铌、钛微合金化仿晶界型铁素体/粒状贝氏体复相钢的形变诱导铁素体相变的研究

以仿晶界型铁素体型/粒状贝氏体复相钢为对象,研究了铌、钛微合金化对其形变诱导铁素体相变的影响以及以仿晶界铁素体/粒状贝氏体为基本组织的复相钢形变诱导铁素体相变规律.研究表明,仿晶界铁素体/粒状贝氏体复相钢进行微合金化,会使其形变诱导铁素体相变受到抑制而推迟;同时因为微合金元素的加入,细化了相变中诱导析出的铁素体晶粒,有利于复相钢中粒状贝氏体的形成.形变参数对相变过程有着显著的影响,奥氏体化温度决定了奥氏体原始晶粒尺寸同样影响着形变诱导铁素体相变过程.采用合适的形变参数和奥氏体温度都可以促进形变诱导铁素体相变的进行从而细化铁素体晶粒.     

仿晶界型铁素体/贝氏体低碳锰钢的组织和力学性能

对一种低碳锰钢进行了终轧温度高于Ar3卷取温度的不同控轧控冷处理．扫描电镜和透射电镜观察表明,终轧变形在奥氏体再结晶区进行时,有利于获得均匀分布的铁素体和一定含量的贝氏体组织．终轧温度降低到800℃,实验钢产生了形变诱导铁素体相变．当冷速增加到60℃／s且卷取温度为400℃左右时,铁素体主要沿原奥氏体晶界分布,晶粒得到细化,贝氏体体积分数增加,强度有较大的提高,但延伸率较低,屈强比较高．通过控制终轧温度为800-850℃、冷速为40℃／s左右以及卷取温度为550℃左右时,低碳锰钢可以获得仿晶界型铁素体／贝氏体的复相组织,其中铁素体晶粒尺寸为8-8．5μm,贝氏体体积分数在30％左右,综合性能较好．     

一种新的复相组织--仿晶界型铁素体/粒状贝氏体

本文在回顾几类典型高强度低合金钢强韧化途径的基础上,设计了一种新的复相组织--仿晶界型铁素体/粒状贝氏体(GBA/Bg),并测试了此类复相钢的连续冷却转变规律与轧态力学性能.研究表明,试验钢可在较宽的冷速范围内得到这类GBA/Bg复相组织,且强韧性配合良好.在未利用贵金属元素、炉外精炼、控轧控冷及热处理的条件下,工业试生产得到的12mm中厚钢板的力学性能为σb＝850MPa,σ0.2＝540MPa,δ5＝18%,AKV(-40℃)＝34J.作为800～1000MPa级的高强度结构钢,这类钢具有良好的工业应用前景.     

低碳铁素体贝氏体复相钢的组织特征及强韧性

对一种低碳钢进行了控轧控冷试验,获得了具有铁素体和贝氏体的复相组织。利用拉伸试验机、光学显微镜、TEM等手段对复相钢的强韧性、显微组织及断口形貌进行了测试与分析。结果表明:贝氏体组织主要由宽度约为1μm的铁素体板条束组成,同时在基体上存在弥散分布的碳化物。具有铁素体贝氏体复相组织钢的屈服强度超过430MPa,且具有较低的脆性转变温度。复相钢的强化机制主要为细晶强化和贝氏体相变强化。单轴拉伸过程的能量分析表明:贝氏体的体积分数、贝氏体的分布及铁素体的晶粒尺寸是影响拉伸变形中各部分能量分配的主要因素。     

仿晶界型铁素体/粒状贝氏体复相组织的韧性

研究了仿晶界型铁素体／粒状贝氏体复相钢轧态组织的韧性与裂纹扩展特点。与单一粒状贝氏体组织相比，仿晶界型铁索体／粒状贝氏体复相组织具有更好的强韧性配合。适量仿晶界型铁素体的存在增加了复相组织的协调变形能力，提高了裂纹形成功：同时使裂纹扩展路径弯曲、分 叉、微裂纹尖端钝化。在一定程度上提高了裂纹扩展力。在粒状贝氏体变的第二阶段（富碳亚稳奥氏体→马氏体／奥氏体（M／A岛）缓冷。已转变的马氏体将进行自回火，并提高残余奥氏体的热稳定性，从而使复相组织的裂纹扩展功得到明显提高。     

