脉冲强光对馒头表面金黄色葡萄球菌的杀菌效果

目的研究脉冲强光技术在馒头表面金黄色葡萄球菌杀菌中的效果及其机制。方法控制闪照距离为9~21 cm,单脉冲能量为100~500 J,闪照次数为0~20次,分析不同条件下金黄色葡萄球菌的失活规律,并将该优化条件应用于馒头表面金黄色葡萄球菌的杀菌试验,最后采用透射电子显微镜技术分析脉冲强光技术对金黄色葡萄球菌形态结构的影响,从而分析其杀菌机制。结果脉冲强光在闪照距离为9 cm,单脉冲能量为500 J的情况下,闪照16次能对金黄色葡萄球菌产生良好的杀菌效果。该脉冲强光处理技术能降低馒头表面的金黄色葡萄球菌1.72 log CFU/g。透射电镜观察结果说明了脉冲强光可破坏金黄色葡萄球菌的细胞膜和菌体胞质内容物,从而造成细胞的失活。结论脉冲强光可对金黄色葡萄球菌产生较强的杀菌效果,在馒头加工业中具有一定的应用前景。     

不同温度培养诱导金黄色葡萄球菌对超高压失活的抗性及其建模

探讨不同培养温度处理诱导金黄色葡萄球菌(ATCC 6538)对超高压的抗性,并建立不同培养温度下金黄色葡萄球菌的超高压抗性模型。金黄色葡萄球菌经不同温度培养,在100~500 MPa的超高压条件下,选用线性、Weibull和Gompertz三种模型来拟合超高压抗性曲线,以决定系数(R2),均方误差(RMSE),精确因子(Af)和偏差因子(Bf)作为模型拟合度优劣的评判指标。实验结果表明,在100~500 MPa压力的作用下,线性模型的拟合效果不佳,R2最小值达到0.8870,Weibull和Gompertz模型对超高压的抗性具有较好的拟合性(R2≥0.9467),且Weibull模型的拟合效果最好,R2最大值达到0.9956,RMSE最小值为0.0312。因此,Weibull模型可以很好地拟合金黄色葡萄球菌以不同的培养温度胁迫后在超高压作用下的抗性曲线,随着培养温度的升高,金黄色葡萄球菌的超高压抗性呈增加趋势。      

光动力对金黄色葡萄球菌的杀伤作用及其AFM观察

通过细菌菌落计数以及原子力显微镜图像研究了血啉甲醚对金黄色葡萄球菌的光动力杀伤作用。结果表明:HMME在金黄色葡萄球菌菌液中的最强吸收峰为392nm,溴钨灯光源波长范围350～2500nm,能满足HMME所需的波长;HMME浓度为5μg/mL接受溴钨灯光源光照30min能杀死82.2%的金黄色葡萄球菌;原子力显微镜图像显示其灭菌机制是HMME在光照条件下导致菌体破裂,细胞内容物大量外泄;无光照条件下,HMME对金黄色葡萄球菌杀伤效果不显著。     

1874株金黄色葡萄球菌临床分布及耐药性结果分析

目的了解四川省某医院甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus,MSSA)与耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus,MRSA)的临床科室分布和耐药性情况。方法回顾性分析2014年12月-2017年12月四川省某医院门诊及住院患者,包括8名因金黄色葡萄球菌引起的食物中毒患者,送检各类标本分离出SA(Staphylococcus aureus)可疑菌落1874株,对其进行鉴定和药敏检测。结果 MSSA和MRSA标本主要来源于痰液(51.31%,74.33%)、伤口分泌物(21.52%,8.96%)和脓液(10.07%,7.92%)。725株MSSA临床分离率依次为门诊(27.17%)、呼吸科(15.45%)、ICU(10.21%)、神经科(8.55%)和口腔科(5.52%),1149株MRSA依次为ICU(33.16%)、神经科(11.66%)、呼吸科(9.75%)、儿科(7.57%)和妇产科(6.27%)。耐药性结果表明,MSSA对苯唑西林、万古霉素、利奈唑胺、替考拉林敏感,对青霉素G、红霉素和阿莫西林/克拉维酸耐药率依次为89.38%、56.69%、21.51%外,对其他抗菌药耐药率均18.00%; MRSA对万古霉素利、奈唑胺、替考拉林敏感,对苯唑西林、莫西沙星、克林霉素、红霉素、青霉素G、四环素、环丙沙星、阿莫西林/克拉维酸和氨苄西林/舒巴坦的耐药率均显著高于MSSA。结论四川省某医院2014年12月-2017年12月期间临床分离的SA以MRSA为主, MSSA和MRSA在标本来源、科室分布等方面存在较大差异, MRSA耐药情况更为严重,明显高于MSSA。若要评估金黄色葡萄球菌感染风险以及病人的治疗方案,应分别考虑MRSA和MSSA的感染来源和耐药性。     

