Morphological, mechanical and rheological properties of nylon 6/acrylonitrile-butadiene- styrene blends compatibilized with MMA/MA copolymers

The morphological, mechanical and rheological properties of nylon 6/acrylonitrile- butadiene-styrene blends compatibilized with MMA-MA [poly(methyl methacrylate-co- maleic anhydride)] copolymers were studied. A twin screw extruder was used for melt-blended the polymers and the injection moulding process was used to mold the samples. The main focus was on nylon 6/ABS blends compatibilized with one MMA-MA copolymer. This copolymer has PMMA segments that appear to be miscible with the styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) phase of ABS and the anhydride groups can react with amine end groups of the nylon 6 (Ny6) to form graft copolymers at the interface between Ny6 and ABS rich phases. Tensile and impact and morphological properties were enhanced by the incorporation of this copolymer. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations revealed that the ABS domains are finely dispersed in nylon 6 matrix and led to the lowest ductile-brittle transition temperatures and highest impact properties. It can be concluded that the MMA-MA copolymer is an efficient alternative for the reactive compatibilization and can be used as a compatibilizer for nylon 6/ABS blends.     

Morphological,mechanical and thermal properties of nylon 6/ABS blends using glycidyl methacrylate-methyl methacrylate copolymers

Nylon6 is an attractive polymer for engineering applications because it has reactive functionality through amine and carboxyl end groups that are capable of reacting. For this reason, it has been used a lot in polymeric blends. Blends of nylon6/ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) were produced using glycidyl methacrylate-methyl methacrylate (GMA-MMA) copolymers as compatibilizer. The binary blends were immiscible and exhibited poor mechanical properties that stemmed from the unfavorable interactions among their molecular segments. This produced an unstable coarse phase morphology and weak interfaces between the phases in the solid state. The presence of the copolymer in the blends clearly led to a more efficient dispersion of the ABS phase and consequently optimized Izod impact properties. However, the compatibilized blend showed poor toughness at room temperature and failed in a brittle manner at subambient temperatures.     

The effect of compatibilizer level on the mechanical properties of a nylon 6/ABS polymer blend

The influence of compatibilizer on the morphology and mechanical properties of a blend of nylon 6 and ABS has been studied. For this blend, the morphological domain size decreases significantly with increasing compatibilizer level. However, stiffness and tensile stress at yield are unaffected by these changes. Within the range of these experiments, lzod impact strength increases monotonically with increasing levels of compatibilizer, but the resistance to crack initiation (J _c ) and the resistance to steady state crack growth (R _p ) are both increased by the addition of a small amount of compatibilizer and are essentially independent of further increases.     

POE-g-MAH反应性增容HDPE/PA6共混合金的热致形状记忆性能

采用乙烯-辛烯共聚物接枝马来酸酐(POE-g-MAH)作为高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)/尼龙6(PA6)共混体系的反应性增容剂,通过熔融挤出制备出固定相具有物理交联结构的热致形状记忆合金。研究了组分含量,拉伸比和形变回复温度对合金的形变回复率和回复速率的影响。结果表明,POE-g-MAH的添加显著提高了共混合金的形状记忆性能,当组分配比为80/20/10(HDPE/PA6/POE-g-MAH),形变回复温度为135℃,拉伸比为75%时,试样形变回复率达到96.5%。     

Impact essential work of fracture toughness of ABS/polyamide-6 blends compatibilized with olefin based copolymers

The impact fracture toughness of acrylonitrile-styrene-butadiene/polyamide-6 (ABS/PA6) blends compatibilized with 5% by weight carbon monoxide modified ethylene-n butyl acrylate-maleic anhydride (EnBACO-MAH) or ethylene-methyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate (EMA-GMA) copolymers were examined as a function of blend ratio by standard Charpy tests, Essential Work of Fracture (EWF) Methodology and fracture surface morphologies. The samples were first processed in twin-screw extruder and they were subsequently injection moulded. The incompatibilized blends and neat-PA6 fractured in brittle manner, whereas compatibilized blends fractured in ductile manner. The EWF values yielded a maximum when weight percentages of ABS and PA6 were equal to each other. The values obtained in the case of EnBACO-MAH were higher than that of EMA-GMA regardless of blend composition in EWF tests. The trend of impact strengths observed in standard notched Charpy impact tests was in accordance with that of EWF values of blends. The morphology of the ABS/PA6 blends exhibited differences as a function of the component ratio and compatibilizer type. These differences in topology of the fracture surfaces of the blends were utilized to understand the deformation mechanism, and to correlate the fracture toughness values of the blends.     

