以聚乙烯亚胺作为电子注入层的聚合物发光器件特性研究

在传统结构与倒置结构的有机发光二极管(LED)的聚合物发光层和阴极之间加入聚乙烯亚胺(PEIE)层能够显著地提高器件的发光效率。通过采用不同厚度的PEIE层的器件发光特性研究表明:PEIE层作为电子注入层(EIL)/空穴阻挡层(HBL)来平衡器件中的电子和空穴浓度,这主要来源于PEIE作为界面偶极层,能有效地降低阴极与发光层之间的电子注入势垒。     

高性能聚合物光电池和光探测器

聚合物光电池和光探测器已经发展成为成熟的技术。聚合物光电池的能量转换效率已提高到超过4．1％（500nm,10mW/cm^2)。这些高效聚合物光电池,很有希望用于包括电子报,电子书和智能窗等在内的很多领域。聚合物光探测器更快,其性能参数已改进到能满足许多实际应用的要求。聚合物光探测器具有高光灵敏度（在可见光和紫外光范围约0．2－0．3A／2W）,低暗电流（0．1－1nA/cm^2),大动态范围（＞8个数量级）,线性电流光强关系,低噪声电平和快响应时间（ns量级）。这些器件表现出很长的存贮寿命和工作寿命。由于聚合物光探测器生产成本低,检测面积大,以及易于与其它电、光器件组合和集成等优点,可适合化学／生物分析,全彩色数字图象信号检测和高能辐射测量等聚合物光探测器。     

聚合物蓝色发光器件的结构分析

报道了用荧光染料掺杂母体聚合物作有源层，制备了单层和三层聚合物蓝光ＬＥＤ。通过对这两种结构的器件在开启电压和发光强度上的比较，分析三层器件的结构优势，得出异质结构对电子的限域作用有利于提高器件性能，给出理想的器件结构模型。     

常见点缺陷对硅光电池响应特性的影响

研究了硅光电池中常见点缺陷对器件在激光辐照下的响应特性的影响。根据第一性原理建立了晶胞模型,比较了空位缺陷以及含Fe, Cu杂质状态下硅材料的态密度图,在此基础上分析了常见点缺陷对硅光电池响应特性的影响。由于半导体材料对温度敏感,当光电池受激光辐照而出现温度变化时,其光电响应输出特性会发生变化。从光伏器件的光生电动势原理出发,根据响应输出模型以及一维热传导方程,计算了1 064 nm激光辐照下,空位和金属杂质两种本征点缺陷对光电池响应特性的影响规律。结果表明：空位和金属杂质两种缺陷都能够改变硅材料的能带结构和响应特性。当激光辐照波长为1 064 nm,功率密度为4×10⁵ W/cm²时,其中间隙原子为Fe时对材料的电子结构和光学性质的影响最大。此时材料吸收系数高达23 952 cm^-1,且量子效率值最大,导致光电池响应最为强烈,输出电压最小。     

Effect of Relaxation Time on Electron Transport Properties in Double-Barrier Structures

利用对双势垒器件非平衡态电子输运性质的含时动力学模拟计算,分析了弛豫时间对这类低维器件电子输运特性的影响.结果表明,由于电子-声子、电子-杂质和电子-缺陷等相互作用导致的弛豫时间对器件Ⅰ-Ⅴ曲线产生很大的影响,即电流滞后类平台结构的倾斜度以及电流滞后区的宽度.     

弛豫时间对双势垒结构电子输运性质的影响

利用对双势垒器件非平衡态电子输运性质的含时动力学模拟计算,分析了弛豫时间对这类低维器件电子输运特性的影响.结果表明,由于电子-声子、电子-杂质和电子-缺陷等相互作用导致的弛豫时间对器件Ⅰ-Ⅴ曲线产生很大的影响,即电流滞后类平台结构的倾斜度以及电流滞后区的宽度.     