Comparing predicting models for heat inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at different pH

Under the same experimental conditions it has been demonstrated that whereas survival curves of Listeria monocytogenes in the range of temperatures from 54 to 62 °C followed a first-order kinetic, those of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the range of temperatures from 50 to 56 °C were not linear showing a shoulder followed by a linear region. The first order kinetic model did not describe survival curves of P. aeruginosa. A model based on the Weibull distribution (Log₁₀(N_t/N₀)=(1/−2.303)*(t/b)ⁿ)) accurately described the inactivation kinetics of both microorganisms at the three pHs of 4, 5.5, 7.4 investigated. For both microorganisms, the b value depended on the treatment temperature and the pH of the treatment medium. Whereas for L. monocytogenes the n value was independent of the treatment conditions, for P. aeruginosa the n value depended on the pH of the treatment medium.

The model based on the Weibull distribution was capable of accurately predicting the treatment time to inactivate five Log₁₀ cycles of both microorganisms at the three pHs investigated.     

A large meta-analysis of the global prevalence rates of S. aureus and MRSA contamination of milk

ABSTRACT

Past reports have indicated a high prevalence of milk contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), but the pooled prevalence rates of S. aureus and MRSA in pasteurized and boiled cow's milk, raw cow's milk, and raw Caprinae milk (raw sheep's milk and raw goat's milk) and across different periods, continents, economic conditions and purchase locations remain inconsistent. We searched relevant articles published in PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science before July 2016. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement was used to evaluate the quality of 93 included studies. We observed that the pooled prevalence rates of S. aureus contamination in pasteurized and boiled cow's milk, raw cow's milk, and raw Caprinae milk were 15.4% (95% CI, 6.1–27.5%), 33.5% (95% CI, 29.5–37.7%) and 25.8% (95% CI, 17.5–35.0%), respectively. The pooled prevalence rates of MRSA contamination were 4.9% (95% CI, 0.0–15.7%), 2.3% (95% CI, 1.3–3.6%), and 1.1% (95% CI, 0.5–1.8%), respectively. The prevalence of S. aureus contamination in raw cow's milk increased over time. However, the pooled prevalence of raw cow's milk contaminated with S. aureus was lowest in European studies. These findings give an indication of the consequence of better milk regulation in Europe. High S. aureus prevalence rates in raw milk collected from farms and processing companies pose a potential threat to consumers. The implementation of good hygiene practices, appropriate health knowledge, and food safety principles at the farm level, as well as the prudent use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine and heat treatment before drinking, are necessary to reduce the potential risk of S. aureus and MRSA contamination.     

A modified Weibull model for bacterial inactivation

In this paper, a modified Weibull model is proposed to fit microbial survival curves. This model can incorporate shoulder and/or tailing phenomena if they are encountered. We aim to obtain an accurate fit of the “primary” modelling of the bacterial inactivation and to provide a useful and meaningful model for biologists and food industry. A δ parameter close to the classical concept of the D value, established for sterilisation processes, is used in the model. The specific parameterisation of the Weibull model is evaluated for the parameter of interest δ. The goodness-of-fit of the model is compared to the one produced by the model proposed by Geeraerd et al., [Geeraerd, A.H., Herremans, C.H., Van Impe, J.F., 2000. Structural model requirements to describe microbial inactivation during a mild heat treatment. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 59, 185-209.] on experimental data. As our model provides good fits for the different types of survival curves analysed, further research can focus on the development of suitable secondary model types. In this respect, it is interesting to note that the δ parameter is close to the D concept.     