Performance characteristics of compatibilized ternary Nylon 6/ABS/LCP in-situ composites

Ternary Nylon 6/poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene)(ABS)/liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) blends compatibilized by the maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (MAP) and solid epoxy resin (bisphenol type-A) were injection molded. Thermoplastic matrix consisting of Nylon 6/ABS (60/40) (wt%) was melt blended with various LCP (Vectra A950) contents. The effects of compatibilizer additions on the structure-mechanical property relationship of the in-situ composites reinforced with LCP were investigated. SEM observation revealed that the additions of epoxy and MAP compatibilizers to the Nylon 6/ABS/LCP blend were very effective to enhance the interfacial adhesion of its phase components. Consequently, extended long and fine LCP fibrils were formed in the skin section of in-situ composites. Tensile measurements revealed that uncompatibilized Nylon 6/ABS/LCP blend exhibited lower strength, stiffness and impact toughness. However, the incorporation of MAP and epoxy resin compatibilizers into Nylon 6/ABS/LCP blend improved its tensile strength, stiffness and impact toughness considerably. This was due to the compatibilizers effectively promoted stress transfer at the interfacial phase regions of ternary in-situ composites. The compatibilized composites exhibited mechanical anisotropy, especially for the tensile strength. Thermogravimetric measurements showed that the heat resistance and heat stability of the in-situ composites tended to increase with increasing LCP content.     

尼龙—6／PP—g—MAH共混体系的结构及流变行为

本文通过Ｍｏｌａｕ实验，二甲苯萃取抽出物的ＩＲ分析，ＤＳＣ，ＳＥＭ测定了尼龙－６／ＰＰ－ｇ－ＭＡＨ的结构，发现尼龙－６与ＰＰ－ｇ－ＭＡＨ的酸酐或羧酸发生了化学反应，生成的接枝共聚物起到了共混体系增容剂的作用，改善了共混物的微观结构形态。流变学测定表明，体系假塑性增加，熔体粘度上升，共混物的成型加工性能较之纯尼龙有所改善。     

The effects of phase morphology and adhesion between phases on fracture of ethylene-vinylalcohol copolymer/nylon 6/12 copolymer blends

The effects of phase morphology and the adhesion between phases of ethylene-vinylalcohol copolymer(EVOH)/nylon 6/12 copolymer blends on the fracture properties were estimated. Films of the blends which were obtained by extrusion processing showed different phase morphologies depending on the composition of the nylon 6/12 copolymer. The morphology of the partially miscible blend (EVOH and nylon 6f-nylon121-f where f=0.8) was needle-like in appearance. On the other hand the immiscible blend (EVOH and nylon 6f-nylon121-f where f=0.5) had equiaxed particles of nylon 6/12. The plastic deformation of films of the blends was observed using transmission electron microscopy. Deformation zones were observed for both blends but extensive debonding of particle interfaces was observed in the immiscible blend system. These observations are reinforced by our measurements of the interfacial fracture energy, Gc, between EVOH and nylon 6f-nylon121-f made using a double cantilever beam test. Gc decreases monotonically as 1–f increases. The fracture toughness of the partially miscible blend film measured at low temperature (–80°C) was higher than that of EVOH alone and there was fractographic evidence of a larger crack tip plastic deformation zone. In contrast, the fracture toughness of the immiscible blend was lower than that of EVOH and there was fractographic evidence of extensive debonding of the second phase nylon particles. This result suggests that it is important to have good adhesion between phases to achieve the optimum fracture toughness of these polymer blends. © 1998 Chapman & Hall     

