磁控溅射制备纳米Ni-Ti薄膜工艺研究

为了得到高质量的纳米薄膜,对直流磁控溅射法制备Ni-Ti薄膜工艺进行了研究.采用单晶硅和玻璃两种基体材料,并在不同的基体温度、晶化温度、溅射功率等条件下制备薄膜.之后对薄膜进行了XRD,SEM分析.分析结果表明:薄膜成分、厚度、表面形貌、致密度与溅射功率、基体温度、晶化温度、基体材料密切相关.并根据实验结果给出优化的纳米Ni-Ti薄膜制备工艺.     

溅射态原位加热NiTi形状记忆合金薄膜的结构性能研究

研究了原位加热溅射的NiTi形状记忆合金薄膜的结构，讨论了制备工艺及织构对薄膜相变特征的影响，采用电阻法及X射线衍射分析了薄膜的结构及相变过程，确定了最适合于微器件的溅射工艺。结果发现：溅射时采用原位加热可直接获得具有织构的晶化薄膜，提高溅射功率将使薄膜的相变温度升高。     

316L不锈钢直流磁控溅射制备铝膜的工艺研究

采用直流磁控溅射在316L不锈钢上制备了高质量的Al膜,并利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪分别对镀层的形貌和结构及应力进行了分析。结果表明,温度、溅射功率之间的合理配置才能制备致密性高、表面缺陷少的Al膜,较优工艺参数温度为170℃、溅射功率1400 W;温度比溅射功率更容易改善结晶度,当溅射功率高、基体温度低,薄膜趋向非晶态;制备的薄膜应力小,最大约为0.176 GPa,微结构对应力影响大。     

磁控溅射磁性薄膜成分含量和均匀性控制

用轮番溅射工艺在多靶磁控溅射设备上制备了SmCo薄膜。通过改变Sm，Co纯金属靶的溅射时间间隔和溅射功率来调整薄膜的化学成分和均匀性。实验表明，可以通过调整溅射电流来优化薄膜的化学成分。沿垂直膜面俄歇电子(AES)逐层分析证明，优化溅射工艺制备的薄膜化学成分分布均匀。电子衍射表明薄膜溅射态为非晶结构，经过400℃退火处理，薄膜开始晶化。VSM分析表明溅射态的薄膜为软磁特征。晶化后的薄膜表现为硬磁特征，450℃退火时薄膜的矫顽力最大，达80320A／m。薄膜呈现一定的各向异性。     

磁控溅射法制备PZT基SMA/PZT异质复合材料

采用直流磁控溅射法在PZT基体上溅射沉积NiTiSMA薄膜,而制备出PZT基NiTii SMA/PZT异质复合材料.研究了溅射工艺参数与晶化温度对NiTi SMA薄膜相组成及SMA/PZT异质复合材料膜/基间结合状态的影响规律.结果表明,为保障NiTi SMA薄膜的晶体颗粒均匀、结构致密,膜/基间成分交换范围小及结合紧密,制各NiTi SMA/PZT异质复合材料的适宜工艺为:于基体温度150℃、氩气压强0.7 Pa条件下溅射沉积NiTi SMA薄膜,再经600℃二次晶化处理.显微观察发现,NiTi SMA薄膜与PZT基体之间以化学方式,而非物理方式结合.     

铁基多层纳米磁性薄膜的组织与性能

利用溅射技术制备了铁基多层纳米磁性薄膜，通过溅射参数的调整，可以精确地控制薄膜的厚度。然后对薄膜进行退火处理，使薄膜晶化。最后，对薄膜磁性能进行了测量，得到了较好的结果。     

离子束溅射技术制备PtRu纳米合金薄膜载体催化剂材料及其结构表征

采用离子束溅射技术，Pt和Ru双靶材通过制备工艺条件的设计，制备出含单质Pt、单质Ru及PtRu合金的纳米载体薄膜材料。采用X射线衍射、透射电镜、X射线光电子能谱等分析手段表征了薄膜材料的结构，验证了离子束溅射技术制备Pt合金薄膜的可操作性，并对Pt合金戍膜规律进行了初步探索。     

316L不锈钢表面Ni-Ti合金薄膜的力学特性研究

目的提高316L不锈钢表面的硬度及耐磨性能。方法采用磁控溅射法在316L不锈钢表面制备Ni-Ti合金薄膜,并通过纳米压入法对316L不锈钢表面、Ni-Ti合金薄膜和Ni-Ti合金材料的力学性能进行测试,分析不锈钢基Ni-Ti薄膜的耐磨性能。应用有限元反演分析方法求解基体和薄膜的弹塑性幂本构关系。结果316L不锈钢与Ni-Ti合金抵抗载荷的能力较弱,但316L不锈钢表面Ni-Ti薄膜抵抗外加载荷的能力较强,且抵抗塑性变形的能力得到强化。Ni-Ti薄膜、316L不锈钢基体和Ni-Ti合金的硬度分别为8.2795、5.2405、2.9498 GPa,薄膜的硬度明显大于基体和Ni-Ti合金,说明Ni-Ti薄膜使得316L不锈钢的耐磨性显著提高。薄膜的弹性性能较基体与Ni-Ti合金有明显优势。为研究薄膜的弹塑性性能,建立ABAQUS二维有限元模型,考虑Berkovich压头和试样之间摩擦系数为0.16,通过纳米压入实验和有限元分析的对比,反演分析分别计算得到基体和薄膜的特征应力、特征应变、应变强化因子,继而确定初始屈服应力,得到Ni-Ti合金薄膜和316L不锈钢基体的弹塑性幂本构关系。结论 Ni-Ti薄膜具有良好的力学特性,使316L不锈钢表面的硬度显著提高,因此有效提高了不锈钢的耐磨性能。     

Mo电极上磁控反应溅射AlN薄膜

采用射频反应磁控溅射法在Mo电极上沉积了AlN薄膜.研究了溅射气压、靶基距、溅射功率、衬底温度及N_2含量等不同工艺条件对AlN薄膜择优取向生长的影响.用XRD分析了薄膜的择优取向,用原子力显微镜、高分辨场发射扫描电镜表征了薄膜的形貌.实验结果表明,靶基距和溅射气压的减小,衬底温度及溅射功率的升高有利于AlN(002)晶面的择优取向生长.氮氩比对AlN薄膜择优取向生长影响较小,N_2≥50%(体积分数)时均可制得高c轴择优取向的AlN薄膜.经优化工艺参数制备的AlN柱状晶薄膜适用于体声波谐振滤波器的制备.     

磁控溅射制备Mo薄膜的优化工艺和组织及性能研究

基于正交试验设计,采用射频磁控溅射技术在不同工艺条件下制备了一系列纯金属Mo薄膜。以薄膜的纳米硬度和结合强度为评价指标,考察分析了溅射靶功率、基片温度、氩气流量和真空度4个工艺参数对溅射Mo薄膜综合力学性能和组织结构的影响规律及机理。结果表明,所制备的多种Mo薄膜均为立方多晶结构,并在(110)和(220)晶面择优生长。薄膜由细小的"树枝"状颗粒随机堆叠而成,表面呈压应力状态。综合考虑薄膜的沉积质量和沉积效率,提出磁控溅射制备Mo薄膜的较佳工艺参数为Mo靶功率100 W,沉积温度120℃,氩气流量90 cm3/min,真空度0.2 Pa。采用优化工艺制备的Mo薄膜具有良好的结晶状态和均匀致密的组织结构,纳米硬度为7.269 GPa,结合强度高达33.8 N。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.