鹿蹄草素对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制作用及其机理研究

对鹿蹄草素作用下的金黄色葡萄球菌生长曲线、膜通透性和结构进行了研究,探讨鹿蹄草素抑菌和杀菌机理。鹿蹄草素能够有效抑制金黄色葡萄球菌的生长,其最小抑菌质量浓度为0.16mg/mL;鹿蹄草素对金黄色葡萄球菌具有较强的杀菌作用,最小杀菌质量浓度为0.2mg/mL。鹿蹄草素作用于金黄色葡萄球菌后,细胞膜通透性与空白对照组相比显著提高。扫描电镜的结果表明,鹿蹄草素作用后菌体细胞结构被破坏,细胞壁呈溶解状,菌体细胞间相互粘结,细胞与细胞间的界限变得模糊。试验结果表明,鹿蹄草素的抑菌性和杀菌功能与其对金黄色葡萄球菌细胞膜和细胞壁结构的破坏直接相关。     

The influence of manufacturing and drying conditions on the survival and toxinogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus in two Spanish dry sausages (chorizo and salchichón)

The effects of formulation, starter culture and fermentation temperature on growth and synthesis of toxin A (SEA) and TNase by Staphylococcus aureus during fermentation and drying of Spanish chorizo were investigated. Inhibitory factors able to inhibit SEA synthesis in culture media were unable to prevent SEA production in chorizo fermented at 20 and 30°C, though a lower temperature and starter culture SP318 (Lactobacillus sake, Pediococcus pentosaceous and Staphylococcus xylosus) decreased staphylococcal growth and SEA formation. Reduction and even disappearance of the SEA during ripening was observed. In most batches, TNase was a reliable indicator of staphylococcal growth and SEA production. Dextrose added to the salchichón formulation repressed S. aureus growth during drying. Lactobacillus curvatus in combination with dextrose was an effective anti-staphylococcal agent during fermentation.     

金黄色葡萄球菌分离株自动化核糖体分型的研究

运用自动化核糖体基因分型系统(Riboprinter),用EcoRI酶,对实验室分离的31株金黄色葡萄球菌进行分子分型研究。31株菌均被鉴定为金黄色葡萄球菌,并获得25种Riboprinter核糖体基因条带型。     

食品中金黄色葡萄球菌及肠毒素的检测方法

食品中金黄色葡萄球菌及肠毒素的常规检测方法包括传统的微生物分离培养及生化鉴别,肠毒素的免疫学检测等。本文简要介绍了各种方法及其原理和优缺点。     

化妆品中金黄色葡萄球菌焦磷酸测序检测方法的研究

本研究采用焦磷酸测序法对nuc基因的保守片断进行测序,分别对36株金黄色葡萄球菌和30株非金黄色葡萄球菌进行了特异性和复现性实验,并在化妆品中进行了方法验证,建立了化妆品中鉴定金黄色葡萄球菌的焦磷酸测序法,结果表明,本方法具有准确、快速的特点,可满足金黄色葡萄球菌的高通量鉴定的需求。      

Characteristics of Enterotoxigenic Coagulase Positive Staphylococci Isolated from Bovine Milk in Cases of Subclinical Mastitis

Coagulase positive staphylococci are the most common cause of bovine subclinical mastitis. The goal of this study was to investigate if isolates from milk in cases of mastitis synthesize enterotoxins and express resistance to methicillin. A total of 50 strains of coagulase positive staphylococci were tested using immunoassay ELFA technique. Ten isolates were enterotoxin positive and RealTime PCR was used to identify genes encoding enterotoxins and methicillin resistance. One isolate carried the enterotoxin B encoding gene, but none were positive for the methicillin resistance gene. All isolates were confirmed as Staphylococcus aureus biochemically and by PCR.     