Morphology, mechanical and thermal behavior of acrylate rubber/fluorocarbon elastomer/polyacrylate blends

Novel thermoplastic elastomers derived from binary and ternary blends of polyfunctional acrylates, acrylic rubber (ACM) and fluorocarbon rubber (FKM) were analyzed by using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA) and mechanical tests. TEM revealed the presence of a single-phase structure for both acrylate rubber/fluorocarbon elastomer (ACM/FKM) and ACM/polyacrylate binary blends. Increase of FKM concentration in the ACM/FKM/polyacrylate ternary blend resulted in phase separation of FKM from the ternary blend. The FKM formed a dispersed phase with polynodal particle distribution and irregular shape ranging from ellipsoidal to highly elongated form with inclusion of ACM. The FKM/polyacrylate binary blend showed complete phase separation. Ageing of the blend increased the domain size of the dispersed phase. Differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) and DMTA studies showed no major changes in the T _gs of individual polymers in the blend, although the peak tan values were affected on changing the composition of the blends. Vulcanization of the thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) changed the phase morphology with increase in particle size. There is a distinct difference in morphology of statically and dynamically vulcanized blends.     

SMA增容ABS/PBT共混体系的形态和力学性能——共混过程对体系的影响

以苯乙烯-马来酸酐共聚物(SMA)为增容剂,研究了共混工艺对ABS/PBT共混物聚集态结构和力学性能的影响。结果表明,SMA先与ABS共混再与PBT共混,共混物的分散相尺寸最小、分布最均匀,优于SMA先与PBT共混再与ABS共混的方法。ABS与PBT共混物的相容性差,加入反应性相容剂SMA后,PBT分散相尺寸变小且均匀地分散于ABS中,显著改善了ABS/PBT共混物的冲击、拉伸性能。共混物的聚集态结构强烈地受共混工艺的影响。     

树形分子对尼龙11/尼龙6共混物的增韧增强

在尼龙11／尼龙6共混物中添加4．0代树形分子，提高了共混物的性能；研究了不同树形分子含量对共混物力学性能的影响。结果表明，与尼龙11／尼龙6直接共混物相比，在本实验中添加0．25％树形分子所得共混物的拉伸强度、断裂伸长率有明显提高，缺口冲击强度略有增加。     

Effects of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) dispersion and compatibilizer on the electrical and rheological properties of polycarbonate/poly(acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene)/MWCNT composites

In this study, the effects of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) dispersion and poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile)-g-maleic anhydride (SAN-g-MAH) as a compatibilizer on the electrical conductivity, electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI SE), and rheological properties of polycarbonate (PC)/poly(acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene) (ABS)/MWCNT composites were investigated. The morphological results from the scanning and transmission electron microscope images showed that the droplet size of the ABS decreased when the SAN-g-MAH (5 phr) was added to the PC/ABS (80/20) blend. This result suggests that the SAN-g-MAH acts as an effective compatibilizer in the PC/ABS blend. Also, the MWCNT appeared to be located more in the ABS phase (dispersed phase) than in the PC phase (continuous phase). The interfacial tension of the ABS/MWCNT composite was lower than that of the PC–MWCNT composite, and the lower value of interfacial tension of the ABS/MWCNT composite affected the preferred location of the MWCNT in the ABS phase more than in the PC phase. The electrical conductivities and EMI SE of the PC/ABS/MWCNT composite with the compatibilizer were higher than those of the composite without compatibilizer. The complex viscosity of the PC/ABS/MWCNT composite containing the SAN-g-MAH increased with the frequency compared to that of the composite without SAN-g-MAH. This result is possibly due to the increased degree of MWCNT dispersion. The result of rheological properties is consistent with the results of the morphology, electrical conductivity, and EMI SE of the PC/ABS/MWCNT composite.     

