TC4钛合金铣削刀具C形刃几何参数优化实验研究

通过对TC4钛合金进行侧铣加工,采用正交设计方法研究了硬质合金立铣刀侧刃几何参数对切削力和表面粗糙度的影响,用极差法分析了刀具几何参数对铣削力的影响;并以最小表面粗糙度为目标,采用田口法对刀具几何参数进行了优选。结果表明:螺旋角对铣削力的影响最大,对F_x、F_z,C形刃宽度影响次之,C形刃角度的影响最小;对于F_y,C形刃角度次之,C形刃宽度的影响最小;当螺旋角为25°、C形刃宽度为0.2mm、角度为-25°时可获得最小表面粗糙度。     

基于AdvantEdge的6061铝合金高速铣削刀具结构参数优化研究

高速铣削过程中,刀具结构参数对刀具的切削性能有非常重要的影响。本文利用专用切削加工有限元分析软件AdvantEdge对6061铝合金高速铣削刀具进行了有限元分析。采用等效二维有限元仿真方法,结合单因素寻优设计方法,分析了硬质合金和高速钢刀具主要的宏、微观参数(包括刀具刃口钝圆半径、前角和后角等)对铣削加工过程中的温度、应变、切削力等参数的影响趋势。仿真结果显示,为获得较好的切削效果,铣刀取较小的刃口钝圆半径(即0.04mm左右);可取较大的前角和后角,前角为12°-15°,后角为15°-20°。     

The design and optimization of micro polycrystalline diamond ball end mill for repairing micro-defects on the surface of KDP crystal

Micro-milling is a promising approach to repair the micro-defects on the surface of KH₂PO₄ (KDP) crystal. The geometrical parameters of micro ball end mill will greatly influence the repairing process as a result of the soft brittle properties of KDP crystal. Two types of double-edged micro ball end mills were designed and a three-dimensional finite element (FE) model was established to simulate the micro milling process of KDP crystal, which was validated by the milling experiments. The rake angle of −45°, the relief angle of 45° and the cutting edge radius of 1.5–2 μm were suggested to be the optimal geometrical parameters, whereas the rake angle of −25° and the relief angle of 9° were optimal just for micro ball end mill of Type I, the configuration with the rake angles ranging from 0° to 35°, by fully considering the cutting force, and the stress–strain distribution over the entire tool and the cutting zone in the simulation. Moreover, the micro polycrystalline diamond (PCD) ball end mills adopting the obtained optimal parameters were fabricated by wire electro-discharge machining (WEDM) and grinding techniques, with the average surface roughness Ra of tool rake face and tool flank face ∼0.10 μm, and the cutting edge radius of the tool ∼1.6 μm. The influence of tool's geometrical parameters on the finished surface quality was verified by the cutting experiments, and the tool with symmetric structure was found to have a better cutting performance. The repairing outlines with Ra of 31.3 nm were processed by the self-fabricated tool, which could successfully hold the growth of unstable damage sites on KDP crystal.     

The optimal design of micro end mill for milling SKD61 tool steel

Micromachining has become a necessary manufacturing method. Developing and applying micro-milling are determined according to the increasingly influential progress of micro tool designs and the evolution of machine tool technologies. This study employed a tungsten carbide micro end mill with a diameter of 200 μm for the design model of the micro-milling SKD61 tool steel by the finite element method. This study first used the effective rake angle on an oblique cutting process to simplify the complicated geometric relationship of the micro end mill into the orthogonal cutting model. Simulation analysis will be conducted by using the four parameters of effective rake angle, relief angle, cutting velocity, and cutting depth designed according to the Taguchi orthogonal array. This study then evaluated the four micro-milling characteristics of cutting force, tool maximum temperature, distance between the tool maximal temperature point and the tool tip point, and tool–chip contact length. The results of ANOVA show that the most influential simulation parameter on micro-milling is effective rake angle, followed by cutting velocity, cutting depth, and relief angle. The empirical results indicate that the proposed method can serve as a design base for developing and applying the micro end mill.     

