利用直连网络实现可扩展路由器

Internet的迅速发展直接表现为用户流量的迅速增长,这就要求路由器必须提供更大的容量.传统的路由器由线卡和集中式交换网络构成.集中式交换网络只能支持有限的端口数目,而且随着端口数目的增加,调度算法也变得越来越复杂,所以交换网络正成为整个路由器的性能瓶颈.集中式交换网络还是路由器的单一失效点,无法提供令人满意的容错性能.直连网络具有良好的扩展性和容错性.其中,3-D Torus拓扑结构已被成功应用到可扩展路由器的设计当中.但是在实际应用中,3-D Torus结构受到等分带宽的约束,限制了扩展规模.介绍了一种新型的直连网络结构,称为蜂巢式结构.将对蜂巢结构作简单的改动,修改后的拓扑表现出很好的拓扑属性.基于该结构,提出了两类最短路径路由算法.其中,负载均衡的最短路径路由算法较好地利用了直连网络路径多样性的特点,针对均匀随机和Tornado两种类型的流量都表现出较低的分组延时和较高的吞吐量.另就队列长度和单节点调度算法等方面对路由算法的影响进行了讨论.蜂巢结构为可扩展路由器的设计提供了新的选择.     

Distributed routing for signal detection in wireless sensor networks

We study the problem of energy-efficient routing for signal detection in wireless sensor networks. Generic routing protocols use networking-centric measures such as minimum hop or minimum energy to establish routes. These schemes do not take into account the performance of application-specific algorithms that is achievable from the data collected by the nodes along the routes. Routing protocols for signal detection have recently been proposed to facilitate joint optimization of detection performance and energy efficiency by developing metrics that connect detection performance with energy consumption of each link along the routes. In existing routing for signal detection (RSD) schemes, however, the routes are computed centrally requiring complex optimization algorithms and global information such as locations and observation coefficients of all nodes in the network. Clearly, for large-scale networks, or networks with dynamically changing topologies, distributed routing schemes are more practical due to their better flexibility and scalability. We present a distributed RSD protocol where each node, based on locally available information, selects its next-hop with the goal of maximizing the detection performance associated with unit energy expenditure. We show that the proposed protocol is readily implementable in ZigBee networks, and present simulation results that reveal its significant improvements in detection performance and energy efficiency over generic routing protocols.     

多QoS约束的层次多播路由算法框架

为了解决网络路由的扩展性问题。大型网络通常被划分成若干个不同的域。拓扑聚集是对这些域的拓扑状态信息进行汇总的过程。在拓扑聚集的基础上,QoS层次多播路由算法用来构造满足QoS要求的域闻多播树。现有的QoS层次多播路由算法在其拓扑聚集和路径计算的过程中都只考虑了存在两个QoS特征值的情况。本文提出了一种具有多QoS约束的层次多播路由算法框架HMRMQ（Hierarchical Multicast Routing with Multiple QoS constraints）,此算法框架不仅为基于多QoS特征值的拓扑状态聚集和状态信息表示提供了新的方法,而且提出了一种适应于多QoS约束的层次多播路由新算法。我们提出的状态信息表示法和拓扑聚集算法都具有很好的扩展性,分布式的路由算法也便于某些安全性策略的实施。理论分析和实验结果不仅证明了HMRMQ的正确性和有效性,同时也表明了HMRMQ在网络路由的扩展性、路由成功率、网络代价以及报文负载等方面都具有良好的性能。     

A survey of routing algorithm for mesh Network-on-Chip

With the rapid development of semiconductor industry, the number of cores integrated on chip increases quickly, which brings tough challenges such as bandwidth, scalability and power into on-chip interconnection. Under such background, Network-on-Chip (NoC) is proposed and gradually replacing the traditional on-chip interconnections such as sharing bus and crossbar. For the convenience of physical layout, mesh is the most used topology in NoC design. Routing algorithm, which decides the paths of packets, has significant impact on the latency and throughput of network. Thus routing algorithm plays a vital role in a wellperformed network. This study mainly focuses on the routing algorithms of mesh NoC. By whether taking network information into consideration in routing decision, routing algorithms of NoC can be roughly classified into oblivious routing and adaptive routing. Oblivious routing costs less without adaptiveness while adaptive routing is on the contrary. To combine the advantages of oblivious and adaptive routing algorithm, half-adaptive algorithms were proposed. In this paper, the concepts, taxonomy and features of routing algorithms of NoC are introduced. Then the importance of routing algorithms in mesh NoC is highlighted, and representative routing algorithms with respective features are reviewed and summarized. Finally, we try to shed light upon the future work of NoC routing algorithms.     