Nb对中碳钢相变和组织细化的影响

针对无Nb和添加0.06%Nb的2种中碳钢,研究了Nb对0.47%C中碳钢相变及组织细化的影响规律.2种实验钢正火组织均为铁素体+珠光体,Nb微合金化能够有效细化中碳钢的奥氏体晶粒,从而导致正火后组织中铁素体体积分数明显增加.含Nb中碳钢的屈服强度相对无Nb钢提高了18%(70 MPa),抗拉强度基本保持不变,-20℃冲击韧性则由7 J提高到19 J,呈现显著提高.此外,由连续冷却转变(CCT)曲线发现,Nb微合金化中碳钢可在冷速≤10℃/s时获得较高体积分数的铁素体,因此,可保证工件在较大冷速范围内不出现大块珠光体或贝氏体/马氏体组织.结合TEM观察发现,Nb元素以微小析出物Nb(C,N)的状态均匀分布在钢中.Nb(C,N)析出物能有效细化奥氏体晶粒,并因此提高铁素体形核率,这是Nb在中碳钢中影响相变并提高韧性的主要机制.     

微合金化技术开发800MPa级高韧直缝焊管钢

采用微合金化和热轧后超快冷等技术生产得到800 MPa级高韧直缝钢管钢,借助OM、SEM、TEM和室温拉伸等,研究了试验钢不同区域的组织与性能。研究表明,试验钢的热轧组织主要是粒状贝氏体+少量板条贝氏体;焊接热影响区粒状贝氏体体积分数减少到32.7%,板条贝氏体体积分数增加到30.5%,组织中出现针状铁素体和少量马氏体。试验钢热轧区主要以Ti为主进行复合微合金化,综合运用固溶强化、细晶强化、位错强化和析出强化,具有高的强韧性,屈服强度为804 MPa、抗拉强度为852 MPa、伸长率为21.5%。     

奥氏体形变对仿晶界型铁素体/粒状贝氏体复相钢组织和强韧性能的影响

通过Gleeble-1500热力模拟实验机对仿晶界型铁素体／粒状贝氏体复相钢进行了Ar3以上不同温度、不同形变量的平面应变压缩实验．SEM和TEM观察表明，奥氏体形变不仅细化仿晶界型铁素体，而且促进先共析铁素体在原奥氏体晶内形核，从而有利于细化粒状贝氏体晶团及其内部的铁素体片条和MA岛．给出的组织变化模型可阐述形变对粒状贝氏体精细结构的影响．经过780℃下30％形变，即使在形变后空冷的条件下也获得了平均长度小于5μm、平均宽度小于2．5μm的仿晶界型铁素体晶粒、平均粒径小于3μm的晶内铁素体．与未经过形变的试样相比，CVN常温冲击韧性值从未形变的43J提高到108J，Vickers硬度从242提高到312，为工业生产工艺的改进提供了重要根据．     

Nb-Mo微合金化对δ-TRIP钢组织和力学性能的影响

采用SEM、TEM、EBSD等分析了Nb-Mo微合金化对δ-TRIP钢力学性能、组织结构的影响。结果表明:Nb-Mo微合金化试验钢及对照钢均为复相组织,主要由δ铁素体、贝氏体、α铁素体和残留奥氏体等构成。添加微量Nb-Mo元素后,试验钢组织中残留奥氏体含量略有增加,同时伴随着大量纳米级Nb-Mo碳化物析出;并且试验钢的力学性能明显改善,其抗拉强度达到1044 MPa,伸长率为22. 4%。微观组织表征结果表明:其主要强化机制为残留奥氏体的相变诱发塑性(TRIP)效应以及纳米尺寸Nb、Mo碳化物通过钉扎晶界和位错,从而达到细晶强化和第二相颗粒强化。     