应用基因芯片技术鉴定食源性金黄色葡萄球菌的研究

目的:建立快速鉴定食源性金黄色葡萄球菌的基因芯片技术。方法:采用PCR方法扩增金黄色葡萄球菌16SrRNA基因的DNA片段,序列进行BLAST比较并通过软件设计其特异性探针,采用基因芯片杂交技术鉴定食源性金黄色葡萄球菌样品。结果:对所有样品进行基因芯片杂交技术处理并扫描观察,金黄色葡萄球菌的杂交结果呈阳性,其检测结果与传统方法鉴定结果一致。结论:应用基因芯片鉴定技术可快速、准确地鉴定食源性金黄色葡萄球菌,值得推广应用。     

食品中金黄色葡萄球菌检测方法的比较研究

对MPN法、Baird-Parker法和纸片法检测食品中金黄色葡萄球菌的结果进行了比较研究。结果显示,纸片法和B-P法与MPN法符合率分别为80%和87.5%,纸片法和B-P法检测结果无显著差异(P>0.05),线性相关关系极为显著(R2=0.910)。因此,这三种方法的检测结果有较好的一致性。由于纸片法在简便性、劳动量、检测准确性、检测时间等方面的比较中优于其它两种方法,建议其在相关行业中得到推广应用。     

低浓度乙二胺四乙酸对金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜形成的影响

研究了低浓度乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)对食源性病原菌金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜形成的影响。实验结果表明,0.2mmol/L的EDTA可有效抑制金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜形成;EDTA只能影响金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜形成的早期阶段;Ba2+不能完全阻断EDTA抑制生物被膜生成,Fe2+、Ca2+、Mg2+可以阻断EDTA抑制生物被膜的效应;即使是高浓度的EDTA也不能影响成熟的细胞被膜数量;EDTA能抑制细胞之间的粘附作用。     

防腐剂复配对溶血性金黄色葡萄球菌抑菌效果研究

选择不同的防腐剂,通过药敏纸片法、最小抑菌浓度（MIC）法测定金黄色葡萄球菌对其敏感性,利用正交设计筛选最佳防腐剂组合,并对获得的最佳防腐剂组合抑菌效果进行验证。结果表明,金黄色葡萄球菌对乳酸钠、山梨酸钾不敏感,而对乳酸链球菌素（Nisin）、聚赖氨酸、尼泊金乙酯较为敏感,MIC分别为0.005、0.005和0.313mg/mL。正交试验结果表明,当Nisin、聚赖氨酸和尼泊金乙酯浓度分别为0.01、0.02、0.125mg/mL时效果最佳,可使基质中金黄色葡萄球菌降低7.64个数量级。选择这一最佳组合显示,在室温（25℃）里脊肉、牛乳中细菌数在经过4d放置后,仅仅分别增长2.78、1.86个数量级,而猕猴桃汁细菌数降低了0.73个数量级。     

食品中金黄色葡萄球菌PCR-ELISA检测技术建立

针对食品中金黄色葡萄球菌检测,选取金黄色葡萄球菌耐热核酸酶nuc基因作为靶标,利用地高辛标记引物扩增的PCR产物与生物素标记的探针杂交,然后与ELISA平板上的链霉素杂交,通过抗地高辛抗体显色建立PCR-ELISA检测技术。应用该方法检测人工污染牛奶中金黄色葡萄球菌,同时将大肠埃希氏菌、沙门氏菌、志贺氏菌、单增李斯特菌等常见食源性致病菌作为阴性对照。结果显示,金黄色葡萄球菌的纯培养物以及人工污染金黄色葡萄球菌牛奶,金黄色葡萄球菌为阳性,其他对照菌为阴性,两者PCR-ELISA检测敏感性均为10¹CFU/m L,比普通PCR检测的敏感性（10³CFU/m L）高100倍。因此,该研究建立的PCR-ELISA方法具有良好的特异性与敏感性,能够特异、敏感、准确地检测牛奶中的金黄色葡萄球菌,为食品中金黄色葡萄菌的快速鉴定、风险评估与有效监测提供重要技术手段。      

原料奶中病原菌的调查及代表性病原菌的研究

对榨乳过程进行了采样分析，确定了原料奶中的主要致病菌为金黄色葡萄球菌，并分析了原料奶在不同温度储存时金黄色葡萄球菌的生长情况以及金黄色葡萄球菌在酸奶发酵和冷藏过程中的存活情况。研究发现，酸奶的低酸性环境并不能有效的抑制金黄色葡萄球菌的生长，所以为了确保产品的安全性，要对奶牛的乳房炎和隐性乳房炎进行有效防治，并严格控制榨乳的卫生条件及原料奶的储存温度。