微型太阳能立体声收音机

<正> 太阳能收音机与普通收音机的主要不同之处在于采用了硅光电池作为供电电源。砖光电池是一种半导体光电转换器件,它能把光能直接转换成电能。硅光电池有各种不同的形状和表面积,每片硅光电池的有效面积与其短路电流成正比关系,也就是说,表面积越大,输出电流的能力越强。但是,它的开路电压却有一定的限制,一般在0.5V左右。因此,要想减小收音机的体积,只有尽可能减少硅光电池的片数。这就需要有适合低电压工作的专用集成电路。日本东芝     

Bphen掺杂Cs_2CO_3作为电子传输层对OLED器件性能的影响

为改善OLED器件的载子注入平衡,本文在其结构ITO/MoO3/NPB/Alq3/Cs2CO3/Al中,分别引入高电子迁移率材料Bphen及Bphen∶Cs2CO3作为电子传输层。通过改变Bphen的厚度以及Bphen中Cs2CO3的体积掺杂浓度,研究其对器件发光亮度、电流密度和效率等性能的影响。实验结果表明,采用Bphen或者Bphen∶Cs2CO3作为电子传输层,均能提高器件的电子注入能力,改善器件的性能。相比于未引入Bphen的器件,采用25nm的Bphen作为电子传输层,改善了器件的电子注入,使器件的最大电流效率提高112%;采用体积掺杂浓度为15%,厚度为5nm的Bphen∶Cs2CO3作为电子传输层,减小了电子注入势垒,使器件的最大电流效率提高27%,并且掺杂层厚度的改变对器件的电子注入影响很小。该方法可用于OLED器件的阴极修饰,对器件性能的提升将起到一定的促进作用。     

半导体超晶物理与器件（18）

半导体超晶物理与器件（１８）彭英才（河北大学电子与信息工程系０７１００２）二、量子线与量子点晶体管量子线与量子点是一类典型的纳米半导体结构。由于这类结构的特征尺度已减小到与电子的德布罗意波长相比拟的程度，使得其能结构，电子状态等都显著不同于超晶格与量...     

聚合物电致发光显示板

报导聚合物有机电致发光器件在研究和开发方面的最新进展。介绍新型的空穴输送聚合物和电子输送聚合物。最后讨论多色聚合物ＥＬ器件实现的可能性。     

Characterization of polymer bulk heterojunction photocell with unmodified C70 prepared with halogen-free solvent for indoor light harvesting

Although photocells are commonly characterized under AM1.5G 100 mW cm⁻² (1 sun) illumination, their performance under low light illumination is also important, because photocells are frequently used for indoor applications. In this study, polymer photocells based on a bulk heterojunction composite consisting of a low energy gap polymer PTB7 and unmodified C₇₀ prepared with a halogen-free solvent 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene have been characterized under the illumination of 1 sun or below. A typical photocell with the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 4% at 1 sun shows the PCE of approximately 7% at 10⁻³ sun, which seems to fit for some indoor applications such as a permanent power source for a wireless sensor node. The sublinear dependence of short-circuit photocurrent on light intensity as well as the increase of fill-factor under low light illumination yields the increased efficiency under low light illumination. An analysis employing a one-diode equivalent circuit model suggests that the increased parallel resistance as well as the decreased saturation current of the diode under low light illumination accounts for the latter feature. It is also pointed out that the parallel resistance and/or the saturation current under dark strongly influence the PCE of a photocell under low light illumination. In addition, the dependence of the device performance on the light intensity is found to be useful for analyzing the effects of the thermal treatment and the PFN interlayer at cathode.     

The effect of processing additive on aggregated fullerene derivatives in bulk-heterojunction polymer solar cells

The effects of processing additive on fullerene aggregation in polymer BHJ solar cells were investigated using new fullerene derivatives bearing a thiophene moiety and alkyl groups. Although new fullerene derivatives showed quite similar electronic transport properties in field-effect transistors, the photovoltaic performances were significantly limited by their aggregative nature. Processing with 1% CN additive, however, changed the aggregated morphology of BHJ films to a smoother and homogeneous morphology, improving photovoltaic performance. The result indicates that processing additive not only influences on polymer side, but also significantly affects fullerene acceptor component.     

