pork

ABSTRACT α-Tocopherol and β-carotene at 0.03% levels and sodium tripolyphosphate (STP) at 0.2% and 0.3% levels, alone and in combination, were added to ground turkey and ground pork. Hexanal was measured after cooking and storage at 4 °C for 2, 4, or 6 d. α-Tocopherol alone significantly reduced hexanal of stored, cooked, turkey but had no effect in pork. STP was more effective than α-tocopherol and a combination of α-tocopherol with STP resulted in enhanced antioxidant activity. Hexanal of pork with 0.03%α-tocopherol plus 0.3% STP did not increase significantly during storage, and that of turkey increased only slightly. β-Carotene and salt (1% NaCl) had no effect on hexanal.     

Sodium Tripolyphosphate and Sodium Ascorbate Monophosphate as Inhibitors of Off-flavor Development in Cooked, Vacuum-packaged, Frozen Turkey

Sodium tripolyphosphate (STP) or sodium ascorbate monophosphate (SAsMP) in water solutions (0.3 and 0.5% levels) or water only were added to ground turkey which was cooked, vacuum packaged, and stored frozen. Soapy flavor was higher, but rancid flavor and hexanal and bathophenathroline-chelateable (nonheme) iron contents were lower in samples with phosphate salts. Samples without phosphates contained the greatest amount of bathophenathroline-chelateable iron; samples with 0.5% STP contained the least. The addition of phosphate salts decreased cooking losses and increased moisture but did not affect the fat content. Generally, intensity scores for stale and rancid aroma and flavor attributes were low, < 1 for all samples.     

INTERACTIONS BETWEEN CARNOSINE AND SELECTED ANTIOXIDANTS IN GROUND TURKEY1

The antioxidant activity of 0.5% carnosine alone and in combination with selected antioxidants was investigated in uncooked ground turkey stored at 4C. A combination of tocopherol (0.05%) and carnosine exhibited additive antioxidant activity in salted and unsalted ground turkey. An ascorbyl palmitate (0.05%)/carnosine combination decreased TBARS 1.5 fold in salted ground turkey but was less effective in unsalted muscle (0.15% ascorbyl palmitate). Combining carnosine with STP (0.5%) or citrate (0.01 or 0.05%) did not increase the antioxidant activity of carnosine in ground turkey. These data suggest that tocopherol and ascorbyl palmitate could enhance the antioxidant activity of carnosine.     

Sensory Detection and Population Thresholds for Sodium Tripolyphosphate in Cooked Ground Turkey Patties

Sodium tripolyphosphate (STP) at levels of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5% by weight was added to ground turkey meat to determine if a flavor difference could be detected when STP was present. Detection thresholds for STP in ground turkey meat were determined for 30 female respondents. Two population thresholds were determined using information from the detection thresholds. Two-thirds of the respondents detected a difference between samples with no STP and those with 0.5% STP or less. STP added at less than 0.3% was undetected by more than 50% of the tested population.     

RESTRUCTURED PORK CHOPS WITH ADDED TURKEY THIGHS

Raw materials from the shoulders of U.S. No. 1 pork carcasses boned at 24 h postmortem and frozen boneless turkey thighs stored for approximately 120h were flaked and incorporated in four formulations for restructured chops each containing 1.0% NaCl and 0.25% sodium tripolyphospahte (STP). Formulations included pork (P), pork plus 0.5% sugar (PS), 50% pork and 50% turkey (PT) and 50% pork and 50% turkey plus 0.5% sugar (PTS). At 0, 21 and 84 days, subjective evaluations were conducted for discoloration, cohesiveness, muscle cut resemblance and overall appearance. Objective measurements included Hunter Color and TBA values. Turkey and sugar had a minimal effect on appearance traits, texture and juiciness and no significant effect on tenderness and flavor regardless of storage time. Results suggested that turkey dark muscle can replace pork with minimal effects on appearance, taste and oxidative rancidity.     

Inhibition of Lipid Oxidation in Meats by Inorganic Phosphate and Ascorbate Salts

The sodium salts of tripolyphosphate, tetrapyrophosphate, L-ascorbate monophosphate, and L-ascorbate polyphosphate at 0.3% and L-ascorbic acid and sodium L-ascorbate at 0.1% were added to ground turkey and ground beef. Sensory attributes and hexanal content were evaluated immediately after cooking and after 1 and 3 days storage (4°C). Percentages of moisture and fat and nonheme iron were determined. All samples containing a phosphate salt had more meaty flavor and less stale and rancid flavor and aroma and contained less hexanal after 3 days storage than samples with no additive. The addition of phosphate salts decreased cooking losses but did not affect fat content. Phosphate salts decreased nonheme iron in cooked turkey patties but not in beef patties. The taste panel detected a very slight soapy flavor in patties with the addition of any phosphate salt at 0.3%.     