航空钛合金铣削过程有限元数值模拟

基于材料损伤理论确定了切屑分离准则,建立了钛合金TC4构件铣削过程的有限元模型,利用商业有限元软件(ABAQUS),在给定切削参数条件下,采用不同几何参数(前角、后角、螺旋角)的刀具对钛合金TC4的铣削过程进行了有限元模拟,研究了切削力和切削温度随刀具角度变化的规律,结果表明:铣刀的前角在10°~20°,后角为12°~20°,螺旋角为30°~45°时比较适合钛合金TC4的铣削。     

基于切削力预测模型的刀具几何参数和切削参数优化

整体硬质合金立铣刀高速铣削航空铝合金过程中,刀具螺旋角、轴向切深、径向切深对铣削均匀性有显著影响。应用全因子实验设计和多元线性回归技术建立了切削力预测模型,采用方差分析方法检验了预测模型的拟合度及各独立输入参数的显著性。应用遗传算法,以切削力预测模型为目标函数,通过基于遗传学的选择-交叉-变异操作,优化了刀具几何参数和切削参数。结果表明,在较大的金属去除率下选择出最佳的轴向切深-径向切深-螺旋角组合以获得最小的切削力是有可能的。     

高效铣削镍基高温合金GH4169的有限元数值模拟

在DEFORM软件中,根据实际加工情况建立整体硬质合金立铣刀加工镍基高温合金GH4169的三维有限元仿真分析模型。针对镍基高温合金GH4169加工效率低和切削刃磨损严重的问题,采用单因素试验法仿真探讨了切削用量(v、f_z、a_p、a_e)对切削力和切削温度的影响规律。获得了能有效提高镍基高温合金GH4169加工效率的切削用量,为实际加工中实现高效铣削镍基高温合金切削用量的选择提供依据。     

Development and experimental validation of a mechanistic model of cutting forces in micro- ball end milling of full slots

In the present work, a mechanistic model of cutting forces is developed with a novel approach to arrive at the cutting edge geometry as well as the cutting mechanics. The geometry of cutting elements derived and verified using a virtual tool generated in CAD environment is considered. The cutting and edge force coefficients at every discrete point on the cutting edge of micro-ball end mill are established in a novel way from the basic metal cutting principles and fundamental properties of materials, considering edge radius and material strengthening effects. Further, measured edge radius is used in the model. Full slot micro-ball end milling experiments are conducted on a high-precision high-speed machining center using a 0.4 mm diameter tungsten carbide tool and cutting forces are measured using a high-sensitive piezo-electric dynamometer. It is established that the predicted as well as experimental cutting forces are higher at very low uncut chip thickness in comparison with the cutting edge radius in micro-ball end milling also. Amplitudes of cutting forces and instantaneous values with incremental rotation of the tool are compared with predicted values over two revolutions for validation of proposed model.     

球头铣刀高速铣削斜面的三维数值模拟研究

用球头铣刀高速铣削斜面是在三轴加工中心上加工模具时的一种走刀方式。根据球头铣刀高速铣削斜面的特点,建立了在垂直向上和向下、水平向上和向下四种走刀方式下高速铣削45°斜面,以及在垂直向下走刀方式下高速铣削30°、60°、75°斜面的三维有限元模型,以分析不同走刀方式下铣削斜面以及铣削不同角度斜面时切削力和切削温度的变化规律。模拟结果表明,在铣削45°斜面时,采用向上走刀方式较向下走刀方式的切削力幅值小、波动大,且切削温度高;采用垂直向下走刀方式铣削大角度斜面时也出现类似情况。对切削力的实测结果验证了该模型的可靠性。     