Si对580 MPa级热轧高扩孔钢组织性能及表面质量的影响

通过金相显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)和拉伸试验机等手段,研究了Si元素对580 MPa级高扩孔钢(580HE)组织、性能及表面质量的影响。结果表明:580HE钢的基体组织为铁素体和粒状贝氏体,较高含量的Si细化了铁素体晶粒尺寸,降低了贝氏体含量,提高了钢的屈强强度和抗拉强度,这与Si元素的固溶强化、细晶强化等作用相关。由于Si强化了铁素体基体,增加了铁素体基体的硬度,缩小了铁素体与贝氏体两相之间的硬度差,从而提高了产品的扩孔率。同时,随着Si含量的增加,氧化铁皮厚度增加,且与基体界面不规则、呈凹凸不平状,导致热轧带钢表面红锈的数量增多。     

Mn系贝氏体/马氏体复相钢的研究及应用进展

Mn系贝氏体／马氏体复相钢因其工艺简单、性能良好和价格低廉等优点而得到了广泛的重视。本文回顾了Mn系贝氏体／马氏体复相钢近几年来在微观组织、强韧化机理、延迟断裂及疲劳性能等方面所取得的研究成果，简要介绍了Mn系贝氏体／马氏体复相钢在不同领域的应用情况与进展。     

新型Mn系空冷贝氏体钢的创制与发展

扼要阐述了新型Mn系空冷贝氏体钢的由来及发展,该系列贝氏体钢的合金化及合金设计思路,强韧化途径,组织与性能特点,优越性及发展前景。     

Newly developed welding process and its applications to ultra-fine-grained steel

Low carbon low alloy high strength steel materials for welding structures developed and used in service applications are roughly divided into: 1) steels with low content of alloying elements and which are hot-rolled, or which have annealed structures (eg. SM steel); 2) thermo-mechanically treated steels with restricted additions of alloying elements (eg. TMCP steel); 3) steels strengthened with the addition of alloying elements and through the thermal refining process (eg. high strength low carbon and low alloy steels like HT780). In recent years, in view of saving resources, reducing costs and making welding easier, research and development have been carried out to produce high strength steels for welding structures with tensile strength of 800 MPa level with the low carbon equivalence of mild steel levels.^1,2     

The pitting corrosion of low alloy and mild steels

Electrochemical investigations and microscopical examinations of pitting corrosion of low alloy (weathering) steels, copper bearing steel and plain carbon steel have been performed. Higher inclination to pit formation in steels containing alloying elements were ascertained in corrosive environments containing chlorides. Scanning electron microscopy enabled the determination of differences in morphology of pits formed on the steels under study.     

Effect of Rare Earth Elements on Transformation Behavior and Microstructure Characteristics in X80 Pipeline Steel

The studies of the rare earth elements (RE) in low carbon steels suggest that the RE inhibits the ferrite transformation, which is the same effect as Mo alloying in pipeline steels. The purpose of this work is to discuss the relationships between the RE microalloying and the microstructure in pipeline steels. The X80 pipeline steels with different RE and Mo additions have been produced by vacuum induction furnace. The Gleeble-2000 thermal simulator, optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy with EBSD have been used. The continuous cooling transformation (CCT) curve was obtained and analyzed, combined with the study of microstructure. The results indicate that the microstructure of thermal simulator test metal is characteristic of quasi-polygonal ferrite and bainite, and trace RE could significantly inhibit the transformation of quasi-polygonal ferrite. The 0.0040wt% content of RE plays the same role as 0.1 wt% content of Mo alloying in pipeline steels. What’s more, the fine bainite grained structure is obtained with RE microalloying. Theoretically RE could be employed in pipeline steels as microalloying, and a partial substitution of Mo by RE is possible.     

