Comments on Paivio's imagery theory.

Discusses the differences between A. Paivio's (see record 1976-01839-001) imagery theory and a model of simultaneous and successive processing proposed by J. P. Das et al (see record 1975-08765-001). The latter model, which emphasizes the primacy of cognitive processes as opposed to task materials or instructions, is viewed as more sound. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comments on Taylor's "drive theory and manifest anxiety."

An examination of the theoretical constructs underlying the prediction that nonanxious Ss acquire complex learning problems, with competing responses for a given stimulus, more rapidly than anxious Ss "cannot be regarded as a prediction from current drive theory, but rather in many situations as a refutation of it." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Long-term model of induced canine phonation

Experimental induced phonation in the dog has been used in short-term studies by several investigators and has proved quite useful in laryngeal research. In this study a long-term canine phonation model is described that uses permanently implanted electrodes on the superior and recurrent laryngeal nerves. A serial induced phonation model has not been previously reported and is needed for laryngeal research in which voice results are a primary end point. Inexpensive, reliable, nontoxic electrodes were designed and fabricated. The laryngeal nerves were found to be quite susceptible to injury, necessitating a series of changes in electrode design. Electrode durability and laryngeal nerve viability improved with each design modification; the final design gave a recurrent laryngeal nerve viability rate of 100% at 6 weeks, 83% at 9 weeks, and 73% at 12 weeks. Induced phonation was successfully produced on a repeated basis by stimulating the recurrent laryngeal nerves while passing air through the larynx, in 22 (95.6%) of 23 animals. Stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerves increased vocal fold length and tension but was not required for phonation. Technical aspects of chronic implantation and stimulation of the laryngeal nerves are discussed. The development and successful long-term implantation of electrodes on the laryngeal nerves and their use in repeated induced phonation have not been reported previously.     

Comments on using alternatives to normal theory statistics in social and behavioural science.

Comments on the article by M. A. Hunter and R. B. May (see record 1994-24054-001) on the myths and misconceptions of parametric and nonparametric statistics, particularly with reference to power, robustness, scale of measurement, the null hypothesis, and generality of application. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

宪法概念评析

在对重要的宪法概念的界定进行评述的基础上,认同宪法是人为了自己的生存和发展,有目的建立和组织政治共同体的规则以及由该规则所构建的社会秩序.     

Comments on the origin of syphilis

An unusual case of intremedullary cysticerosis in a 22-year-old Mexican female is presented. The patient had a marked paraparesis with a D12 sensory level, absent deep tendon reflexes and no sphincteric disturbances. Pain in the spine was a prominent feature. A complete myelographic block opposite D12 proved at laminectomy to be due to a solitary cysticercus vesicle. It was removed from the conus medullaris through a right ventro-lateral myelotomy. The patient recovered.     

Comments about a chameleon theory: Level I/Level II.

Contends that A. R. Jensen's (see record 1983-09647-001) ideas about 2 levels of intellectual abilities are oversimplified. There are more than 2 levels of intellectual abilities. Slope values for the relationships between variables can reflect more than merely racial and socioeconomic status differences. Jensen has changed his 2-level theory to accommodate the criticisms. Unfortunately, this indicates weakness in the original theory and in the revised theory, for the changes in the theory make it virtually indistinguishable from the empirical generalizations it was designed to help explain. (19 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Stuttering: discoordination of phonation with articulation and respiration

Complexity of phonatory and respiratory adjustments was systematically simplified in 30 adult stutterers under three speaking conditions: voiced, whispered, and articulated without phonation. Stuttering was reduced considerably when whispering and was practically eliminated when articulating silently. The possibility that stuttering consistently results from complexity of phonatory coordinations with articulation and respiration was strongly supported. Increased speaking rates under conditions that decreased stuttering seemed to be evidence that efficient rhythmical flow of speech is facilitated by simplification of phonatory and respiratory adjustments.     

Comments on Gould, PAIN, 74 (1998) 341-343

Journal policies and requirements of funding agencies on financial disclosure of authors and grant applicants have divided editors and scientists who disagree on whether such policies can improve the integrity of science or manage conflicts of interest. Those opposed to such disclosure policies argue that financial interest is one of many interests held by scientists, is the least scientifically dangerous, and should not be singled out. Those who favor open reporting of financial interests argue that full disclosure removes the suspicion that something of relevance to objectivity is being hidden and allows readers to form their own opinions on whether a conflict of interest exists and what relevance that has to the study. The authors believe that the scientific community and the public will be best served by open publication of financial disclosures for readers and reviewers to evaluate.     

宝钢FGD工艺抉择之我见

论述了国外ＦＧＤ（烟气脱硫）的发展和国内的进展以及ＦＧＤ工艺选择原则。较详细地介绍了湿式氨法、干式氨法以及钢渣法的ＦＧＤ流程。同时就宝钢实施ＦＧＤ的可能性作了分析。     

Pliability of the vocal fold mucosa in relation to the mucosal upheaval during phonation

OBJECTIVES: To quantitatively evaluate the effect of vocal fold lengthening on pliability of the mucosa measured along the superior-inferior axis and to examine the relation of the location of mucosal upheaval (MU) during phonation to the changes in pliability pattern of the mucosa when the vocal fold was lengthened. DESIGN: Investigation of mechanical characteristics of the vocal fold in relation to the MU during phonation. MATERIALS: Five excised canine larynges. INTERVENTIONS: Vibrations with and without vocal fold lengthening were recorded from the tracheal side via high-speed photography or video recording combined with stroboscopic illumination. Tattooed marks on the lower surface of the vocal fold were used to locate the MU. Pliability was defined as the maximal distance elevated in response to a constant focal negative pressure. RESULTS: Pliability decreased significantly (P=.05) when the vocal fold was lengthened. The point of minimal pliability and MU without vocal fold lengthening were located slightly above the area where the muscular layer approached the epithelial layer. They were located closer to the free edge of the vocal fold when it was lengthened than when it was not. Discrepancy of their locations when the vocal fold was lengthened was suggested. CONCLUSIONS: The MU occurs around the point of minimal pliability when the vocal fold is not lengthened, whereas the MU occurs slightly more laterally than the point of minimal pliability when the vocal fold is lengthened. Although further study is necessary to explain this discrepancy, the presence of the sparse deep layer of the lamina propria seems to be essential in the generation of the mucosal wave.