含Si涂层刀具铣削复合铝2024的性能研究

选用含Si涂层、TiAlN涂层和未涂层的整体硬质合金四刃平底立铣刀,在相同的切削参数下进行复合铝2024的铣削加工试验。试验结果表明:含Si涂层铣刀具有良好的耐磨性,在切削过程中刀刃磨损均匀缓慢,刀具使用寿命长,加工表面光洁度好,是铣削复合铝2024的理想刀具。     

斜圆柱结构的新型微细球端铣刀的设计与制造

针对微细切削刀具的特点与应用需求,设计一种斜圆柱结构的新型微细球端铣刀,将铣刀球端刀刃复杂的空间曲线转化为易加工的平面曲线。根据所设计铣刀的几何结构特征,从制造工艺方面进行刀具结构的调整,分析刀具的刃磨成形原理,并在微细刀具数控刃磨机上完成该刀具的制作。通过与传统螺旋槽球端铣刀和椭圆柱刃型球端铣刀的切削性能对比试验,研究所设计刀具的切削性能。试验结果表明,所设计的微细球端立铣刀在显著降低刀具制备难度的同时,具有较高的切削刃强度,能够满足硬脆性材料的微细切削要求。     

硬质合金立铣刀螺旋角对切削性能的影响

利用单因素试验法,在高温合金(GH4169)的铣削加工中,分析了硬质合金立铣刀螺旋角对切削力、已加工表面粗糙度、刀具寿命和失效形式的影响。掌握了立铣刀螺旋角对切削性能的影响,优选出在高温合金精铣加工中较为合理的刀具螺旋角。     

Selection of an optimal parametric combination for achieving a better surface finish in dry milling using genetic algorithms

In machining, coolants improve machinability, increase productivity by reducing tool wear and extend tool life. However, due to ecological and human health problems, manufacturing industries are now being forced to implement strategies to reduce the amount of cutting fluids used in their production lines. A trend that has emerged to solve these problems is machining without fluid – a method called dry machining – which has been made possible due to technological innovations. This paper presents an experimental investigation of the influence of tool geometry (radial rake angle and nose radius) and cutting conditions (cutting speed and feed rate) on machining performance in dry milling with four fluted solid TiAlN-coated carbide end mill cutters based on Taguchi’s experimental design method. The mathematical model, in terms of machining parameters, was developed for surface roughness prediction using response surface methodology. The optimization is then carried out with genetic algorithms using the surface roughness model developed and validated in this work. This methodology helps to determine the best possible tool geometry and cutting conditions for dry milling.     

An experiment study of hard coating and cutting fluid effect in milling aluminum alloy

This paper investigates the cutting performance of a tungsten carbide end mill with hard coating and a sulfurous boric acid ester cutting fluid in milling A6061P-T651 aluminum alloy. The experiments were conducted to compare the milling force responses and flank wear under various cutting conditions. The results indicate that adding sulfurous boric acid ester cutting fluid decreases tool wear by 12.5% for hard coating tungsten carbide end mills and decreases the milling force by 10%. Besides, the average values of side and end flank wear of TiAlN-surface multilayer end mills can be decreased 38.7% and 68.7% respectively compared with uncoated and dry end mills.     

HOLE MAKING USING BALL HELICAL MILLING ON TITANIUM ALLOYS

In this article, results of helical ball milling for hole making on Ti-6Al-4V alloy are presented and compared with drilling. Two different machining strategies were tested with a ball end mill. In the first strategy only a helical milling path was used to achieve the nominal diameter. The second strategy has two stages; first, helical milling considering a diameter 50 µm below the nominal, and second, the tool flank of the ball end mill were used to remove the stock left with a single contouring operation. Experimental tests were performed taking into account the process time, final quality of holes, hole diameter, roughness and burr formation at tool entrance and exit. With helical milling two advantages were concluded: the process is versatile because one tool is suitable for a range of diameters and negligible burrs are produced. However hardness in the zones close to hole internal surfaces machined with the ball end mill tool decreases with respect to twist drilling. The information obtained from this research work defines suitable cutting parameters for the helical milling process in the titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V with ball end mills.     

