中国环境监测技术的现状及其发展

简要回顾了中国20年来监测技术的发展,现已初步形成了按环境要素的监测方法体系;讨论了各环境要素监测的分析方法及其标准化的情况,环境监测质量保证与质量控制、环境标样的研制情况。还讨论了中国环境监测技术与现行环境管理要求的差距及与世界发达国家的差距和主要问题;对今后5～10年中国环境监测技术与分析方法研究的几个重要方向提出了建议,即环境质量与污染源监测方法标准化的研究,重点污染源排放总量监测技术研究,空气有毒有害污染物的筛选及监测技术研究,水和废水监测技术研究,固体废物评价试验方法研究,应急事故和简易快速监测技术研究,环境监测QA/QC系统化的研究,环境标样的研制和全球重大环境问题的监测活动等。     

环境监测仪器与监测技术的发展概况

本文就国内、外环境监测仪器的发展概况作了简单介绍。并就国、内外环境监测的标准方法体系做了总结。随着有机污染日趋严重,各国的有机分析方法也逐渐增加和修改,提出一些新的分析方法。本文着重就美国EPA、日本JIS标准方法中有机污染物的分析方法作了概括介绍。     

水质自动和简易现场监测技术的现状及发展

目前由于我国环境污染日趋严重,为了环境管理的需要,环境监测技术必须进一步提高。本文主要介绍了水质在线自动监测和简易现场监测技术,可以客观、准确、及时地掌握重点污染源的水中污染物的排放总量和重点河流、湖泊等重点监测断面地表水水质情况和快速了解应急事故现场的水质及其他水质的情况。     

我国环境监测分析方法的现状、存在问题及对策建议

分析了我国环境监测分析方法的现状和存在问题,提出了改进和完善我国环境监测分析方法的对策建议。     

提高企业环境监测数据质量水平措施探讨

随着环保政策的日趋严格,环保监督强调过程监管,环境监测作为环保日常工作的重要部分,如何保证环境监测数据的质量是否具有代表性、准确性、精密性、可比性和完整性,将直接影响企业污染物排放的控制和环境信用评级的可信度、说服力。本文介绍了某燃气发电公司作为重点污染源企业在提高环境监测质量水平方面所采取的措施和办法,包括监测质量体系的建设、监测范围因子的选择、监测标准的确定、质量管理活动等。     

新闻

<正>健全完善标准体系加快推进生态文明建设中共中央、国务院日前印发《关于加快推进生态文明建设的意见》,提出到2020年,单位国内生产总值二氧化碳排放强度比2005年下降40%~45%,能源消耗强度持续下降,资源产出率大幅提高,用水总量力争控制在6700亿立方米以内,万元工业增加值用水量降低到65立方米以下,农田灌溉水有效利用系数提高到0.55以上,非化石能源占一次能源消费比重达到15%左右。同时要求要完善标准体系,加快制定修订一批能耗、水耗、地耗、污染物排放、环境质量等方面的标准,实施能效和排污强度"领跑者"制     

关于《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB18918-2002）在验收监测执行过程中存在的问题分析

《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB18918-2002）的颁布实施为考核城镇污水处理厂污染物排放是否符合环保要求的提供了重要依据,是验收监测工作的基础。本文论述了该标准在验收监测执行过程中存在的废水取样频次、甲烷无组织排放监测点位布设、污染物测定方法等存在的问题,并提出了相应的解决方法。建议修订标准,在标准修订前,验收监测执行标准时注意正确性、可操作性。     

工信部发布《环保装备“十二五”发展规划》

近日,工业和信息化部公布了《环保装备＂十二五＂发展规划》,支持和鼓励研发大气污染治理装备、水污染治理装备、固体废物处理装备、资源综合利用装备、环境监测专用仪器仪表、环境污染治理配套材料和药剂以及环境应急装备等7大类96项产品和技术。     

《船舶工业“十二五”发展规划》发布

2012年2月9日,工业和信息化部正式发布了《船舶工业＂十二五＂发展规划》。《规划》提出＂十二五＂时期我国船舶工业的发展目标：到2015年,产业体系更为完善,产业结构更趋合理,创新能力和产业综合素质显著提升,国际造船市场份额稳居世界前列,成为世界造船强国。同时,     

浅析环境监测在环境影响评价中的意义与作用

环境监测以环境为研究对象,运用化学、生物以及物理等技术手段,对环境的有关成分、污染物进行有效监测,对当前环境的变化规律与质量进行全面分析的学科。文章分析环境影响评价当中环境监测的应用问题,并针对现有的问题提出有效的解决措施,对监控环境的污染、预防环境质量的下降具有重要的意义。     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD＇S APPLICATION IN HOLE-EDGE STRESS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL PLATE WITH DIFFERENT SHAPED HOLES

The strength of composite plate with different hole-shapes is always one of the most important but complicated issues in the application of the composite material. The holes will lead to mutations and discontinuity to the structure. So the hole-edge stress concentration is always a serious phenomenon. And the phenomenon makes the structure strength decrease very quickly to form dangerous weak points. Most partial damage begins from these weak points. According to the complex variable functions theory, the accurate boundary condition of composite plate with different hole-shapes is founded by conformal mapping method to settle the boundary condition problem of complex hole-shapes. Composite plate with commonly hole-shapes in engineering is studied by several complex variable stress fimction. The boundary integral equations are founded based on exact boundary conditions. Then the exact hole-edge stress analytic solution of composite plate with rectangle holes and wing manholes is resolved. Both of offset axis loadings and its influences on the stress concentration coefficient of the hole-edge are discussed. And comparisons of different loads along various offset axis on the hole-edge stress distribution of orthotropic plate with rectangle hole or wing manhole are made. It can be concluded that hole-edge with continuous variable curvatures might help to decrease the stress concentration coefficient; and smaller angle of outer load and fiber can decrease the stress peak value.     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

Short-Term Relay Quality Prediction Algorithm Based on Long and Short-Term Memory

The fraction defective of semi-finished products is predicted to optimize the process of relay production lines, by which production quality and productivity ar...     

End-to-End Multiview Gesture Recognition for Autonomous Car Parking System

The use of hand gestures can be the most intuitive human-machine interaction medium.The early approaches for hand gesture recognition used device-based methods....     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

ANGULAR DISTORTION ALLOWABLE VALUE AND ASSESS METHOD OF WELD ON COKE TOWER

A graph as the new engineering method for estimate the safety of bulging deformation of coke tower is proposed. Through stresses analysis of circumferential weld of coke tower and comparing the stresses produced by pressure with heat stress of steady state, residual stress, bending stress produced by both itself weight and wind loads, it showed that the stresses produced by pressure on the angle distortion are the main factor of equivalent stress of the combined stress. After comparing four kinds of stress controlling conditions, the relation to stress with depth of angular distortion, grade of curvature of angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been inferred. Graph of deformation allowable value of coke tower for different condition by angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been plotted. The five steps for its engineering use have been explained. The lighter the grade of curvature is, the larger of bulge allowance, may be, and the bigger of depth of angular distortion may pose too. For the coke tower with a popular structure of Dg 5 400 mm×28 mm, the result by graph is nearly more than the result of two formulas formed by other research, the error is less than 7.0%. But, the graph can be easily applied to different size of angular distortion.