Photovoltaic laser-power converter based on AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructures

Photovoltaic laser-power converters for a wavelength of λ = 809 nm are developed and fabricated on the basis of single-junction AlGaAs/GaAs structures grown by metal-organic vapor-phase epitaxy. The parameters of the photovoltaic structure constituted by an optical “window” and a cladding layer are optimized by mathematical simulation. Photovoltaic converters with areas of S = 10.2 and 12.2 mm² and 4 cm² are fabricated and studied. For photocells with S = 10.2 mm², the monochromatic efficiency (η) was 60% at a current density of 5.9 A/cm². A photovoltaic module with a working voltage of 4 V (η = 56.3% at 0.34 A/cm²) is assembled.     

Efficient tandem polymer photovoltaic cells with two subcells in parallel connection

Tandem polymer photovoltaic cells with the subcells having different absorption characteristics in series connection are widely investigated to enhance absorption coverage over the solar spectrum. Herein, we demonstrate efficient tandem polymer photovoltaic cells with the two stacked subcells comprising different band-gap conjugated polymer and fullerene derivative bulk heterojunction in parallel connection. A semitransparent metal layer combined with inorganic semiconductor compounds is utilized as the intermediate electrode of the two stacked subcells to create the required built-in potential for collecting photo-generated charges. The short-circuit current of the stacked cell is the sum of the subcells and the open-circuit voltage is similar to the subcells.     

Solvation‐Induced Morphology Effects on the Performance of Polymer‐Based Photovoltaic Devices

Polymer‐based photovoltaic devices have been fabricated by blending the conjugated polymer, poly(2‐methoxy‐5‐(2′‐ethylhexyloxy)‐1,4‐phenylenevinylene) (MEH‐PPV) with the buckminsterfullerene, C₆₀. The photo‐induced current and the open‐circuit voltage show a strong dependence on the polymer processing conditions. It was found that the photovoltaic devices fabricated with tetrahydrofuran or chloroform (non‐aromatic solvents) have smaller photocurrents under same reverse bias as well as higher open circuit voltages than the devices fabricated with xylene, dichlorobenzene, or chlorobenzene (aromatic solvents). The device performance dependence on the processing solvent is attributed to the different solvation‐induced polymer morphology.     

Ambient Processable and Stable All‐Polymer Organic Solar Cells

In this work, the way in which ambient moisture impacts the photovoltaic performance of conventional PCBM and emerging polymer acceptor–based organic solar cells is examined. The device performance of two representative p‐type polymers, PBDB‐T and PTzBI, blended with either PCBM or polymeric acceptor N2200, is systemically investigated. In both cases, all‐polymer photovoltaic devices processed from high‐humidity ambient conditions exhibit significantly enhanced moisture‐tolerance compared to their polymer–PCBM counterparts. The impact of moisture on the blend film morphology and electronic properties of the electron acceptor (N2200 vs PCBM), which results in different recombination kinetics and electron transporting properties, are further compared. The impact of more comprehensive ambient conditions (moisture, oxygen, and thermal stress) on the long‐term stability of the unencapsulated devices is also investigated. All‐polymer solar cells show stable performance for long periods of storage time under ambient conditions. The authors believe that these findings demonstrate that all‐polymer solar cells can achieve high device performance with ambient processing and show excellent long‐term stability against oxygen and moisture, which situate them in an advantageous position for practical large‐scale production of organic solar cells.     