DPA:一种动态环境下QoS单播路由算法

目前Internet网络环境下,网络参数的随时变化容易造成路由过期,从而使提供的QoS路由无效,为此提出了一种适合参数动态变化的单播QoS路由算法(DPA),该算法在路径代价随时间不断变化的情况下能够自主地选择最优路由节点,解决多约束QoS单播路由选择不精确的问题.实验表明,本路由算法自适应性和扩展性较好,同时在路由选择方面比传统的路由算法能够提供更好的QoS路由.     

A survey on routing algorithms for wireless Ad-Hoc and mesh networks

Wireless networking technology is evolving as an inexpensive alternative for building federated and community networks (relative to the traditional wired networking approach). Besides its cost-effectiveness, a wireless network brings operational efficiencies, namely mobility and untethered convenience to the end user. A wireless network can operate in both the “Ad-Hoc” mode, where users are self-managed, and the “Infrastructure” mode, where an authority manages the network with some Infrastructure such as fixed wireless routers, base stations, access points, etc. An Ad-Hoc network generally supports multi-hopping, where a data packet may travel over multiple hops to reach its destination. Among the Infrastructure-based networks, a Wireless Mesh Network (with a set of wireless routers located at strategic points to provide overall network connectivity) also provides the flexibility of multi-hopping. Therefore, how to route packets efficiently in wireless networks is a very important problem.A variety of wireless routing solutions have been proposed in the literature. This paper presents a survey of the routing algorithms proposed for wireless networks. Unlike routing in a wired network, wireless routing introduces new paradigms and challenges such as interference from other transmissions, varying channel characteristics, etc. In a wireless network, routing algorithms are classified into various categories such as Geographical, Geo-casting, Hierarchical, Multi-path, Power-aware, and Hybrid routing algorithms. Due to the large number of surveys that study different routing-algorithm categories, we select a limited but representative number of these surveys to be reviewed in our work. This survey offers a comprehensive review of these categories of routing algorithms.In the early stages of development of wireless networks, basic routing algorithms, such as Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Ad-Hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing, were designed to control traffic on the network. However, it was found that applying these basic routing algorithms directly on wireless networks could lead to some issues such as large area of flooding, Greedy Forwarding empty set of neighbors, flat addressing, widely-distributed information, large power consumption, interference, and load-balancing problems. Therefore, a number of routing algorithms have been proposed as extensions to these basic routing algorithms to enhance their performance in wireless networks. Hence, we study the features of routing algorithms, which are compatible with the wireless environment and which can overcome these problems.     

基于进化算法的无线传感器网络任播路由算法

在无线传感器网络WSN(Wireless Sensor Networks)中存在无线链路容易失效的现象,但大多数学者在设计路由算法时较多地关注网络生存期问题,而忽略路由健壮性问题.提出一种基于进化算法的WSN任播路由算法.该算法以网络生存期和路由健壮性为优化目标,并通过多目标进化算法寻找到两者的最佳适应值.实验验证了该算法的有效性,实验数据表明:相比较基于单目标优化(网络生存期)的任播路由算法,所提算法的网络生存期及路由健壮性两个性能的综合优化值优于前者;相比较传统单路径任播路由算法,所提算法的网络生存期、路由健壮性和可扩展性优于前者.     

High-performance routing in networks of workstations with irregulartopology

Networks of workstations are rapidly emerging as a cost-effective alternative to parallel computers. Switch-based interconnects with irregular topology allow the wiring flexibility, scalability, and incremental expansion capability required in this environment. However, the irregularity also makes routing and deadlock avoidance on such systems quite complicated. In current proposals, many messages are routed following nonminimal paths, increasing latency and wasting resources. In this paper, we propose two general methodologies for the design of adaptive routing algorithms for networks with irregular topology. Routing algorithms designed according to these methodologies allow messages to follow minimal paths in most cases, reducing message latency and increasing network throughput. As an example of application, we propose two adaptive routing algorithms for ANI (previously known as Autonet). They can be implemented either by duplicating physical channels or by splitting each physical channel into two virtual channels. In the former case, the implementation does not require a new switch design. It only requires changing the routing tables and adding links in parallel with existing ones, taking advantage of spare switch ports. In the latter case, a new switch design is required, but the network topology is not changed. Evaluation results for several different tapologies and message distributions show that the new routing algorithms are able to increase throughput for random traffic by a factor of up to 4 with respect to the original up*/down* algorithm, also reducing latency significantly. For other message distributions, throughput is increased more than seven times. We also show that most of the improvement comes from the use of minimal routing     