Consumer Acceptability of Cooked Stored Ground Turkey Patties with Differing Levels of Phosphate

The acceptability of fresh and stored, cooked, ground turkey patties without added phosphate or with 0.25% or 0.5% added sodium tri-polyphosphate (STP) was determined by 100 consumers. Turkey patties without phosphate were less acceptable than those with 0.5% added STP. Consumers (26) who repeated the study five times indicated that stored samples containing 0.25% and 0.5% STP were liked more and the 0.5% treatment had more meaty flavor than those samples without phosphate. Samples containing 0.5% STP were found less firm and more juicy than the other samples. The consumers scored off-flavor inconsistently.     

Bioaccessibility,cellular uptake and transepithelial transport of α‐tocopherol and retinol from a range of supplemented foodstuffs assessed using the caco‐2 cell model

The bioaccessibility, or amount of a nutrient available for gastrointestinal absorption, can be determined using an in vitro digestion model, the addition of the resultant digestate to a caco‐2 transwell model system yields an approximation of nutrient bioavailability. The objective of the present study was to compare the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of α‐tocopherol and retinol from a range of digested foodstuffs. Minced pork, beef and turkey and apple sauce, bread and mayonnaise were supplemented with α‐tocopherol‐acetate and retinol‐acetate prior to being subjected to an in vitro digestion procedure. The aqueous fraction of each of the digested foodstuffs was then added to a caco‐2 transwell model and the transepithelial transport was determined. The findings of the present study indicate that α‐tocopherol and retinol are more bioaccessible from supplemented meat products than from supplemented apple sauce, bread and mayonnaise. It was found that turkey meat facilitated the highest bioaccessibility and subsequent cellular uptake and transport of retinol. The cellular uptake and secretion of α‐tocopherol was similar for all samples.     

The antioxidative activity of RRR-α-tocopherol vs RRR-δ-tocopherol in combination with ascorbyl palmitate in cooked,minced turkey

RRR-α-tocopherol and RRR-δ-tocopheroI (100 or 200 ppm) had similar and significantly better antioxidative effects compared to ascorbyl palmitate (200 ppm) in turkey meat balls during storage at 5 °C for up to 9 days, as determined by measurement of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and by static head space detection of hexanal. The antioxidative effect of α-tocopherol at 100 ppm was, measured as a reduction of head space hexanal, significantly enhanced by ascorbyl palmitate (200 ppm), resulting in a further 50% reduction compared to δ-tocopherol. At the 200-ppm level, only the antioxidative activity of α-tocopherol was enhanced significantly by ascorbyl palmitate (200 ppm), in contrast to the effect on the antioxidative activity of δ-tocopherol (200 ppm). The antioxidative activity obtained by α-tocopherol at the 100-ppm level in combination with ascorbyl palmitate (200 ppm) was similar to the effect obtained by α-tocopherol at the 200-ppm level in combination with ascorbyl palmitate (200 ppm) measured as head space hexanal. Ascorbyl palmitate was in all storage experiments depleted in the product at a rate which appeared to be independent of the presence of tocopherols. Of the tocopherol homologues, α-tocopherol was most affected by the presence of ascorbyl palmitate, and the concentration of α-tocopherol was found to decrease during storage in the absence of ascorbyl palmitate, in contrast to when ascorbyl palmitate was present. A similar effect of ascorbyl palmitate was less evident for δ-tocopherol and for γ-tocopherol in a natural mixture of the tocopherol homologues added to turkey meat balls.     

RESTRUCTURED BEEF AND TURKEY STEAKS

Raw Materials from U.S. Choice beef chucks boned 24 h postmortem and frozen boneless turkey thighs stored approximately 120 h were flaked and incorporated in four restructured formulations with each containing 1.0% NaCl and 0.25% sodium tripolyphosphate (STP). Formulations included beef (B), beef plus 0.5% sugar (BS), 50% turkey (BT) and 50% beef and 50% turkey plus 0.5% sugar (BTS). At 0, 21 and 84 day, subjective evaluations were conducted for discoloration, cohesiveness, muscle cut resemblance and overall appearance. Objective measurements included Hunter Color and TBA values. Overall appearance and discoloration (measured visually and objectively) were affected more by storage time than by raw materials and flavor adjuncts. The effect of raw materials and sugar on the sensory attributes was minimal except that the formulations containing turkey had higher TBA values.     