Effects of Nb on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Water-Quenched F<Subscript>GBA</Subscript>/B<Subscript>G</Subscript> Steels

In order to reduce the alloying cost, Mn-series low carbon water-quenched grain boundary allotriomorphic ferrite (F_GBA)/granular bainite (B_G) steels have been developed. The effect of 0.06 wt.% Nb on microstructure and mechanical properties of F_GBA/B_G steel was investigated. The result showed that the addition of 0.06 wt.% Nb improved the hardenability of the F_GBA/B_G steel, refined the grain size of F_GBA, promoted the granular bainitic transformation, and refined the granular bainite including its bainitic ferrite and martensite/austenite (M/A) constituents. With the addition of 0.06 wt.% Nb, the yield strength increased from 560 to 741 MPa, and the impact energy increased from 93 to 151 J, respectively, for 30-mm thickness steel plates. It is supposed that the addition of 0.06 wt.% Nb could improve the mechanical properties of the F_GBA/B_G steel by refining the microstructure and increasing the amount of strengthening phases.     

On the use of temperature dependences of the coercive force for an analysis of structural and phase changes that occur upon tempering of alloy carbon steels

The effect of alloying elements Mn, Cr, and Si on the magnetic hysteresis properties of cementite and model steels with a carbon concentration of 0.6 wt % has been studied. It has been shown that alloying with carbide-forming elements (Mn, Cr) reduces the coercive force and the Curie temperature of cementite. Measurements of the temperature dependences of the coercive force of the model steels with carbon content of 0.6 wt % alloyed with manganese, chromium, or silicon have been performed in the temperature range of ?196 to +300°C. It has been established that the local maximum of the coercive force of these steels in this temperature range coincides with the Curie point of the precipitates of the carbide phases. Based on an analysis of the temperature dependences of the coercive force, the content of the alloying element in the precipitates of cementite of steels tempered at different temperatures has been estimated. It has been shown that the character of the dependence of the coercive force of alloy steels on the temperature of tempering in the temperature range of 250–700°C is mainly determined by the coercivity and by the kinetics of the formation of cementite precipitates.     

Factors that determine the level of the yield strength and the return of the yield-point elongation in low-alloy ferrite-martensite steels

The results of laboratory investigations of dual-phase steels with different contents of carbon and alloying elements after the controlled cooling from the two-phase field and the final low-temperature tempering are presented. It is shown that the ratio of the yield strength to the tensile strength of dual-phase steels, just as the return of the yield-point elongation, depends on the volume fraction of martensite, temperature of the martensite transformation of the austenite component, quenching stresses, concentration of carbon in ferrite, and the temperature of the final tempering.     

Sulfocarbonitriding of steels with a low-carbon martensite structure

Saturation of steels with interstitial elements in a liquid phase allows creating gradient layers at relatively low temperatures and short durations of the treatment. Rather cheap and ecologically safe compositions for low-temperature nitriding and carbonitriding baths have been developed at the end of the last century. Improvement of tribotechnical characteristics can be achieved by adding a small amount of sulfur. Layers that have been formed at a low temperature after short-term treatment yield in thickness to those produced by a customary high-temperature long-term thermochemical treatment, and the necessity of subsequent quenching in liquid media creates additional technological and ecological difficulties with processing traditional steels. The use of low-carbon martensitic steels provides noticeable advantages. The activation energy of nitrogen diffusion in a low-carbon martensite is lower in comparison with that in a predominantly ferrite structure, and the quenching of low-carbon martensitic steels does not require the use of liquid cooling media. Austenitizing before quenching improves the uniformity of distribution of alloying elements in a gradient layer and increases its thickness (to several hundreds of microns) due to postnitriding.     

Surface Modification of Commercial Low-Carbon Steel using Glow Discharge Nitrogen Plasma and its Characterization

Plasma nitriding under glow discharge nitrogen plasma has been undertaken on laboratory scale for surface engineering of commercial low carbon steels. The treatment has been shown to confer exceptional improvement in surface properties, viz., hardness and corrosion resistance. The results have been discussed in light of microstructural changes occurring on steel surface and its interior as a result of Fickian nitrogen diffusion and correlated with influences of nitriding-temperature and alloying elements (Mn, Nb, and Si) in steel.