使用蚁群优化的WMSNs负载均衡路由方案

由于无线多媒体传感器网络（WMSNs）具有资源受限、信道容量可变、数据冗余度高等特点,研究WMSNs的QoS 路由具有极大的挑战性。针对上述问题,提出了一种使用蚁群优化的WMSNs负载均衡路由方案——ACOLBR。ACOLBR采用分簇技术进行区域划分,簇间利用ACO找到一条簇首到基站的最优路径,簇内利用以簇首为根节点的最小生成树算法组织路由。仿真结果表明,与AGRA和M-IAR算法相比,ACOLBR在负载均衡、传输时延、传输成功率、可扩展性和自适应性等方面均有较大改进,实现了全网的负载均衡,有效地延长了网络生命期,保证了网络传输的QoS。     

A novel 3D NoC architecture based on De Bruijn graph

Networks on Chip (NoC) and 3-Dimensional Integrated Circuits (3D IC) have been proposed as the solutions to the ever-growing communication problem in System on Chip (SoC). Most of contemporary 3D architectures are based on Mesh topology, which fails to achieve small latency and power consumption due to its inherent large network diameter. Moreover, the conventional XY routing lacks the ability of fault tolerance. In this paper, we propose a new 3D NoC architecture, which adopts De Bruijn graph as the topology in physical horizontal planes by leveraging its advantage of small latency, simple routing, low power, and great scalability. We employ an enhanced pillar structure for vertical interconnection. We design two shifting based routing algorithms to meet separate performance requirements in latency and computing complexity. Also, we use fault tolerant routing to guarantee reliable data transmission. Our simulation results show that the proposed 3D NoC architecture achieves better network performance and power efficiency than 3D Mesh and XNoTs topologies.     

A scalable method for DCLC problem using hierarchical MDP model

It is well known that the delay-constrained least-cost (DCLC) routing problem is NP-complete, hence various heuristic methods have been proposed for this problem. However, these heuristic methods have poor scalability as the network scale increases. In this paper we propose a new method based on the Markov Decision Process (MDP) theory and the hierarchical routing scheme to address the scalability issue of the DCLC routing problem. We construct a new two-level hierarchy MDP model and apply an infinite-horizon discounted cost model to the upper level for the end-to-end inter-domain link selection. Since the infinite-horizon discounted cost model is independent of network scale, the scalability problem is resolved. With the proposed model, we further give the algorithm of solving the optimal policy to obtain the DCLC routing. Simulation results show that the proposed method improves the scalability significantly.     

Market-Based Task Assignment for Cooperative Timing Missions in Dynamic Environments

New market-based decentralized algorithms are proposed for the task assignment of multiple unmanned aerial vehicles in dynamic environments with a limited communication range. In particular, a cooperative timing mission that cannot be performed by a single vehicle is considered. The baseline algorithms for a connected network are extended to deal with time-varying network topology including isolated subnetworks due to a limited communication range. The mathematical convergence and scalability analyses show that the proposed algorithms have a polynomial time complexity, and numerical simulation results support the scalability of the proposed algorithm in terms of the runtime and communication burden. The performance of the proposed algorithms is demonstrated via Monte Carlo simulations for the scenario of the suppression of enemy air defenses.     

稠密自组网的网关选举策略

自组网是没有固定设施的临时无线系统．已经有多种路由算法被提出．因为自组网的网络拓扑动态改变且带宽有限,路由应当是可扩展且高效的．基于簇的算法是最有效和可以扩展的,然而,它不能有效地处理高密度网络环境．为了减少冗余广播以缓解该问题,该文给出了在高密度节点的网络环境下,存在隐藏网关的可能性定理,提出网关选举算法并证明了其正确性．仿真结果表明,在保证广播成功率的情况下,该方法可以有效地节省重播包比率和广播等待时间。     

超立方体双环互连网络及路由算法*

给出了一种可扩展的互连网络拓扑结构,称为超立方体双环。该互连网络拓扑结构结合了超立方体拓扑的短直径、高连通性、对称性、路由简单和一种新的双环拓扑结构的可扩展性和常数节点度的优点,使得网络规模增大时,网络节点度可以保持常数;网络节点采用格雷编码和约翰逊编码的混合编码方法,网络的任意相邻节点编码有且仅有一位不同,使得路由算法设计简单。最后分别设计了基于混合编码的单播、广播路由算法。分析表明提出的互连网络具有较好的拓扑性质和通信性能。     