Reduction in lipid oxidation by incorporation of encapsulated sodium tripolyphosphate in ground turkey

Ground turkey, with 1% NaCl, was incorporated with no sodium tripolyphosphate (control, nSTP), unencapsulated STP (uSTP; 0.3% or 0.5%), encapsulated STP (eSTP; 0.3% or 0.5% active, phosphate basis), or a blend (0.3% uSTP plus 0.2% eSTP). Encapsulate (hydrogenated vegetable oil) was designed to melt at 74 °C. Treatments were stored (4, 24 h at 3 °C) before being cooked to two different endpoints (EPT; 74, 79 °C) followed by post-cooked storage (0, 5, 10 days). An improvement of 77% (0.3% eSTP) and 80% (0.5% eSTP) in the reduction of TBARS was found in comparison to corresponding uSTP. The blend produced a 62% improvement compared to uSTP (0.5%) while maintaining cook yield. CIE a* values were highest at both EPT and post-cooked storage times beyond 0 day for eSTP. Meat manufacturing procedures that entail a delayed thermal processing step will benefit by an improvement in lipid oxidation control through the use of encapsulated phosphates.     

热反应猪肉香精的制备及其气味活性化合物的鉴定

以猪肉蛋白酶解液为基础,与氨基酸、还原糖等物质进行Maillard反应制备猪肉香精,同时通过正交试验和专业评香员的评比,得猪肉香精的最佳配方及条件为：木瓜蛋白酶:肽酶R(Peptidase R)=5:1、加酶量0.3%、底物浓度100%、酶解温度55℃、酶解时间6h、酶解液添加量100.0g、酵母提取物20g、葡萄糖10g、VB1 2g、甘氨酸7g、丙氨酸5g、精氨酸2g、脯氨酸5g、天门冬氨酸5g、半胱氨酸(盐酸盐)9g、呈味核甘酸二钠(IMP 50%+GMP 50%)1.5g、味精4g、木糖1.5g、食盐1.5g、水25g、氧化油脂5g,反应温度125℃,反应时间60min。然后利用两种前处理技术即同时蒸馏提取(simultaneous steam distillation/extraction,SDE)和动态顶空制样(dynamic headspace sampling,DHS)提取猪肉香精的香味成分,采用国内先进的香味分析技术气相色谱-吸闻(gas chromatography-olfactometry,GC-O)技术和质谱(mass spectrometry,MS)技术进行检测分析。同时,采用稀释技术香味提取物稀释分析(aroma extract dilution analysis,AEDA)、动态顶空稀释分析(dynamic headspace dilution analysiis,DHDA)筛选其关键芳香化合物。结果,用同时蒸馏提取物-吸闻-质谱(SDE-GC-O-MS)的方法共检测到30种香味活性化合物,用 动态顶空制样-吸闻-质谱(DHS-GC-O-MS)的方法共检测到40种香味活性化合物,其中两种方法中都被检测到的香味活性化合物有24种。2-戊基呋喃、己醛、1-辛烯-3-醇具有最高的FD因子,这3种化合物在相关猪肉香气的文献报道中也被鉴定出来,是该猪肉香精中对整体香味作出重要贡献的关键芳香活性化合物。     

顶空固相微萃取-气质联用分析不同烹制时间红烧肉挥发性风味成分

应用固相微萃取(solid phase microextraction,SPME)结合气相色谱-质谱(gas chromatography-mass spec-trometry,GC-MS)联用技术对红烧肉挥发性风味物质进行分离鉴定,通过添加内标物计算其主体风味成分含量,并结合气味活度值(odor activity v...     

Sodium Tripolyphosphate Stability and Effect in Ground Turkey Meat

Ground turkey meat, cooked and uncooked, was prepared with and without 0.5% sodium tripolyphosphate (SIP) and stored at 5°C for different periods of time. STP stability was evaluated by determining soluble orthophosphate. Water-holding capacity (WHC), pH, and mi-crobial count were also measured. STP hydrolyzed rapidly in uncooked samples. Refrigerated storage time (up to 6 days) did not affect STP hydrolysis in cooked turkey meat. Heating accelerated the rate of STP hydrolysis. End point temperatures (65, 75, and 85 °C) did not affect the extent of STP hydrolysis. STP increased WHC in both cooked and uncooked samples. STP did not inhibit total microbial growth in cooked or uncooked ground turkey meat.     

Acceptance and Species Identification of Turkey Steaks Prepared with Beef, Pork, Lamb, and Turkey Fat

Fabricated extruded steaks were prepared from turkey meat, salt, phosphate, and water plus 15% beef, pork, lamb, or turkey fat. The grilled samples recieved relatively high hedonic scores from a sensory panel. The flavor, juiciness, and overall quality of the samples made with pork, beef, and turkey fat were preferred significantly over the samples made with lamb fat. Panel members tended to consider all samples as being pork flavored. Beef, pork, or turkey fat could be used as the fat in a fabricated, extruded steak without affecting the relative acceptability of the cooked product.     