Optimizing the geometric parameters of chamfered edge for rough machining Fe–Cr–Ni stainless steel

Geometry of cutting edge has great influence on performance and reliability of modern precision cutting tools. In this study, two-dimensional finite element model of orthogonal cutting of Fe–Cr–Ni stainless steel has been built to optimize the geometric parameters of chamfered edge. A method to measure the chip curl radius has been proposed. The effect of cutting edge geometric parameters on tool stress and chip curl radius has been analyzed. Then, the chamfered edge parameters have been optimized based on numerical simulation results. It finds that, keeping the equal material removal rate, the optimal geometric parameters of chamfered edge for rough machining Fe–Cr–Ni stainless steel are that the rake angle is from 16° to 17°, and the chamfer length is from 60 to 70 μm. Small (large) rake angle combined with small (large) chamfer length is more reasonable to reduce the tool stress. When the length of land is approximately equal to undeformed chip thickness and the rake angle is larger than 15°, the chip curl radius is minimal. The groove type with large radio of width to depth should be used in the chip breaking based on the optimization results.     

OPTIMIZATION OF THE CUTTING EDGE GEOMETRY OF COATED CARBIDE TOOLS IN DRY TURNING OF STEELS USING A FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS

This paper investigates the effects of edge radius of a round-edge coated carbide tool on chip formation, cutting forces, and tool stresses in orthogonal cutting of an alloy steel 42CrMo₄ (AISI 4142H). A comprehensive experimental study by end turning of thin-walled tubes is conducted, using advanced coated tools with well-defined cutting edge radii ranging from 5 to 68 microns. In parallel, 2-D finite element cutting simulations based on Lagrangian thermo-viscoplastic formulation are used to predict the cutting temperatures and tool-stress distributions within the tool coating and substrate. The results obtained from this study provide a fundamental understanding of the cutting mechanics for the coated carbide tool used, and can assist in the optimization of tool edge design for more complex geometries, such as chamfered edge. Specifically, the results obtained from the experiments and simulations of this study demonstrated that finite element analysis can significantly help in optimizing the design of coated cutting tools through the prediction of tool stresses and temperatures, especially within the coating layer.     

立铣刀优化设计

在满足立铣刀强度下,以尽可能发挥材料承载能力、刀具排屑性能好和后刀面的磨损小为目标,选取前角、后角和螺旋角为设计变量,构建优化模型,确定最优的立铣刀几何参数,提高刀具综合铣削性能。     

立铣刀的优化设计

在满足立铣刀强度的条件下,以充分发挥材料承载能力和刀具排屑性能以及减小后刀面磨损为目标,选取前角、后角和螺旋角为设计变量,构建优化模型,确定最优的立铣刀几何参数,提高刀具综合铣削性能。     

Fabrication of micro-end mill tool by EDM and its performance evaluation

Abstract

Micro-milling is a fast, cheap and controlled process compared to other micro-fabrication processes such as lithography, laser/electron/ion beam machining, etc. However, scarcity of cutting tools of very small dimensions often results in limited application of micro-milling. In the present study, electro discharge machining (EDM) is used for fabrication of micro-end mill tool. To ensure high dimensional accuracy of the tool, a parametric study is conducted by replicating the a tungsten carbide block to a tungsten carbide (WC) block. The relationships between the drilled cavities on the block and the features on the micro-tool are established. The influence of machining parameters (voltage, capacitance and spindle speed) on the response variables (entrance diameter, hole depth, material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness) is reported. Capacitance is found more dominant as compared to other selected process parameters. Using optimized parameters from the parametric study, a WC micro-end mill tool of 100?µm diameter is fabricated. Channel of around 110 µm width, 40?µm depth and surface roughness of 70?nm is successfully fabricated on aluminum. The performance of the fabricated tool is compared with a commercial end mill tool by milling micro channels on stainless steel.