Internet上一种有效的QOS选播路由算法

为了提高网络服务的范围和服务质量 ,在 Internet经常采用一组复制服务器的方法。选播服务是一种新的网络服务模型 ,可以改善网络负载分布和简化某些网络应用。本文介绍了一个简单的基于 Internet选播服务模型 ,该模型对目前使用的网络路由算法和协议的影响不大 ,并且提出了服务于该模型的 Qo S路由算法 ,该算法采用随机策略来平衡网络负载和改善网络性能。在不同网络拓扑和不同网络参数下的模拟结果表明该算法具有良好的服务性能 ,并能有效平衡网络负载     

对等网络中DHT搜索算法综述*

在P2P网路中如何快速准确地对资源进行定位是衡量其性能的一个关键。现在的分布式P2P系统普遍采取的是DHT（distributed hash table,分布式哈希表）搜索方法。基于DHT的P2P网络搜索算法的研究已经是P2P研究的一个热点。从P2P定义出发,介绍了P2P网络按照拓扑结构的分类发展;然后深入介绍了目前对等网络几种分布式哈希查找算法Chord、CAN、SkipNet和Cycloid等,并对这些算法从拓扑结构、路由复杂度、路由表大小、容错性、扩展性、负载平衡性等方面进行了评估比较;最后分析了这些算法的优缺点及今后研究的重点。     

基于Delaunay三角剖分的Ad Hoc网络路由算法

Delaunay三角剖分已广泛地应用于计算流体力学、统计学、气象学、固体物理学、计算几何学等多个领域.随着无线Ad Hoc网络的发展,一些研究者提出了可以保证网络任意节点对之间分组顺利传输的几何路由协议,而这些协议的网络基础拓扑同样可以用Delaunay三角剖分的思想来实现.提出了一种新型的用于发现移动节点间通信路径的在线路由算法GLNFR(greedy and local neighbor face routing).利用局部构造法,构造出局部化的Delaunay三角剖分作为网络的基础拓扑.在该网络拓扑中进行的GLNFR路由算法可以保证节点间分组的顺利传输,对网络变化具有更好的可扩展性和适应性.在NS(network simulator)模拟器上仿真了该路由算法.结果表明,在分组成功传输率和路由分组开销性能方面,这一在线路由协议要优于先前提出的一些几何路由协议.     

支持时延-带宽约束的动态层次组播路由

层次网络及层次路由成为解决大规模网络QoS路由可扩展性问题的一个主要手段.文中对PNNI层次网络模型下的时延-带宽多QoS约束的动态组播路由问题进行了全面研究:在已提出支持时延-带宽约束的拓扑聚集算法(Stair)的基础上,进一步对组播树节点需维护的组播树状态信息及其聚集问题进行研究,并提出"伪树上边界节点"模式的域内组播树状态信息的聚集方法,最后设计了基于聚集拓扑信息和组播树状态信息的动态层次组播路由算法.仿真结果显示,该路由不仅大量压缩了存储和扩散的拓扑信息和组播树状态信息,同时还保持了与平面网络近似的路由效率,实现了大规模网络情况下组播路由的扩展.     

Scoped Bellman-Ford Geographic Routing for Large Dynamic Wireless Sensor Networks

Routing is a fundamental problem in wireless sensor networks. Most previous routing protocols are challenged when used in large dynamic networks as they suffer from either poor scalability or the void problem. In this paper,we propose a new geographic routing protocol,SBFR(Scoped Bellman-Ford Routing),for large dynamic wireless sensor networks. The basic idea is that each node keeps a view scope of the network by computing distance vectors using the distributed BellmanFord method,and maintains a cost for routing to the sink. When forwarding a packet,a node picks the node with minimum cost in its routing table as a temporary landmark. While achieving good scalability,it also solves the void problem in an efficient manner through the combination of Bellman-Ford routing and cost-based geographic routing. Analytical and simulation results show that SBFR outperforms other routing protocols not only because of its robustness and scalability but also its practicality and simplicity.     

A scalability comparison of GST and SST MANET multicast routing algorithms

Since network resource of mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is limited due to the contention-based wireless communication channel at the medium access layer and energy of mobile nodes is constrained due to the energy-limited batteries, the scalability issue is one of main research topics in developing MANET routing algorithms. Therefore, this paper analyzes the message complexities of group shared tree (GST) and source-specific tree (SST) that are implemented in most MANET multicast routing algorithms. Simulation demonstrates that in a wireless ad hoc network where SST and GST are well maintained during the simulation, SST algorithm is able to achieve very competitive performance (i.e. less message complexity) under the multiple packet transmissions, in comparison with GST where no core selection algorithm is adopted.