Fracture resistance of polyblends and polyblend matrix composites Part III Role of rubber type and location in nylon 6,6/SAN composites

The role of rubber particle type, location and morphology on toughening in blends of nylon 6,6 with styrene acrylonitrile (SAN), with and without fibre reinforcements was examined in this study. The rubber used was ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber and the results were compared to a previous study that used butadiene rubber. The compositions of the blends ranged from pure nylon 6,6 to pure SAN. EPDM rubber was chemically compatibilized with one of the matrix phases rather than grafted, as in the ABS. In order to study the effect of rubber location on fracture behaviour, the approach was to compatibilize EPDM with either the minor phase or the major phase component of the blend. Attention was focused on fracture initiation toughness and fracture propagation toughness, measured through the parameters J _IC and J _SS, respectively. J _SS refers to the steady-state, or plateau value of the material R-curve and was therefore a measure of total toughness which included the additional component derived from crack extension. The results indicated that EPDM rubber was not as effective a toughening agent as was butadiene in the Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) system, primarily due to the morphology of EPDM and its interface character with the nylon 6,6 or SAN matrix. It was demonstrated that the embrittlement effects of a second rigid polymer phase can be mitigated by selectively adding rubber to that phase in the alloy or blend. With regard to the role of fibre reinforcement, a strong fibre matrix interface was found to be essential for toughening. Further, the extent of rubber toughening was larger when fibres were present than when fibres were absent, provided the fibre matrix interface was strong. Fibres also, like rubber, enhanced local matrix plasticity as well as reduced the embrittlement effects associated with a second polymer phase.     

废弃LDPE / PA6 / LLDPE 复合膜回收再生的研究

以废弃缓冲空气垫( LDPE/ PA6/ LLDPE) 复合薄膜为基体材料,低密度聚乙烯接枝马来酸酐( LDPE-g-MAH)为相容剂,通过混合、挤出、吹塑工艺制备了LDPE/ PA6/ LLDPE 再生共混材料,并对相容剂添加量(质量分数)分别为3%,8%,12%,16%时再生共混材料的力学性能、阻隔性能、熔体流动性能和微观形态结构进行了测试与分析。结果表明,LDPE-g-MAH 的加入明显改善了尼龙和聚乙烯共混两相的界面相容性;相容剂添加量为3% ~8%的再生共混材料的阻隔性能较好,相容剂添加量为8% ~16% 的共混合金的力学性能得到了显著提高。     

核壳结构改性剂对PBT/PC共混物的增韧作用

采用丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯（ABS）核壳结构改性剂增韧聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯（PBT）/聚碳酸酯（PC）共混物。动态力学测试（DMTA）结果表明,PBT与PC为热力学不相容体系,ABS的引入导致PBT、PC玻璃化转变温度相互靠近,相容性提高;差示扫描量热（DSC）研究结果表明,随着ABS的加入,PBT/PC体系中PBT的...     

超韧尼龙6体系的流变与力学行为EI

马来酸酐接枝聚烯烃类热塑弹性体 (TPEg)对尼龙 6有显著的增韧效果。研究了基体粘度和界面改性剂 (CE-96 )的使用对尼龙 6 / TPEg共混体系缺口冲击强度的影响。在 TPEg分散相粘度大于尼龙 6基体粘度情况下 ,TPEg对高粘度尼龙 6的增韧效果明显好于低粘度尼龙体系。CE- 96的加入通过增大尼龙 6基体粘度和增强界面偶联显著地改善了 TPEg分散质量。在给定的分散相含量下 ,分散相颗粒尺寸的减小更有利于引发基体剪切屈服 。     

马来酸酐共聚方式对PA6/ABS共混物性能的影响

分别制备了马来酸酐与苯乙烯-丙烯腈无规共聚物(SAM)增容的尼龙6(PA6)/ABS/SAM共混物、马来酸酐接枝共聚的丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物(ABS-g-MA)增容增韧的PA6/ABS-g-MA共混物。结果表明,两个体系中ABS都可以均匀分散;冲击测试发现样条厚度为6.35 mm时,PA6/ABS-g-MA共混物出现明显的脆韧转变,PA6/ABS/SAM共混物为脆性断裂;样条厚度为3.18 mm时,两个体系都有明显脆韧转变;Vu-Khanh方程表明,PA6/ABS-g-MA共混物具有更高的裂纹扩展能(Gi)和撕裂模量(Ta),性能更好。     