Coating of Peanuts with Edible Whey Protein Film Containing α‐Tocopherol and Ascorbyl Palmitate

ABSTRACT: Physical properties of whey protein isolate (WPI) coating solution incorporating ascorbic palmitate (AP) and α‐tocopherol (tocopherol) were characterized, and the antioxidant activity of dried WPI coatings against lipid oxidation in roasted peanuts were investigated. The AP and tocopherol were mixed into a 10% (w/w) WPI solution containing 6.7% glycerol. Process 1 (P1) blended an AP and tocopherol mixture directly into the WPI solution using a high‐speed homogenizer. Process 2 (P2) used ethanol as a solvent for dissolving AP and tocopherol into the WPI solution. The viscosity and turbidity of the WPI coating solution showed the Newtonian fluid behavior, and 0.25% of critical concentration of AP in WPI solution rheology. After peanuts were coated with WPI solutions, color changes of peanuts were measured during 16 wk of storage at 25 °C, and the oxidation of peanuts was determined by hexanal analysis using solid‐phase micro‐extraction samplers and GC‐MS. Regardless of the presence of antioxidants in the coating layer, the formation of hexanal from the oxidation of peanut lipids was reduced by WPI coatings, which indicates WPI coatings protected the peanuts from oxygen permeation and oxidation. However, the incorporation of antioxidants in the WPI coating layer did not show a significant difference in hexanal production from that of WPI coating treatment without incorporation of antioxidants.     

FLAVOR ENHANCEMENT OF RESTRUCTURED PORK

Restructured pork chops were formulated using boneless pork shoulders, 1% NaCl and .25% sodium tripolyphosphate (STP). Experimental treatment included (1) 90% pork—10% dried apples (A), (2) 100% pork (C), (3) 90% pork—10% corn crumbs (CC), and (4) 90% pork—10% mushrooms (M). All samples were stored at —20°C until evaluation at 10 or 70d. Corn crumbs appeared to have less potential as an enhancer due to their adverse effect on color, overall appearance, texture, tenderness and flavor. Dried apples appeared to impair product cohesion more than overall product and color stability. Mushrooms appeared to be a viable source for flavor and appearance enhancement. Among nonmeat ingredients evaluated, none enhanced texture. Storage time had minimal effect on product tenderness.     

关键工艺点对四喜丸子软罐头高温蒸煮异味形成的影响

本研究利用电子鼻和顶空固相微萃取结合气质联用技术,探究四喜丸子软罐头加工关键工艺点的挥发性风味特征及变化规律,以确定其高温蒸煮异味（Warmed-over flavor, WOF）的形成机制。结果表明,高压蒸汽灭菌后的样品与其他组的风味轮廓存在显著性差异（P<0.05）;蒸制后的四喜丸子风味较好,而高压蒸汽灭菌后的样品产生显著的WOF异味（以亚麻籽油味和罐头味为主）（P<0.05）。此外,气味活度值分析结果表明,WOF关键异味分子为正己醛和庚醛;热加工过程中,这两种物质含量显著上升（P<0.05）,POV值显著下降（P<0.05）,TBARS值显著升高（P<0.05）,热处理促进四喜丸子中脂质的氧化降解。因此,本研究为四喜丸子软罐头工业化产品的异味形成和品质提升提供理论依据和技术支持。     

不同肥瘦比和烹制时间对狮子头猪肉丸特征挥发性风味成分的影响

该研究以狮子头为研究对象,研究了两种不同肥瘦比的狮子头在不同的烹制时间内挥发性风味物质的变化情况,以探讨狮子头在不同烹饪时间内挥发性风味物质的变化规律。采用固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱联用技术对狮子头挥发性风味化合物进行了分离鉴定。通过结合气味活性值（OAV）讨论狮子头烹饪过程中的关键风味化合物。研究表明：在烹制两种肥瘦比例（6:4、7:3）的狮子头的过程中分别产生了73种、71种挥发性风味物,经过OAV值分析的结论发现,在90、120、150 min中主要的风味物质为己醛、壬醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、2-戊基呋喃等。在120 min时6:4组在己醛含量近达到了3.87 mg/kg、壬醛含量达到4.41 mg/kg,,2-戊基呋喃含量达到2.85 mg/kg;7:3组己醛含量达到了4.44 mg/kg、壬醛含量达到5.03 mg/kg,2-戊基呋喃达到2.74 mg/kg。因此,烹制120 min时7:3比例的狮子头风味物质组成更丰富,风味评价更好。