Crystallinity and Orientation Manipulation of Anthracene Diimide Polymers for All-Polymer Solar Cells

Electron-carrying polymers are highly desired for various optoelectronic applications but are still scarce. Herein, two anthracene diimide (ADI) polymers with thiophene and bithiophene as comonomer, respectively, are reported as electron acceptor materials in all-polymer solar cells (all-PSCs) for the first time. Effects of crystallinity and orientation of two polymer films as well as their blends with different donor polymers on photovoltaic properties are elaborately investigated by grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction and photo-induced force microscopy. It is found that molecular crystallinity and orientation determine the blend film morphology, and the similar high crystallinity and the same face-on orientation of donor and acceptor polymers are favorable for obtaining excellent photovoltaic performances. With this principle, a suitable donor polymer is singled out to match with the ADI acceptor polymer, offering an impressive efficiency of ≈7% for all-PSCs. This work demonstrates that ADI polymers are promising as acceptor materials and provides guidelines for screening donor and acceptor polymer combinations for all-PSCs.     

Nanomorphology influence on the light conversion mechanisms in highly efficient diketopyrrolopyrrole based organic solar cells

In this work, diketopyrrolopyrrole-based polymer bulk heterojunction solar cells with inverted and regular architecture have been investigated. The influence of the polymer:fullerene ratio on the photoactive film nanomorphology has been studied in detail. Transmission Electron Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy reveal that the resulting film morphology strongly depends on the fullerene ratio. This fact determines the photocurrent generation and governs the transport of free charge carriers. Slight variations on the PCBM ratio respect to the polymer show great differences on the electrical behavior of the solar cell. Once the polymer:fullerene ratio is accurately adjusted, power conversion efficiencies of 4.7% and 4.9% are obtained for inverted and regular architectures respectively. Furthermore, by correlating the optical and morphological characterization of the polymer:fullerene films and the electrical behavior of solar cells, an ad hoc interpretation is proposed to explain the photovoltaic performance as a function of this polymer:blend composition.     

High-Efficiency Organic Solar Cells Based on a Low-Cost Fully Non-Fused Electron Acceptor

A series of tetrathiophene-based fully non-fused ring acceptors (4T-1, 4T-2, 4T-3, and 4T-4), which can be paired with the star donor polymer PBDB-T to fabricate highly efficient organic solar cells are developed. Tailoring the size of lateral chains can tune the solubility and packing mode of acceptor molecules in neat and blend films. It is found that the incorporation of 2-ethylhexyl chains can effectively change the compatibility with the donor polymer PBDB-T, and an encouraging power conversion efficiency of 10.15% is accomplished by 4T-3-based organic solar cells. It also presents good compatibility with the other polymer donor and an even higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 12.04% is achieved based on D18:4T-3 blend, which is the champion PCE for the fully non-fused acceptors. Importantly, these inexpensive tetrathiophene fully non-fused ring acceptors provide cost-effective photovoltaic performance. The results demonstrate a high photovoltaic performance from synthetically inexpensive materials could be achieved by the rational design of non-fused ring acceptor molecules.     

Backbone regulation of a bithiazole-based wide bandgap polymer donor by introducing thiophene bridges towards efficient polymer solar cells

Miscibility and morphology of the active layers have significant influence on the photovoltaic performance of polymer solar cells (PSCs). Chemical strategies, especially molecular structure design, have been proven to be crucial for polymer donor materials. In this work, two wide bandgap D-A copolymer donors composed of tripropylsilyl substituted bithienyl-benzodithiophene as donor (D) unit and dialkyl substituted bithiazole as acceptor (A) unit were designed and synthesized. By introducing thiophene π-bridges into the backbone, the miscibility and morphological properties of the materials are effectively tuned, leading to tremendous progress in power conversion efficiency from 0.95% to 10.73% with m-ITIC as the acceptor. The results demonstrate that manipulating molecular distortion can be an effective strategy to regulate molecular self-assembly behavior of the polymer donors and achieve excellent aggregation properties, blend miscibility, and photovoltaic performance of the PSCs.