Mechanical, morphological and thermal properties of in situ ternary composites based on poly(ether imide), silicone rubber and liquid crystalline polymer

A compatibilization method for improving the mechanical and thermal properties of thermoplastic/thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) blends has been tested in blends of poly(ether imide), PEI, with a thermotropic copolyester (Vectra B-950). It is based on the addition of a third component, a functionalized elastomer (hydroxy terminated silicone rubber), to the blend that interacts with the matrix polymer and the thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer, facilitates the structural development of the thermotropic liquid crystalline polymers (TLCP) phase by acting as a compatibilizer at the interface. The main properties of blends required are flexibility of material in presence of compatibilizer. The viscosity of the compatibilized in situ composite was increased by the silicone rubber owing to the strong interaction. The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of PEI/TLCP blend becomes lowered when the content of silicone rubber is increased. Morphological observation showed that the addition of compatibilizer significantly reduced the size of the dispersed LCP phase and improved their dispersion within the matrix. Measurement of the tensile properties shows increased strength as well as enhanced modulus and elongation when PEI/TLCP blend is properly compatibilized. This is attributed to fine fibril generation induced by the addition of compatibilizer.     

改性马来酸酐橡胶接枝物增韧尼龙6的制备及表征

为了促进橡胶接枝物与尼龙6(PA6)的相容性并提高增韧效果,利用马来酸酐和对苯二胺合成了一种含酰胺键的二元羧酸,命名为对苯马来二酰胺二酸(改性马来酸酐,MDMA),并将MDMA接枝到三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)上,制备出不同接枝率的改性马来酸酐橡胶接枝物(EPDM-g-MDMA),以EPDM-g-MDMA与PA6质量比为30∶70,通过共混挤出制备了含不同接枝率接枝物的EPDM-g-MDMA/PA6共混物。通过核磁共振和红外光谱对MDMA进行了测试,表明成功合成了所需要的二元羧酸。对共混物进行了相容性测试、DSC、熔融指数(MI)、SEM、拉伸和冲击力学性能测试。结果表明:随着接枝率的增大,共混物的熔融峰温度略有降低,其熔体黏度不断增大,橡胶接枝物在PA6基体中有良好的分散性,使EPDM-g-MDMA/PA6共混物的冲击强度提高了5.5倍,说明EPDM-g-MDMA对PA6的增韧效果较为明显。     

Effect of nanoclay and SEBS-g-MA on the morphology and properties of immiscible poly(methyl methacrylate)/polystyrene blend

In recent years, nanoclays are being used as compatibilizer for various immiscible polymer blends. However, little work has been done on the morphology of immiscible polymer blends in presence of both the nanoclay and a reactive compatibilizer. Here, we report the synergistic effect of nanoclay and SEBS-g-MA on the morphology and properties of (70/30 w/w) PMMA/PS blend. Scanning electron microscopy study of the blend with various amount of nanoclay and SEBS-g-MA indicated a reduction in the average domain sizes (D) of dispersed PS phase in PMMA matrix compared to that in the pure blend. Addition of both SEBS-g-MA and nanoclay significantly lowered the D of PS in the blend compared to that with only SEBS-g-MA or clay. X-ray diffraction study and transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of intercalated clay platelets in PMMA matrix, as well as, at the interface of the (70/30 w/w) PMMA/PS blend-clay nanocomposites. Addition of SEBS-g-MA in the blend-clay nanocomposites promoted the exfoliation of clays in PMMA matrix. Thus, exfoliated clay platelets in PMMA matrix effectively restricted the coalescence of dispersed PS domains while SEBS-g-MA improved the adhesion between the phases at the interface. At certain loading (phr), storage modulus, elongation at break and thermal stability of the blend were greatly improved when both the nanoclay and SEBS-g-MA were present in the blend. The use of reactive compatibilizer and nanoclay in polymer blends may lead to a high performance material which combines the advantages of compatibilized polymer blends and the merits of polymer nanocomposites.